Immunology Report: Coronavirus Infection and Immune System Cooperation

This report provides an overview of the immune response to coronaviruses, focusing on the innate and adaptive immune systems. It details the roles of innate immune cells, such as macrophages, in detecting viral infections and presenting antigens to T cells. The report explains how T-cell activation and differentiation, along with the release of cytokines and chemokines, contribute to the immune response. It also examines the cooperation between the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, highlighting how the innate system triggers the actions of the secondary immune system to combat the virus. The report references key immunology texts and journals, providing a comprehensive understanding of the body's defense mechanisms against coronavirus infections like SARS and MERS.

IMMUNOLOGY

Table of Contents
MAIN BODY..............................................................................................................................................3
Response of innate and T-cells to coronavirus.........................................................................................3
Cooperation of specific and non-specific arms to immune response.......................................................3
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................5

MAIN BODY
Response of innate and T-cells to coronavirus
Innate immune cells are basically the white blood cells which mediate the innate
immunity as well as include basophils, eosinophils, mast cells etc. On the other hand, T-cell
mediated immune system is the immune response which does not includes the antibodies and is
activation of the phagocytes and antigen-specific cytotoxic (Tizard, 2017). Coronaviruses are
largest group of positive –sense RNA viruses which have the range of natural hosts. The disease
caused by the novel coronavirus is SARS and MERS. World is experiencing outbreak of the
coronavirus infection and thus is threatening the world by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
as well as Middle East Respiratory syndrome. The repose The innate immune system plays a
great role in eliminating CoV infections as well as helps in reducing the lung inflammation
which are the major symptoms of these two respiratory diseases. The host innate system mainly
detects the viral infections through the help of pattern recognition receptors for recognizing the
pathogen-linked molecular patterns. Cov infects the macrophages. Later macrophages then
present the CoV antigens to the T cells. This overall process results in activation of the T cells as
well as their differentiation and also releases cytokine which are linked with the T cell subsets.
This continued production of cytokines has the negative effect upon activation of NK as well as
CD8 T cells. Secretion of the large amount of cytokines as well as chemokines helps in
stimulating the cells towards CoV infection. The release of these two in turn results in release of
lymphocytes as well as leukocytes at the infection site and inhibits multiplication of CoV virus
(Delves and et.al.,2017).
Cooperation of specific and non-specific arms to immune response
The innate immune defenses are mainly the non-specific arm of the immune system as
these are responsible for responding to the pathogens within in most generic way. This system
does not provide long-lasting immunity against the pathogen. The specific arm of the immune
system is also known by name acquired immune defense which consist of the specialized and
systemic cells which eliminates pathogen as well as prevent their growth. First line of the
defense against the non-self pathogen is basically innate or non-specific arm of the immune
system. This non-specific or innate mainly is composed of the physical, cellular and chemical

defenses against the pathogen. Through this chemical composition, the non-specific arm prevents
spread as well as movement of the foreign pathogens across whole body (Abbas, Lichtman and
Pillai, 2019).
On the other side, specific arm or the adaptive system is second line of defense
which attacks the non-self pathogens. This eventually results in development of autoimmune
system. The adaptive system is based upon antigen-specific receptors which are expressed upon
T & B-lymphocytes surfaces. Thus, nonspecific immunity basically triggers the actions of
secondary immune system (Ishizaka, 2018).

REFERENCES
Books & Journals
Abbas, A.K., Lichtman, A.H. and Pillai, S., 2019. Basic Immunology E-Book: Functions and
Disorders of the Immune System. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Delves, P.J and et.al.,2017. Roitt's essential immunology. John Wiley & Sons.
Ishizaka, K., 2018. The way we walked with immunology. Annual review of immunology.36.
pp.1-18.
Tizard, I.R., 2017. Veterinary Immunology-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.