Investigating Low-Velocity Impact on Compressed Gas Storage Tank

This report examines the effects of low-velocity impacts on compressed gas storage tanks, focusing on composite structures and materials. It reviews existing literature and studies, including the use of Compression-After-Impact (CAI) testing to assess material strength reduction due to impact. The report explores damage models based on Continuum Damage Mechanics (CDM) and discusses finite element numerical analysis of composite plates. It investigates impact behavior, including the influence of gas compression and temperature changes within the tank. The report also discusses the application of finite element formulation and the transient dynamic analysis to determine stress, strain, and force variations. Contact laws, indentation laws, and impact response analysis are explored, along with references to relevant research and models. The study highlights the correlation between impact velocity and gas release, the effects of compression on the tank's internal conditions, and the use of computational models to predict material responses under compression. The report's findings contribute to understanding the impact dynamics and safety considerations of compressed gas storage tanks.

Low-Velocity Impact on Compressed Gas Storage Tank
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Composite Structures
The is not existence of a simple and unequivocal methods by which the effects of the impacts are
assessed in the cases of the composite structures and materials. The previous literatures and
studies which are done majorly bases on the CAI testing which stands for the Compression-
After- Impact that’s helps in the decreased strength assessment of the materials of the composite
because of the impact in the form of the uniform compression tests. The damage models of the
composite structures as based on the CDM methods, the continuum damage mechanics which
was in this case proposed by the one Wang & Lee (2015) and later on developed by Kim & Kim,
(2019).
The paper by Rigas & Sklavounos (2015), gave out a proposal of an innovative damage model of
the structure of the composite which is exposed to the low velocity impact. This study was
carried out on a multi ply plates which are rectangular in shape and made of the CFRP, the
research scope involved method based finite element numerical analysis of the plate through the
implementation of the damaged area simplified model.
Impact velocity
Wang & Lee (2015) gave out a presentation on there article that captures the long-lasting
indentation that is brought forth by low velocity or rather low energy impact, as it was similar to
the article which was authored by Han & Chang (2015).. In recently years, a model which is
computational in nature was developed by Rigas & Sklavounos (2015), which is used in
predicting the response of the material which is under compressional forces. In this respect the
previous scholars and researchers of the low velocity impact especially of the compressed gas
cylinders concluded that the lower the velocity, the higher the amount of gas is released when
compressed.
Impact behavior
On the compressed gas storage tank, the pressure of the tank increases as the gas being filled into
the tank which attracts weight. Filling in the high velocity has to be controlled in order to make
sure that safety is taken care of. The compression effects of the gas filling increases temperature

inside the gas and its level profoundly depends on the rate at which the cylinder is filled, the
geometric traits of the tank and the thermal characteristics of the walls of the tank. The behavior
of the tank is monitored by the device developed to monitor its changes in the temperature.
Finite Element Formulation
The article authored by Shoji & Mitsubishi Electric Corp, (2016), Investigates the induced
damages in the composites structure of the compressed gas storage tank. The performance of the
three dimensional finite element is done together with the transient dynamic analysis in order to
perform calculations of the varying time displacements, the stress, strains and the forces
throughout the composite structure which is as a result of a transverse impact. In a paper
presented by Wang & Lee (2015) , in which an eight noded model is used , the equation for the
transient dynamic equilibrium is then integrated systematically with respect to the time by the
use of newmark direct time integration method.
Contact laws
The contact law through the modifications done by Hertzian is used for the modelling of the
contact behavior locally. The right three dimensional criteria of failing are then employed for the
core purpose of predicting the matrix cracking occurrence and then the extent at which
delamination is done after the impact has been noticed.
Indentation laws
This particular law is well described in the composite laminates which is for the steel ball. In its
application to the compressed gas storage tank, the hydrogen gas is used for the test and its
application, as described and explained by Artero-Guerrero et al (2012).
The pressure of the tank before compression, after compression and the release pressure is the
obtained and then its filled into the power laws. From the results, it is shown that the behavior of
the contact is not at all affected by the span. The low velocity impact of the compressed gas in
the storage tank follows the power law and the release velocity curve is seen following the 2,5
power law since the values were determined in the critical indentation for this purpose.

Impact response analysis
A cross breed, numerical– diagnostic model is exhibited to explore the transient reaction of a just
upheld packed gas stockpiling tank exposed to effect of a circle. The model couples a limited
distinction display dependent on the Rayleigh's bar hypothesis with a hypothetical contact
demonstrate, named refined Stronge's model. The capacity tank transient affect reactions of the
gas and the wave proliferation are fathomed by the limited contrast display. The neighborhood
elastic– plastic contact conduct is investigated by the refined Stronge's model. The exhibited
model is confirmed by the analyses, Han & Chang (2015).
References
Artero-Guerrero, J.A., Pernas-Sánchez, J., López-Puente, J. and Varas, D., 2012. On the
influence of filling level in CFRP aircraft fuel tank subjected to high velocity
impacts. Composite Structures, 107, pp.570-577.
Han, M.G. and Chang, S.H., 2015. Failure analysis of a Type III hydrogen pressure vessel under impact
loading induced by free fall. Composite Structures, 127, pp.288-297.
Kim, D.H. and Kim, S.W., 2019. Numerical investigation of impact-induced damage of auxiliary
composite fuel tanks on Korean Utility Helicopter. Composites Part B: Engineering, 165,
pp.301-311.
Rigas, F. and Sklavounos, S., 2015. Evaluation of hazards associated with hydrogen storage
facilities. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 30(13-14), pp.1501-1510.
Shoji, M., Mitsubishi Electric Corp, 2016. Compressed-gas circuit interrupter with pressurized
arcing chamber and downstream blast valve. U.S. Patent 3,275,778.
Wang, Y. and Lee, S.C., 2015. Experimental study of water tank under impulsive loading. Archives of
Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 15(4), pp.986-996.