Economic Dissertation: Corruption, Transportation, Growth in Nigeria

This dissertation investigates the impact of corruption on transportation and economic growth in Nigeria under a democratic system. It begins by outlining the background of the study, highlighting Nigeria's struggle with corruption and its efforts to achieve sustainable economic development through various policies. The research aims to identify factors contributing to corruption, such as poverty, cultural foundations, weak governance, and lack of leadership, and to analyze their consequences on the economy. The study emphasizes the importance of minimizing corruption to foster national development, improve resource allocation, enhance transport infrastructure, and create employment opportunities. Research questions are framed to explore the effectiveness of national development plans, strategies for minimizing corruption, and the consequences of high corruption levels. Ultimately, the dissertation seeks to provide insights into how Nigeria can reduce corruption, improve its transportation sector, and achieve long-term economic growth, with resources for further study available on Desklib.

Running head: Economic dissertaion
Impact of corruption on transportation and economic growth in Nigeria under
democratic dispensation
Name of student
Course name
Course ID

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Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction..............................................................................................................3
Chapter 2: Literature Review.....................................................................................................9
Chapter 3: Methodology..........................................................................................................21
Chapter 4: Data Analysis.........................................................................................................32
Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations.......................................................................40
Reference list............................................................................................................................41

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Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Background of the study
Considering the course of economic development for most of the less developed or backward
countries, the corruption is one of the main concern. The existence of corruption level
hampers the policy making framework and decision making abilities of most of the
policymakers. Countries like Nigeria is more prone to the corruption level in most of the
economic factors. The country has gained fifty six years of independence and is searching for
factors that can increase the rate of permanent economic development. Through the
incorporation of various economic policies, the country of Nigeria is mainly looking to
incorporate corruption free country. Between 1962 and 1968, the first National development
Policy had been framed in order to counter the crucial problems of health, education and
unemployment within Nigeria.
The plan was a huge failure in the sense that it failed to reflect actual capabilities of
resources that are present within the country. About 50% of the funds that were required to
support the plan was to come from outside in the form of FDI and other sorts of investment
and only 14% of the funding came from external sources (Internationalpolicybrief.org, 2019).
The collapse of the public government and commencement of civil war also hindered the
growth of economy of Nigeria and low growth of economy led to the high growth of
corruption level. The span of second national development plan was from 1970 to 1974 and
the main modus operandi of the plan was to focus more on the improvement of manpower,
defence, electricity, communication of social services to the economy of Nigeria. Even the
third plan was to revamp the agricultural sector so that industry can be brought. Structural
Adjustment Programme (SAP), Vision 2010, National Economic Empowerment and
Development Centres, etc. are some of the policies and missions that was taken in order to

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increase the growth of Nigerian economy failed by huge margin and they could not stand up
to the expectation of increasing the economic development of the company
(Internationalpolicybrief.org, 2019).
1.2 Research Aims and Objectives
The main research aim and objectives is to highlight the policies and factors that has
been increasing the incidence of corruption on Nigerian economy. Some of the crucial factors
is mainly responsible for the development of corruption and lack of economic growth has
been highlighted that has enabled the country to induce low standard of living. Some of
causes that has been highlighted behind the growth of corruption level are poverty level
within the economy, cultural foundations, inability of government to curtain corruptions,
weak government institutions and lack of leadership. The main aim of the study is to bring
down the formation of reasons that are driving the above mentioned factors. Main objectives
of the study is to analyse deeply the cons of all the above mentioned factors and the study is
aiming to indulge the improvement of resources that will definitely increase the level of the
economic growth of Nigeria.
The main aim of the study is to find the policies that will automatically minimise the
level of corruption within the economy of Nigeria. Through the incorporation of better
policies, the country of Nigeria is mainly looking to increase the economic growth so that
better opportunities of employment related activities and provision of social services becomes
easy. Through the study of employment and social service opportunities, the study will be
aiming to identify the areas that needs important and significant amount of investment that
can be injected within the economy. The study is important in the sense that it will be able to
identify various ways of investments and the benefits that the economy of Nigeria will
receive through the minimisation of corruption and increase in the level of investment.

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Through the incorporation of better improvement in the investment the government of
Nigeria will definitely look to increase the transport and the communication network within
the country to enjoy smooth future.
1.3 Aims of the study
The main aim of the study is to increase the development of both resources and
policies that has been designed to increase the overall level of efficiency. It is an important
aspects for the development of whole activities that will be proven highly beneficial for the
whole company to increase the improvement in the country. Being one of the poor country,
the Nigeria is getting rating of most corrupted nation among the 54 countries that has been
surveyed by Transparency International and Gottingen University in the year 1996. Not only
had this, but the economy of Nigeria also received ranking of 81 in the survey that has been
done by Corruption Perception Index (CPI) survey of 85 countries in the year 2009. The
overall ranking that the country is receiving mainly because of incidence of high corruption
within the economy. Through the implementation of economic activities, the development of
resources within the economy is one of the important in the sense that through the
incorporation of better activities and the policy implementation of the country is mainly
going to increase the development of resources.
On the other hand, through the incorporation of better amount of policies will be
mainly aiming to increase the development of better accessibility of resource development.
The main aim of study is to bring in better amount of the policies that has mainly enabled the
government to increase the overall resources development. Increasing the resource
channelization is one of the important aspects in the sense that through the incorporation of
better improvement of the policies will help the government to bring more and effective level
of transport facility that will definitely increase the resource development. Through the

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incorporation of better accessibility the country of Nigeria is mainly looking to indulge better
amount of resource channelization.
1.4 Objectives of the study
In order to highlight the importance of the study, the main implementation of
corruption minimisation is highly correlated with the national development of economy.
Through the development of better initiative that has been taken by the government is mainly
going to bring in better level of incentive that will definitely bring in better level of
improvement within the aspects of policy framing. Through the improvisation of better level
of production level, the economy is mainly looking to indulge the development of resources.
The objectives of the study are being found in comparison with the long run growth
potentiality of the country. In order to increase the overall resources potentiality of the
country, the overall objectives of the country is mainly going to increase the development of
transport and communication and better connectivity of both private and public entities will
increase the development of resource and channelization of both human and capital
resources.
On the other hand, the main objectives of the study is to bring the overall
development of policies that will definitely improve the long run condition of Nigeria.
Through the increased level of corruption within the country is mainly hampering the
democratic dispersion of the common people. The common people will lose trust on the
government. The objectives of the research can be framed as following.
 To implement the policies that will be mainly helpful for the country like Nigeria to
improve the transport and reduce corruption.
 To identify the corruption level that is present within the country of Nigeria and it is
important to identify the sectors that are having huge corruption.

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 To identify the possible feasibility that the Nigeria is having in order to increase their
production level in the long run.
 To incorporate the actions of both private and public in order to maintain democratic
benefits and minimise democratic dispersion.
 To identify the possible ways of increasing the employment scenario of the country in
order to minimise corruption level.
1.5 Research Questions
Research questions are highly important in order to design the methodology that will
be proven crucial in achieving the desired level of outcomes within the economy. Well
framed research question will obviously allow the economy to grow and increase the
distribution of results in an effective and innovative way. On the other hand, using the
improved level of technology the production increases but in order to use advanced level of
technology, the economy poses a question of economic feasibility. In order to increase the
development of resources, it is an important aspects in the sense that through the
incorporation of better policies, developing nations like Nigeria will be mainly looking to
incorporate better economic and national growth. On the other hand, using better level of
production, one of the important question that comes up mainly asks about the highest level
of national growth that can be achieved by the country.
Some of the research questions that can be framed in the course of study are as
follows.
How far the country of Nigeria is using the national development plans to increase
growth?
What are the possible ways to increase the development strategies that will definitely
help in minimising corruption?

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What are the areas that are mainly having deep impacting the corruption level in
Nigeria?
What are the possible ways to minimise the level of corruption within Nigeria to grow in
future?
What are the main consequences of increased level of the corruption in Nigeria?
1.6 Problem Statement
The main problems of corruption is highly important from the perspective of Nigeria.
The country is very poor in terms of GDP growth and most of the time, the country is having
huge level of debt both in form of internal and external debts. One of the major
characteristics of such less developed nations are high incidence of poverty and malnutrition.
The government of these nations are mainly fighting for two economic factors GDP growth
and standard of living. In order to fight continuously with the above mentioned factors are
inducing the development of corruption within the economy. The importance of transport is
lying in the sense that government expenditure is one of the technology through which any
country can aim to minimise the corruption level within the economy. The major problem
that the economy of Nigeria is facing is that the economy is facing huge level of corruption
and the improvement of transport is also not happening because of increased level of external
debt that is hindering the development of resources.
On the other hand, through the increased level of transport and government
expenditure, the economy of Nigeria is mainly aiming to indulge the improvement level.
Through the use if better level of productivity, the economy of Nigeria is mainly aiming to
minimise the level of corruption so that the people living within the economy can enjoy better
standard of living and can enjoy the benefit of democracy.

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1.7 Rationale of the study Research Hypothesis Structure of the study
The main rationale behind the study is that the economy of Nigeria is mainly looking
to minimise the corruption within the economy so that the economy can focus mainly on
growth of GDP rate and increase the overall standard of living within the economy. In order
to bring better level of production ability the country is mainly aiming to increase the overall
resources development policies that the government will incorporate in order to increase the
overall resources development. The main aim of the company is to bring in better level of
improvement in the policies that the economy can use in order to boost up the rate of
production.
Through the incorporation of better production level the Nigeria is mainly aiming to
indulge better level of ways to increase the level of employment that will increase the
participation rate of employees that will minimise the corruption level within economy. The
main hypothesis that the country is aiming to incorporate is that the government is mainly
willing to increase long run production and long run growth of the economy to increase long
run growth of the whole economy. Moreover, the economy is mainly looking to indulge the
improvement in the economic activities will indulge better level of resource distribution.
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Introduction
The economic background of Nigeria is mainly showing a characteristics of high level
of poverty and malnutrition within the economy. The chapter is mainly going to incorporate
the literature resources that are mainly looking to increase the development of economic
performances. Through the incorporation of better level of improvement, the chapter will
mainly try to look in the literature reviews that are mainly associated in increasing the
national level of the GDP and the minimisation of the corruption level. The main situation of

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the government is actually unstable in nature and the government is taking one by one faulty
measures that are not at all helping in the development of economy rather the economy is
facing high rate of corruptions. The level of the corruption is increasing by huge margin in
the country of Nigeria and many countries of Africa. In 2002, the N421 million case of Julius
Makanjuola, a former permanent secretary in the Military of Defence, 2003; the $214 million
SAGEM/national ID card affair involving former Internal Affairs Minister, the late chief
Sunday Afolabi, former Internal Affairs Minister Mohammed Shatta and others who were
accused of pocketing between $30,000 and $500,000 each. It has been seen that the role that
is played by the government behind any kind of corruption is highly significant as most of the
private parties are looking to maximise the gains.
In order to increase the maximisation of the gains, the public is being highly
exploited. On the other hand, through the incorporation of better resources, the country is
mainly looking to indulge in better level of policies. In most of the scenario, it has been seen
that in order to increase the use of resources, the politicians are using their power to exploit
the national money of the country. However, the incorporation of better level of resources,
the politicians will be mainly looking to increase the development of national development
by minimising the level of corruption. Most of the areas that are under the scanner of
corruption are defence industries, public infrastructure department. Most of the corruption
that are having deep impact on the improvement of political phenomenon is highlighting the
importance of resource distribution. Political corruption, Bureaucratic Corruption and
Electoral Corruption.
Through the incorporation of various level of corruptions within the economy of the
overall company is mainly going to indulge the improvement level of the company. On the
other hand, using advanced level of technologies to minimise the level of corruption is going
to enhance the improvement of resources that are going to increase the overall rate of

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production within the country. This section is mainly going to highlight the resource
distribution that is mainly going to indulge in better level of government policies that will be
mainly looking to incorporate less amount of corruptions. In order to indulge the
improvement of the economic performances of Nigeria. This is an important issues in the
sense that most of the government in Nigeria is going to increase GDP and the corruption.
The government is looking to appoint the officials of Independent Corrupt Practices
Commission (ICPC), Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) to induce the
development of the policies so that the corruption level of country. Political corruption is
going to impact heavily on the improvisation of financial policies.
Conceptual framework
Figure 1: Conceptual framework
(Source: Created by Author)
The above conceptual framework is mainly going to highlight the incorporation of
high level of corruption is going to increase the slow pace of economic growth. In order to
Corruption in
Nigeria
Lack of GDP
growth
Lack of
transport
expenditure
Implementation
of faulty policies
Slow long run
growth

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increase the overall resource development. The above graph is showing the circulation of
factors that are enhancing the importance of chain system. If any part of the whole chain is
broken then or any other thing is incorporated then the overall implementation of resources is
going to decrease the scope of corruption minimisation. Through the incorporation of better
improvement of resource development, the country of Nigeria is mainly going to bring extra
pressure on the overall development of economic status of Nigeria. The importance of ICPC
and EFCC is mainly going to indulge better level of the production through the incorporation
of government policies.
Most of political leaders is using the money that has been received from the
corruption is going to use during the election process. On the other hand, using level of the
corruption, the financial institutes like World Bank and IMF can restrict the amount of money
that is borrowed in order to finance the debt. The main consequence of corruption is the fall
in national GDP that is clearly reflecting BOP deficit. Through the incorporation of better
level of production, the politicians will be mainly looking to increase the level of capital
growth.
Causes of corruption in Nigeria
Five important factors has been identified as the main causes of corruption in Nigeria.
Poverty, cultural foundations, inability of government to control corruption, weak
government institutions, lack of strong leadership. These five factors that are mainly going to
incorporate high level of corruption in the political system of Nigeria.
Poverty
The current level of poverty in Nigeria is about 54%. The incidence of chronic level
of poverty, high level of material deprivation and other structural inequalities are looking to
increase the level of poverty within the country (Atakpa, 2017). In the initial phase of

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development, the poverty is going to adopt the development of corruption as a technology to
avoid poverty. On the other hand, through the incorporation of government policies the
economy of Nigeria is not only helping the economy to go beyond their growth level. The
economy of Nigeria is not all providing high class wage for the employees and the average
wage of the employees are falling. In most of the parts, the non-payment of salary is one of
common thing. In order to run away from the poverty, most of the common ideology is to
choose the way of corruption in order to get hold of more money. Most of the companies that
are doing business in Nigeria is having their money through the corporation. Through the
incorporation of better level of non-payment to the employees are not only inducing the
improvement in the corruption but will definitely induce better level of the production. The
standard of living in the urban area is very costly and the companies are not paying enough
level of salaries. This is an important aspects in the sense that through the incorporation of
better level of poverty is increasing in the country.
Cultural foundations
In Nigeria, the cultural differences is another factors that is actually leading to the
increased level of corruption within the country. Most of the parts of the country in Nigeria is
down under deep level of poverty that is actually inducing the incorporation of better level of
policies. Most parts of Nigeria is under tribal people and the level of the education is not
increasing within the economy. Due to lack of initiatives from the government level is mainly
going to decrease the development of education level. Most of the children having
opportunity costs among education and eradication of malnutrition. However, the economists
who are dealing with international level of poverty claims that the government should need to
introduce the concepts of mid-day meal in order to increase the participation of children to
continue education and they will be able to minimise the level of malnutrition in return. It is

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important for the government to induce better balance of cultures and should bring mix of
cultures.
It is important in the sense that through the incorporation of better level of cultural
diversity within the economy of Nigeria will be able to increase the communication level.
The increased level of cultural mix will be highly beneficial for the government to spread the
level of education as more number of educated people from the neighbouring countries will
be able to increase the spread of knowledge. Many economists dealing with labour economics
claims that in the post Keynesian period and modern economy, the cultural diversity will
allow the smooth migration of labours from regions having high labour intensive areas to the
areas that are having less labour settlement. Not only this, the cultural mix will help the
employees to learn many new technologies that has been taken initiave to increase the
learnings from on-job training.
Inability of government to control corruptions
The government of Nigeria is not having high skills and potentiality in managing the
corruption level. Due to existence of natural resources in the country, effective policies from
the government level is required.
Value of exports (million $) 46,680
Value of petroleum exports (million $) 38,607
Current account balance (million $) 7,924
Proven crude oil reserves (million barrels) 37,453

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Proven natural gas reserves (billion cu. m.) 5,627
Crude oil production (1,000 b/d) 1,535.60
Marketed production of natural gas (million cu.
m.)
45,434.10
Refinery capacity (1,000 b/cd) 446
Table 1: Overview of natural resources in Nigeria in 2017
(Source: OPEC: Nigeria, 2019)
The above table is showing the amount of natural resources that are prevailing within
the economy of Nigeria in 2017. The total valuation of exports that has been made by Nigeria
in the year 2017 is about $46,860 million (OPEC: Nigeria, 2019). On the other hand, the
country is one of the biggest reservoir of natural gas and petroleum that is having huge level
of future potentiality. It is important for the government to bring effective level of policies
that will not only bring the highest amount of resource capitalisation and resource utilisation
technologies. Through the incorporation of better policies intended to bring more amount of
exports of natural resources will definitely increase increased value of the GDP. Corruptions
is increasing within the economy mainly because of the fact that most of the refineries are
being owned by private companies and few are government owned.
Weak institutions of government

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Weak institution of government is one of the ground for increased level of corruption.
This is important in the sense that through the increased level of weak government institution
will lead to increased level of faulty policies. Through the increased level of faulty policies,
the country of Nigeria is going to increase the incidence of weak government institutions will
definitely indulge the improvement of resource misallocation. Through the weak government
institutions, the faulty development of the policy is not going to have development in the
required area. For example, let us consider the instance of tax evasion. Now in many less
developed nations, it has been seen that most of the politicians are indulged in ways of tax
evasion and in order to evade the tax they take the way of corruption. In responding to high
tax pay, the tax payer will try to offer bribe to the tax officer in order to reduce the amount of
tax. However, the bribery is another kind of political corruption that is seen in the political
level.
In case of transport the level of corruption is different. In most of country, the central
and state government is mainly responsible for the provision of state and central level permit.
Now is order to get the desired and required level of licence and permits, the owners and
drivers pays high amount of bribe to government to clear the required level of prejudices.
Now if the rate of bribe increases then the government will not be able to identify the areas
that require independent investment. However, if the permit is given to wrong person in
return of bribe then the probability of accidents will increase by huge margin.
Prebendalism and Clientalism Theory
Through this theory, in 1987 Joseph observed that in Nigeria, the impact and
consequences of National Cake is very deep. The theory of prebandalism claims the fact that
state offices are considered as prebends that can be included by the office holders so that they
can maximise their own benefits in terms of money and other kinds of benefits. Through the

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incorporation of better improvement in the overall resource development is mainly going to
increase the development of resources. Through the incorporation of this kind of attitude the
corruption is increasing. Through the use of clintalism theory, the use of logical senses are
important in the sense that through the incorporation of illegal technologies, the companies
are not going to indulge the overall development of optimising own benefits. The use of this
theory is mainly going to indulge the development of corruption in Nigeria. It is an important
aspects in the sense that government need to control the power of officials through the use of
policies that has future outgrowth for the country. The government is required to indulge the
improvement in the overall resources to indulge the development of resources and the
government is mainly aiming to indulge improvement so that the economic activities can be
increased. In order to indulge the development of national growth of the country, the Nigeria
is mainly looking to indulge the improvement in the development of resources the country is
mainly aiming to increase the development of national GDP and in order to increase the
standard of living, the country is aiming to increase the per capita income of the country.
Impact of corruption on national growth of the country
The impact of corruption on the national growth of the country can be reflected within
the per capita performance of the national GDP. The first impact of corruptions that has been
highlighted is the slow growth of economy. The immediate effect of slow growth of the
economy is the slow growth in the level of investments. The slow flow of investment is
mainly hindering the growth of FDI in the country. The collapse of Lehman China in Spain is
mainly because of the fact that high incidence of corruption has purely led to the collapse of
such a big company. Moreover, the lack of technology is having deep problem and is one of
the main reason behind the increase in the corruption. Some of the notable projects that failed
mainly because of high incidence of corruptions are Ajeokuta and Aladja steel project, Itakpe
iron ore, the inland rolling mills and machine tools in Oshogbo and the paper mill in Akwa

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Iboku in Cross river. It is the main responsibility of both federal and state government to look
into the projects that are failing mainly due to incidence of corruption.
The main association of both federal and state government are to bring an effective
harmony among the budget and the amount of money that is received from the central.
However, if any country is giving less focus on the corruption mitigation then the country is
definitely going to lose huge share of FDI in the economy in the areas of infrastructure and
transport. Corruption is one of the main and important challenge for public administration
department in Nigeria to indulge the development of resources.
Bad governance
World Bank claimed the fact that most of the corrupted government is mainly looking
to incorporate the development of resources and government is not at all responsible for
miscommunication that is happening between public and private government. The level of
investment that is being incorporated. Incidence of corruption is mainly having tendency to
divert the public expenditure towards the private level of investment and private gains from
the individual parties. False functioning of the market and formulation of marketing policies
will definitely increase the incidence of better level of high incidence of poor environment.
Poor services delivery
The government if corrupted is going to deliver faulty quality of services. Through the
involvement of poor service delivery the government is going to bring poor quality of
service. Health sectors is one of the important area that has seen high incidence of corruption.
In most of less developed nations the state owned hospitals are having poor infrastructure and
the pharmacies are selling poor and backdated medicines. Even the cotton and other dressing
materials, the hospitals are not showing any kind of improvement. Most of the economists
dealing with social economics claimed that it is the main responsibility of both the state and

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federal government to look after the materials that are being used for the patients. One of the
major incidence of corruption is that the production of both capital and human resources in
many sectors go unnoticed and they gets wrapped under the corruption level. In order to
indulge the development of proper infrastructure and both the government should mainly aim
in monitoring the flow of capital into the project.

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Brain drain
Another important consequences of corruption is the brain drain. In order to indulge
the development of resources especially human resources. This is important in the sense that
due to the incidence of corruption, the opportunity of the economy to flourish business, health
hazard are lost from the economy that is having high quality of moral hazard. Through the
indulgence of better accessibility of the economic impact, the drain of wealth is the
immediate consequence of corruption. The brain drain is one of the tough thing that can
happen to any country that is in the phase of development. On the other hand, Nigeria
economy is basically looking to increase the development of the national growth but along
with the policy to increase the growth of the country, the corruption level is increasing by
huge margin. The migration of educated employees from the country to another country is
posing threat for the development. In order to increase the overall national growth of the
country it is important for country to increase the overall resources distribution and through
various economic growth the country of Nigeria is mainly looking to indulge better level of
resource channelization. Through the restriction of brain drain the economic activity within
the country will flourish and will increase the development in the long run.
Taking an important aspects of corruption, the economic activities like heavy
investments in the industries like manufacturing, services. Through the government of
Nigeria is aiming to increase the level of service sectors and they have focussed on the
development of industry based on the demand of the country and the potentiality of resources
in all their national development plans but due to effective level of leadership the plans failed
successively leading the country to deep poverty and malnutrition. On the other hand, the
children are not at all getting enough food and even they are not getting enough level of
education. Both the education level and food level is not increasing within the country and it
is aiming to increase the level of improvement that is actually stagnating the whole Nigeria.

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Through the resource utilisation in proper level, the country will definitely going to increase
the activities of the economy and more amount of FDI will flourish in the economy. On the
other hand, most of economists have claimed the fact that economy of Nigeria should look
for import substitution policy instead of export promotion policy. This will help the economy
of Nigeria to identify the potentiality of resources and how the resources can be properly
utilised in order to increase the overall growth of the economy.

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Chapter 3: Methodology
Introduction
This chapter is mainly going to indulge the use of methods that are mainly going to be
used for this study. The introduction of methodology will not only induce the incorporation
of better level of technologies that are going to increase the development of economy. On the
other hand, using the improvement in the national growth the economy of Nigeria is mainly
aiming to increase the development of resources so that corruption level can be minimised. In
order to identify the impact of corruption on the transport facility of Nigeria, it is important
for the study to indulge better level of sample size and use of high and effective sampling
process is mainly going to increase the level of development that is going to increase the
resources development process.
The research onion will be looking to present the layers of the study that will help in
the development of resources and analysis will be helpful. Research philosophy is mainly
going to identify the process of evaluation of research methodology. Design of the research is
mainly going to increase the development of study through the incorporation of inductive or
deductive method of study that will highlight the importance of new theory to be build up
from empirical data. The study will highlight further, the importance of sampling method that
will definitely reduce the biasedness of the study. Ethical consideration will help the
researcher in collecting better level of data from authentic journals and government
publications.
Method Outline
Use of inductive method for this method will not be a great help in the sense that
development of new theory will not be a great help in the sense that economy of Nigeria is
unable to utilise the existing theories. The deductive method of research is mainly going to be

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helpful in the sense that through the incorporation of better level of resources development.
Through the incorporation of deductive method, the study is going to identify and use the
existing theories using the newly obtained level of data from the authentic source of journals
and data from institutions like World Bank and IMF is going to help a lot. It is important to
use the existing theories that will definitely help the incorporation of exiting theories and that
will increase the effectiveness of the results.
In other words it is highly important in the sense that the study will be mainly aiming
to increase the development of better amount of resources and through the increased level of
resource development, the study will definitely looking to bring in better amount of policies
and technologies of sampling collections will definitely going to improve the development of
resources and policies. On the other hand, through the incorporation of effective level of
research the economy is mainly looking to increase the distribution of revenue. The data
collection process is going to increase the effectiveness of the outcomes as required number
of sample size can be determined.
Research Onion
Figure 2: Research Onion

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(Source: Saunders et al. 2009)
The extreme outer layer of the research onion is showing philosophies, approaches,
strategies that are to be used by the study to increase the effectiveness of the study. On the
other hand using the effective level of resources will indulge the study to bring in better level
of resource development that is going to increase the level of production. Through the
introduction of better level of methodology the study is using high level of methodology that
is going to improve the amount of results that are goi9ng to deliver unbiased results.
Use of theories in the form of realism and interpretivism is mainly going to bring in
better amount of study material that is going to increase the use of better technology to
identify the amko0unt of study. Using case study, experiment, survey and action research is
mainly going to incorporate business that is going to improve the study. Through the use of
various process, the study is mainly going to increase the development of activities that are
going to increase the overall resource development. Through the increased use of the above
mentioned strategy will bring in better level of economic activities. This has given rise to the
development of economic activities that is going to increase the level of national level of
growth. Thro0ugh the improvement in the level of growth, the economy of Nigeria is looking
to minimise the level of corruption.
Research Philosophy
The use of research philosophy is mainly looking to indulge the amount of activities
that are mainly associated with better and improved level of productivity. Through the use of
upgraded technology the economy of Nigeria is mainly looking to bring high level of
technology so that economy is mainly going to bring in high level of technology. Four types
of research philosophy is helpful for the improvement in the study and they are pragmatism,
positivism, realism and interpretivism. On the other hand, using the resources it will be

24Economic dissertaion
highly important for the study to bring in better level of effective policies that are going to
bring in better level of improvement in the economy. Pragmatism is mainly going to highlight
the use of mixed or multiple level of resources and design of the study. This is mainly going
to increase the level of development that is going to indulge the improvement. On the other
hand, use of positive philosophy the country can take the help of both qualitative and
quantitative designs that are going to increase the level of resource distribution. The use of
realism philosophy is mainly going to indulge the level of model that is going to be fit based
on the model requirement. In order to indulge the development of new model, use of
interpretivism is being used by the study. The modus operand of the model is that researcher
is going to divide the whole sample in to small samples that will increase the level of new
study generation.
Research Approach
Three kinds of research approach is that three kinds of technologies that are
deductive, inductive and abductive method of research approach. On the other hand, use of
above mentioned research approach is mainly looking to incorporate the level of resources
that can be channelized to increase the development of better model determination. On the
other hand, using these kinds of approach is mainly going to bring high method of research
that is going to bring high yielding results. In the use of deductive method of approach the
conclusion is depending on the whole of analysis. In the use of inductive method of approach
the known premise is used in order to infer results. Through the incorporation of better level
of production and study material is mainly going to improve the level of resources and how
the study is going to increase the development of study. Through this method, the known
premises are used to determine unknown conclusions. On the other hand, this is helpful for
the study to bring the amount of unknown conclusions that are going to help the development
of resources.

25Economic dissertaion
Using the inductive method of research approach the study is mainly using the
resources to bring in high class of technologies and study materials to use the helpful
inductive approach. In order to highlight the importance of resources, it is important to bring
high class of materials and that are bringing in high class of resource development.
Figure 3: Deductive way of research
(Source: Created by Author)
Theory Hypothesis Observation Rejection/Acceptance

26Economic dissertaion
Figure 4: Abductive method of research
(Source: Created by Author)
Research Design
In order to increase the development of research design the study will bring to indulge
the neutrality within the data collection technologies that is going to bring in better level of
data neutrality. In order to bring in high class of efficiency the study is mainly looking to
bring high end of design for the study. Use of concepts in the form of neutrality is going to
bring in better level of re4source neutrality that is going to bring in high technology. Through
the use of better level of technologies is going to increase the level of resource utilisation so
that the study is going to use unbiased level of resource development.
The use of qualitative research design is going to increase the rate of study and the use
of better level of economic activities are going to increase the allocation of resources. On the
other hand, use of quantitative method of design is going to increase the development of
resources is going to help the study by improving the level of economic activities. This is
Observation/tests Pattern Theory

27Economic dissertaion
going to increase the overall resource of the economic activities that are going to increase the
improvement of the whole style of the data. Through the incorporation of better technologies
that are going to increase the level of technology that are going to bring high end of
resources. Using the high level of interference, the study is mainly aiming to increase the
development of resources.
Data Collection Process
Data collection process is mainly going to increase the development of technologies
that are going to increase the level of resources so that the study is mainly aiming to increase
the overall resource capitalisation. Through the incorporation of better level of data collection
process, the study is aiming to increase the level of production that are going to increase the
effectiveness of the whole data. In order to increase the development of resources, the study
is mainly going to bring in high class technologies that can be used in making high level of
data. The study will consider both primary and secondary data collection technologies. The
secondary data that are collected in the form of authentic journals and World Bank magazines
and is going to bring high level of resource development.
Through the use of various websites like world bank and IMF are going to bring high
level of secondary data. The study is going to take primary data from the survey method
using 30 samples. Data collection technology is going to take the sampling method that is
going to increase the development of best effectiveness on the results will be going to indulge
the importance of effective results. Through the development of better level of production,
the country of Nigeria is mainly going to identify the resource making abilities that will
definitely going to yield better results. Mixture of both primary and secondary data will
increase the level of effectiveness of data.
Sampling Method

28Economic dissertaion
The sampling method of the whole data set is mainly going to determine the level of
sampling the study is going to identify the resource making abilities of the whole study. In
order to indulge the importance of effective results, the study is going to bring in best
sampling method in order to bring high effective amount of economic activities. Through the
use of simple random sampling with and without replacement technology will definitely
going to bring in huge impact in determining the overall condition of study.
In order to increase the effectiveness of study, the overall impact of the study, the
incorporation of simple random sampling without replacement is mainly going to be used.
This is because, through this method, the chosen sample is not going to be returned back to
the population. However, this sampling technology is going to reduce the biased ness of the
overall study. As the chosen sample is not returned back into the population, thus the
responses given by the chosen ones will not be able to impact the response rate of the
upcoming level of samples. However, the method of sampling is going to be impacted
heavily the outcome of the study. On the other hand, through the resources utilisation, the
study is mainly going to bring in effective level of responses from the employees and
policymakers will determine the limitations of the study. In order to identify the resource
allocation, the policymakers will be aimed by the study and in order to achieve that perfect
number of sampling number, the sampling method is an important phenomenon. On the other
hand, through the incorporation of this technology will definitely bring in high class of
results.
Sample Size
The sample size will be one of the crucial thing the study will be aiming to bring into
consideration. The importance of sampling method will identify the biasedness and
unbiasedness of data. Huge sampling size will be impacting the study as the huge number of

29Economic dissertaion
samples that are drawn with SRSWOR will generate random number that may appear twice.
Now if the chosen random number is going to appear twice then both the samples will give
various results. On the other hand, using less number of sampling will not fulfil the
requirements of the study. In order to increase the effectiveness of the study, the perfect
number of sampling size should lie within the range of 30-50. On the other hand, this study is
going to take only 30 sample.
The number of sampling is important in the sense that through the development of
better amount of sampling the study is going to take highly important aspect that through the
incorporation of better level of sampling is going to take effectiveness of data. The number of
sample size is going to have deep impact on the amount of responses. Through the use of this
number of sample size the improvement is going to bring in high quality of responses. This is
important in the sense that through the involvement of better level of incorporation of the
policies, the study is going to bring high quality of resources that are going to indulge the
main improvement of the study. In order to indulge the improvement in the economic
activities, the sampling size will play a crucial role.
Analytical model
Use of analytical models is going to have impact on the resources improvement that
clearly signifies the importance of resource development. Using analytics is one of important
tools that are going to increase the effectiveness of study. In order to increase the
effectiveness of data, the study is going to increase the resource location that is going to
indulge the improvement. In order to use the analytical model, the study is going to use
predictive analytics that is going to predict the future consideration. On the other hand, using
the development of resources the economic activities are going to increase the development

30Economic dissertaion
of resources. On the other hand, the study is going to incorporate the high indulgence of
policies that are going to be taken by government.
Using the prediction, the study will allow the importance of high level of prediction
that is going to increase the improvement. Through the indulgence of better level of resource
utilisation, the economy of Nigeria is going to increase the level of resource that the country
should take in order to increase the importance of renovation. Through the use of high level
of prediction is going to increase the development of resources that are going to incorporate
better level of resource. On the other hand, use of high level of analytical model, the
economy is going to bring in high importance. Through the use of high class level of resource
distribution the economy of Nigeria is looking to bring in high class of better development.

31Economic dissertaion
Ethical Consideration
Ethical consideration is important in the sense that it will highlight the fact that
through the incorporation of decisions that are taken by the study is to incorporate the
implementation of not leaking the customer data. It is important for the study to use the
consideration that is going to use the data that are given by the respondents for any other
purpose other than the study. It is important for the study to consider the use the various data
protection act in order to protect the data. The study has collected data and is bound to protect
the data based on the data protection act of 1988. Through the involvement of data protection
act, the study is mainly willing to bring in high class of data collection method. In order to
increase the importance of the resource collection, the study has taken the data from the
respondents based on data collection act. In order to increase the development of resources
the economy of Nigeria is mainly going to take the hold of data in order to predict the
development of resources so that they can minimise the level of corruption. They are aiming
to increase the level of economic and national growth that is going to minimise the level of
corruption.
Limitations of the study
The limitations of the study is going to highlight the tough phases the study has gone
in order to collect the level of the data. The study was consolidated in the small regions of
Nigeria in order to increase the development of economic growth. In order to increase the
development of resources, it is important to cover a huge ground of country. Another
limitations that was seen in the study is that in order to increase the development of
resources, the study has taken the help of some of the secondary resources that has enabled
the study to bring in high quality of study. In order to increase the effectiveness of study, it is
important for the study to bring in high class. In order to bring the development of resource, it

32Economic dissertaion
is important for the study to bring in high protection of data that are going to protect the data
from getting leakage. In order to bring in high class of resources it is important to bring in
high class of resource development. Another limitation of the study is that the collection of
data is important and it is important to collect vast amount of data. In order to increase the
development of resources, it is important to bring in high grade of data collection. It is
important in the sense that through the development of resource the data collection is
important.
Chapter Summary
The whole chapter has claimed the fact that in order to bring use the effective level of
study, the study is going to use the sampling size of 30 and in order to get the better result the
study is using predictive modelling. However, the use of advanced level of modelling is
going to be deeply associated with descriptive modelling and in order to bring the level of
increased development, the study is using high class of sampling and the technology of using
SRSWOR is important to be used. In using the overall resource distribution, it is important to
use both the primary and secondary method of data collection. Through the use of primary
and secondary level of data collection the study will be aiming mainly to bring high rate of
technological up gradation. Through the increased use of advanced level of development of
study it is important for the study to bring in all kinds ethical consideration. In order to bring
in high class of data collection, it is important to bring in high class of introduction.

33Economic dissertaion
Chapter 4: Data Analysis
4.1 Introduction
In this chapter the data analysis is going to indulge the improvement in the resource
making ability regarding the primary and secondary method of data collection. It is important
in the sense that it is highly important to indulge the level of data collection. The collection of
primary and secondary data collection will be enabling the study to bring in better level of
resource distribution. Through the incorporation of better level of productivity and
incorporation of data is going to help the government of Nigeria to bring in high class of
economic policies that are going to help the economy in increasing the national growth of the
economy to reduce the corruption level.
In order to highlight the importance of the data collection, the economy is going to
incorporate the development of resources and in order to increase the development of
resources it is an important to bring in high class of economic activities. The chapter of data
analysis is mainly going to highlight the importance of resource distribution so that the
country is going to highlight the importance of better improvement in the government policy
will automatically increase the level of corruption. In order to bring in high quality of
resources, the chapter of data analysis is important. Use of both empirical results, descriptive
study and inferential study will help the study in increasing the resource distribution. It is
important to bring all the three studies into consideration so that economy can increase the
level of development the study is going to take.
4.2 Empirical Results
In most of the developed nations the development of information and communication
industry is considered as one of the important fundamental aspects for the development of
strong backbone of the economy. In order to increase the resource distribution it is important

34Economic dissertaion
for the country to indulge in better level of improvement that is going to bring in high range
of resource distribution. However, the development of information and communication are
going to highlight the importance of corruption minimisation in Nigeria. It is one of the
important aspects for the development of information and communication that is going to
help the development of the study. In order to increase the development of resources it is
important to bring in high level of development of economic growth. Africa continent is
recording highest number of externalities that are closely related with road and transport
fatality. In order to increase the level of development of study, the economic impact is having
high level of resource development that is going to record high percentage of road accidents.
Use of ICT is important in the sense that through the development of resource based
activities the country is willing to bring high amount of development in the freight industry.
In order to bring the high level of resource location, it is important for the industry to bring
high class of management failure for the transport fatality. Most of the road projects are
undermined by development in the infrastructure. In order to highlight the incorporation of
resource location. It is important to bring the high amount of negligence that can has led to
the development of advanced level of GPS system that is going to bring the highly
interrelated data service. In order to bring the high class level of system is going to bring high
level of data collection. The whole country has recorded 26% of road and transport accident
that are going to bring in high level of incorporation of development.
It is important to bring in high technologies it is important for the country to bring in
high class of effective technologies that are going to be highlighted by the improvement in
the data. It is important in the sense that in order to increase the level of production it is
important for the whole industry and the whole study is going to increase the level of
resource development that is going to build in high level of use of information technology.

35Economic dissertaion
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
transport cost
Figure 5: Transport cost of Nigeria
(Source: Transport services (% of service exports, BoP) | Data, 2019)
The above data is showing the fact that the high level of cost is incurred by the
government in the transport sectors. In order to increase the level of national level of growth,
the study is going to highlight the fact that in order to increase the development of transport
level it is important for the study to bring in high grade of importance of government policy
so that the economy is going to have high national growth and low corruption level. In order
to bring in high resource development it is important to bring in high growth of educated
employees so that the economy can use of better level of ICT. In order to increase the level of
deduction it is important to bring in high class of economic growth to increase the use of high
level of resources. In order to highlight the importance of policy, the government is aiming to
bring in high level of growth.
4.3 Descriptive study
In order to indulge the improvement of descriptive study the main agenda of the
whole study is to bring both qualitative and quantitative method of data collection to use the
high level of growth that is going to be used by main policies of the government. In order to

36Economic dissertaion
highlight the importance of resource making abilities the country is mainly going to bring in
high level of improved level of resources. It is important for the study to bring in high class
of improved level of communication that is going to increase the level of remuneration.
Qualitative data
Question 1: Do you believe that government is taking correct policies to counter the
corruption?
Policymaker 1 Policymaker 2 Policymaker 3 Policymaker 4
“ I don’t believe that
there is any wrong
policy within the
time frame of the
government to
counter the
corruption level of
the economy”
“I believe that
government need to
be more proactive in
order to bring down
the corruption data
that are going to
increase the level of
resources.”
“This kind of
corruption are not
going to have any
kind of FDI within
the country. It is
important to bring
the high quality of
policy to bring down
high level of
economic
background.”
“This kind of
economic activities
are going to bring in
high level of
resources that are
going to bring
effective level of
principle then the
main aim of the
study is not
fulfilled.”
It is clear from the whole response that most of economic activities are not looking to
improve with the implementation of corruption. Now in order to bring in high level of
economic growth it is important to bring down the overall level of corruption mitigation in
the economy. In order to increase the development of resources, it is important for the study
to bring in high quality of resource making development the government of Nigeria will

37Economic dissertaion
mainly looking to incorporate the development of high government that is going to improve
the reach of the society. In order to bring down the development of economic activities, the
country is going to bring down the corruption by minimising the participation of bureaucrats
in the government policies. In order to bring down high rate of important aspects, the country
is going to inherit the resource making abilities that are going to bring in high rate of
incidence.
Question 2: According to you what are mainly responsible for corruption?
Policymaker 1 Policymaker 2 Policymaker 3 Policymaker 4
“It is important for
the government to
bring in high class of
resources and both
private and public
are equally
responsible for the
growth of corruption
level.”
“In order to increase
the development of
resource making
abilities the country
is going to bring in
high class of
administrative rules
so that the country is
going to indulge the
improvement of
better level of
resources making
abilities”
“Government need
to bring in high
collection of data
that are going to
highlight the
importance of
policies that are
going to bring in
high level of
production.”
“Use of high class
policies will
definitely going to
bring in high level of
development of
resource making
abilities that are
going to bring in
high growth of
important factors.”
From the above information and qualities information, the study is mainly going to
inform the factor that in order to minimise the corruption level both private and public are

38Economic dissertaion
going to bring in high growth of resources that are going to be increased by the study. It has
been seen that in order to increase the level of policy it is aiming to increase the level of
policies that are mainly going to bring in high rate of growth that are going to bring down
high level of growth.
4.4 Inferential study
50%50%
% of gender in respones
male female
Figure 6: Gender of respondents
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-50 >50
23.33
36.67
16.67
10.00
13.33
Age of the respondents
% of responses
Age
percentage
\
Figure 7: Age of respondents

39Economic dissertaion
A s s i s t a n t
m a n a g e r
S e r v i c e
m a n a g e r s
R e s o u r c e
m a n a g e r
F i n a n c e
m a n a g e r
C u s t o m e r
s e r v i c e
m a n a g e r
6.67
26.67
23.33
10.00
33.33
Designati on of the respondents
% of responses
Figure 8: Designation of respondents
Agree Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly
Disagree
16.67
60.00
10.00 6.67 6.67
government should take economic
corruption seriously
% of responses
Figure 9: government should take economic corruption seriously

40Economic dissertaion
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
total
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
6.67
33.33
16.67
23.33
20
Importance of economic policies
% of responses
Figure 10: Importance of economic polices
4.5 Summary
The whole study is going to increase the development is going to highlight the fact the
going to increase the development of agree that most of the disagree that 23% is going to
incorporate better level of production that are going to incorporate within Nigeria.

41Economic dissertaion
Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations
Conclusion
The government of Nigeria is going to increase the development of resources that are
going to bring in high quality of resources. The study has taken into consideration that are
going to minimise the corruption level and in order to increase the development of resources
it is important to bring in high quality of resources.
Linking with Objectives
Linking with the objectives has been successful and it has been seen that in order to
bring in high development it is aiming to increase the overall level of effectiveness that are
going to bring in high development of resources.
Recommendations
The government is going to bring high level of development that are going to bring in
high rate of economic growth and minimisation of corruption.
Future scope of the study

42Economic dissertaion
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