Economic Dissertation: Corruption, Transportation, Growth in Nigeria

This dissertation investigates the impact of corruption on transportation and economic growth in Nigeria under a democratic system. It begins by outlining the background of the study, highlighting Nigeria's struggle with corruption and its efforts to achieve sustainable economic development through various policies. The research aims to identify factors contributing to corruption, such as poverty, cultural foundations, weak governance, and lack of leadership, and to analyze their consequences on the economy. The study emphasizes the importance of minimizing corruption to foster national development, improve resource allocation, enhance transport infrastructure, and create employment opportunities. Research questions are framed to explore the effectiveness of national development plans, strategies for minimizing corruption, and the consequences of high corruption levels. Ultimately, the dissertation seeks to provide insights into how Nigeria can reduce corruption, improve its transportation sector, and achieve long-term economic growth, with resources for further study available on Desklib.

Running head: Economic dissertaion
Impact of corruption on transportation and economic growth in Nigeria under
democratic dispensation
Name of student
Course name
Course ID

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Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction..............................................................................................................3
Chapter 2: Literature Review.....................................................................................................9
Chapter 3: Methodology..........................................................................................................21
Chapter 4: Data Analysis.........................................................................................................32
Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations.......................................................................40
Reference list............................................................................................................................41

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Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Background of the study
Considering the course of economic development for most of the less developed or backward
countries, the corruption is one of the main concern. The existence of corruption level
hampers the policy making framework and decision making abilities of most of the
policymakers. Countries like Nigeria is more prone to the corruption level in most of the
economic factors. The country has gained fifty six years of independence and is searching for
factors that can increase the rate of permanent economic development. Through the
incorporation of various economic policies, the country of Nigeria is mainly looking to
incorporate corruption free country. Between 1962 and 1968, the first National development
Policy had been framed in order to counter the crucial problems of health, education and
unemployment within Nigeria.
The plan was a huge failure in the sense that it failed to reflect actual capabilities of
resources that are present within the country. About 50% of the funds that were required to
support the plan was to come from outside in the form of FDI and other sorts of investment
and only 14% of the funding came from external sources (Internationalpolicybrief.org, 2019).
The collapse of the public government and commencement of civil war also hindered the
growth of economy of Nigeria and low growth of economy led to the high growth of
corruption level. The span of second national development plan was from 1970 to 1974 and
the main modus operandi of the plan was to focus more on the improvement of manpower,
defence, electricity, communication of social services to the economy of Nigeria. Even the
third plan was to revamp the agricultural sector so that industry can be brought. Structural
Adjustment Programme (SAP), Vision 2010, National Economic Empowerment and
Development Centres, etc. are some of the policies and missions that was taken in order to

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increase the growth of Nigerian economy failed by huge margin and they could not stand up
to the expectation of increasing the economic development of the company
(Internationalpolicybrief.org, 2019).
1.2 Research Aims and Objectives
The main research aim and objectives is to highlight the policies and factors that has
been increasing the incidence of corruption on Nigerian economy. Some of the crucial factors
is mainly responsible for the development of corruption and lack of economic growth has
been highlighted that has enabled the country to induce low standard of living. Some of
causes that has been highlighted behind the growth of corruption level are poverty level
within the economy, cultural foundations, inability of government to curtain corruptions,
weak government institutions and lack of leadership. The main aim of the study is to bring
down the formation of reasons that are driving the above mentioned factors. Main objectives
of the study is to analyse deeply the cons of all the above mentioned factors and the study is
aiming to indulge the improvement of resources that will definitely increase the level of the
economic growth of Nigeria.
The main aim of the study is to find the policies that will automatically minimise the
level of corruption within the economy of Nigeria. Through the incorporation of better
policies, the country of Nigeria is mainly looking to increase the economic growth so that
better opportunities of employment related activities and provision of social services becomes
easy. Through the study of employment and social service opportunities, the study will be
aiming to identify the areas that needs important and significant amount of investment that
can be injected within the economy. The study is important in the sense that it will be able to
identify various ways of investments and the benefits that the economy of Nigeria will
receive through the minimisation of corruption and increase in the level of investment.

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Through the incorporation of better improvement in the investment the government of
Nigeria will definitely look to increase the transport and the communication network within
the country to enjoy smooth future.
1.3 Aims of the study
The main aim of the study is to increase the development of both resources and
policies that has been designed to increase the overall level of efficiency. It is an important
aspects for the development of whole activities that will be proven highly beneficial for the
whole company to increase the improvement in the country. Being one of the poor country,
the Nigeria is getting rating of most corrupted nation among the 54 countries that has been
surveyed by Transparency International and Gottingen University in the year 1996. Not only
had this, but the economy of Nigeria also received ranking of 81 in the survey that has been
done by Corruption Perception Index (CPI) survey of 85 countries in the year 2009. The
overall ranking that the country is receiving mainly because of incidence of high corruption
within the economy. Through the implementation of economic activities, the development of
resources within the economy is one of the important in the sense that through the
incorporation of better activities and the policy implementation of the country is mainly
going to increase the development of resources.
On the other hand, through the incorporation of better amount of policies will be
mainly aiming to increase the development of better accessibility of resource development.
The main aim of study is to bring in better amount of the policies that has mainly enabled the
government to increase the overall resources development. Increasing the resource
channelization is one of the important aspects in the sense that through the incorporation of
better improvement of the policies will help the government to bring more and effective level
of transport facility that will definitely increase the resource development. Through the

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incorporation of better accessibility the country of Nigeria is mainly looking to indulge better
amount of resource channelization.
1.4 Objectives of the study
In order to highlight the importance of the study, the main implementation of
corruption minimisation is highly correlated with the national development of economy.
Through the development of better initiative that has been taken by the government is mainly
going to bring in better level of incentive that will definitely bring in better level of
improvement within the aspects of policy framing. Through the improvisation of better level
of production level, the economy is mainly looking to indulge the development of resources.
The objectives of the study are being found in comparison with the long run growth
potentiality of the country. In order to increase the overall resources potentiality of the
country, the overall objectives of the country is mainly going to increase the development of
transport and communication and better connectivity of both private and public entities will
increase the development of resource and channelization of both human and capital
resources.
On the other hand, the main objectives of the study is to bring the overall
development of policies that will definitely improve the long run condition of Nigeria.
Through the increased level of corruption within the country is mainly hampering the
democratic dispersion of the common people. The common people will lose trust on the
government. The objectives of the research can be framed as following.
 To implement the policies that will be mainly helpful for the country like Nigeria to
improve the transport and reduce corruption.
 To identify the corruption level that is present within the country of Nigeria and it is
important to identify the sectors that are having huge corruption.

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 To identify the possible feasibility that the Nigeria is having in order to increase their
production level in the long run.
 To incorporate the actions of both private and public in order to maintain democratic
benefits and minimise democratic dispersion.
 To identify the possible ways of increasing the employment scenario of the country in
order to minimise corruption level.
1.5 Research Questions
Research questions are highly important in order to design the methodology that will
be proven crucial in achieving the desired level of outcomes within the economy. Well
framed research question will obviously allow the economy to grow and increase the
distribution of results in an effective and innovative way. On the other hand, using the
improved level of technology the production increases but in order to use advanced level of
technology, the economy poses a question of economic feasibility. In order to increase the
development of resources, it is an important aspects in the sense that through the
incorporation of better policies, developing nations like Nigeria will be mainly looking to
incorporate better economic and national growth. On the other hand, using better level of
production, one of the important question that comes up mainly asks about the highest level
of national growth that can be achieved by the country.
Some of the research questions that can be framed in the course of study are as
follows.
How far the country of Nigeria is using the national development plans to increase
growth?
What are the possible ways to increase the development strategies that will definitely
help in minimising corruption?

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What are the areas that are mainly having deep impacting the corruption level in
Nigeria?
What are the possible ways to minimise the level of corruption within Nigeria to grow in
future?
What are the main consequences of increased level of the corruption in Nigeria?
1.6 Problem Statement
The main problems of corruption is highly important from the perspective of Nigeria.
The country is very poor in terms of GDP growth and most of the time, the country is having
huge level of debt both in form of internal and external debts. One of the major
characteristics of such less developed nations are high incidence of poverty and malnutrition.
The government of these nations are mainly fighting for two economic factors GDP growth
and standard of living. In order to fight continuously with the above mentioned factors are
inducing the development of corruption within the economy. The importance of transport is
lying in the sense that government expenditure is one of the technology through which any
country can aim to minimise the corruption level within the economy. The major problem
that the economy of Nigeria is facing is that the economy is facing huge level of corruption
and the improvement of transport is also not happening because of increased level of external
debt that is hindering the development of resources.
On the other hand, through the increased level of transport and government
expenditure, the economy of Nigeria is mainly aiming to indulge the improvement level.
Through the use if better level of productivity, the economy of Nigeria is mainly aiming to
minimise the level of corruption so that the people living within the economy can enjoy better
standard of living and can enjoy the benefit of democracy.

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1.7 Rationale of the study Research Hypothesis Structure of the study
The main rationale behind the study is that the economy of Nigeria is mainly looking
to minimise the corruption within the economy so that the economy can focus mainly on
growth of GDP rate and increase the overall standard of living within the economy. In order
to bring better level of production ability the country is mainly aiming to increase the overall
resources development policies that the government will incorporate in order to increase the
overall resources development. The main aim of the company is to bring in better level of
improvement in the policies that the economy can use in order to boost up the rate of
production.
Through the incorporation of better production level the Nigeria is mainly aiming to
indulge better level of ways to increase the level of employment that will increase the
participation rate of employees that will minimise the corruption level within economy. The
main hypothesis that the country is aiming to incorporate is that the government is mainly
willing to increase long run production and long run growth of the economy to increase long
run growth of the whole economy. Moreover, the economy is mainly looking to indulge the
improvement in the economic activities will indulge better level of resource distribution.
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Introduction
The economic background of Nigeria is mainly showing a characteristics of high level
of poverty and malnutrition within the economy. The chapter is mainly going to incorporate
the literature resources that are mainly looking to increase the development of economic
performances. Through the incorporation of better level of improvement, the chapter will
mainly try to look in the literature reviews that are mainly associated in increasing the
national level of the GDP and the minimisation of the corruption level. The main situation of

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the government is actually unstable in nature and the government is taking one by one faulty
measures that are not at all helping in the development of economy rather the economy is
facing high rate of corruptions. The level of the corruption is increasing by huge margin in
the country of Nigeria and many countries of Africa. In 2002, the N421 million case of Julius
Makanjuola, a former permanent secretary in the Military of Defence, 2003; the $214 million
SAGEM/national ID card affair involving former Internal Affairs Minister, the late chief
Sunday Afolabi, former Internal Affairs Minister Mohammed Shatta and others who were
accused of pocketing between $30,000 and $500,000 each. It has been seen that the role that
is played by the government behind any kind of corruption is highly significant as most of the
private parties are looking to maximise the gains.
In order to increase the maximisation of the gains, the public is being highly
exploited. On the other hand, through the incorporation of better resources, the country is
mainly looking to indulge in better level of policies. In most of the scenario, it has been seen
that in order to increase the use of resources, the politicians are using their power to exploit
the national money of the country. However, the incorporation of better level of resources,
the politicians will be mainly looking to increase the development of national development
by minimising the level of corruption. Most of the areas that are under the scanner of
corruption are defence industries, public infrastructure department. Most of the corruption
that are having deep impact on the improvement of political phenomenon is highlighting the
importance of resource distribution. Political corruption, Bureaucratic Corruption and
Electoral Corruption.
Through the incorporation of various level of corruptions within the economy of the
overall company is mainly going to indulge the improvement level of the company. On the
other hand, using advanced level of technologies to minimise the level of corruption is going
to enhance the improvement of resources that are going to increase the overall rate of

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production within the country. This section is mainly going to highlight the resource
distribution that is mainly going to indulge in better level of government policies that will be
mainly looking to incorporate less amount of corruptions. In order to indulge the
improvement of the economic performances of Nigeria. This is an important issues in the
sense that most of the government in Nigeria is going to increase GDP and the corruption.
The government is looking to appoint the officials of Independent Corrupt Practices
Commission (ICPC), Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) to induce the
development of the policies so that the corruption level of country. Political corruption is
going to impact heavily on the improvisation of financial policies.
Conceptual framework
Figure 1: Conceptual framework
(Source: Created by Author)
The above conceptual framework is mainly going to highlight the incorporation of
high level of corruption is going to increase the slow pace of economic growth. In order to
Corruption in
Nigeria
Lack of GDP
growth
Lack of
transport
expenditure
Implementation
of faulty policies
Slow long run
growth

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increase the overall resource development. The above graph is showing the circulation of
factors that are enhancing the importance of chain system. If any part of the whole chain is
broken then or any other thing is incorporated then the overall implementation of resources is
going to decrease the scope of corruption minimisation. Through the incorporation of better
improvement of resource development, the country of Nigeria is mainly going to bring extra
pressure on the overall development of economic status of Nigeria. The importance of ICPC
and EFCC is mainly going to indulge better level of the production through the incorporation
of government policies.
Most of political leaders is using the money that has been received from the
corruption is going to use during the election process. On the other hand, using level of the
corruption, the financial institutes like World Bank and IMF can restrict the amount of money
that is borrowed in order to finance the debt. The main consequence of corruption is the fall
in national GDP that is clearly reflecting BOP deficit. Through the incorporation of better
level of production, the politicians will be mainly looking to increase the level of capital
growth.
Causes of corruption in Nigeria
Five important factors has been identified as the main causes of corruption in Nigeria.
Poverty, cultural foundations, inability of government to control corruption, weak
government institutions, lack of strong leadership. These five factors that are mainly going to
incorporate high level of corruption in the political system of Nigeria.
Poverty
The current level of poverty in Nigeria is about 54%. The incidence of chronic level
of poverty, high level of material deprivation and other structural inequalities are looking to
increase the level of poverty within the country (Atakpa, 2017). In the initial phase of