An Analysis of Media's Impact on Crime within Society
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This essay explores the significant impact of media on crime and society, examining how media coverage, including television, newspapers, and social media, shapes perceptions and influences criminal behavior. It discusses the positive aspects, such as aiding in investigations and raising public awareness, alongside the negative consequences, including the potential for copycat crimes and the spread of misinformation. The essay highlights the role of media in framing criminal law and its effects on social processes, including the challenges associated with cybercrime and the influence of social media on younger generations' involvement in criminal activities. It references specific examples, such as the Kim Kardashian robbery, and discusses the evolving nature of crime facilitated by media platforms, including the spread of fake news and online defamation. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of understanding the media's role in crime to develop strategies for managing criminal organizations and promoting social peace.

MEDIA, SOCIETY AND
CRIME
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CRIME
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MEDIA IMPACT ON CRIME
Introduction
The impact of the social media on crime and justice is considered as severe interest and
substantial topic which can be traced for historical crimes and trials. The criticism of media
content and actions is basic research to create models of crime. There are widespread nations
that detailed about the media coverage for the criminal acts which create various step of
crime. It is not surprising to observe the implementation of the media contents to reduce
crime and developing public policies. The media context can access the evil by monitoring
and discussing the facts about the criminality. Although the citizen of the United Kingdom
has a comparatively direct contract with the victim as crime and often it is leading the
corruption that influences peoples lives. Social science disciplines and criminology are
considered as the societal processes to gearing up the offence.
This study will focus on the media impact on crime. Hence, it can be said in order to control
proper crime enforcement of criminal law is mandatory. Furthermore, it will elaborate on the
systematic way of critical cases of criminality and the media context to establish social peace.
1
Introduction
The impact of the social media on crime and justice is considered as severe interest and
substantial topic which can be traced for historical crimes and trials. The criticism of media
content and actions is basic research to create models of crime. There are widespread nations
that detailed about the media coverage for the criminal acts which create various step of
crime. It is not surprising to observe the implementation of the media contents to reduce
crime and developing public policies. The media context can access the evil by monitoring
and discussing the facts about the criminality. Although the citizen of the United Kingdom
has a comparatively direct contract with the victim as crime and often it is leading the
corruption that influences peoples lives. Social science disciplines and criminology are
considered as the societal processes to gearing up the offence.
This study will focus on the media impact on crime. Hence, it can be said in order to control
proper crime enforcement of criminal law is mandatory. Furthermore, it will elaborate on the
systematic way of critical cases of criminality and the media context to establish social peace.
1

MEDIA IMPACT ON CRIME
Discussion
Media impact on crime, in the recent media coverage, is filled with the context and report
on crimes. The information is being sourced from various media platform such as TV,
newspaper, social media. The reflection of the crime and limitation to mitigate the violence
and boost up the society with an honest view is a significant role of media. According to a
study, a mass media could serve a massive or the important news in a generalized way, and
the acceptance of this on the society has a practical impact (Ketchell, 2019). Fifty per cent
content of the UK media platforms is covering the stories about crime. The analysis of the
crime report on an academic basis is popular culture, and the media house has been
concerned about the manners to represent the report or the news. On the other hand, the
viewer of this reports and the effect of that report upon them could clarify the perception of a
viewer to shape the crime attitudes, views and actions. There are several media platform and
the various context of the news to represent a crime report (Canter and Youngs, 2016).
Newspaper, The crime news report which is covered by a newspaper would make people
aware of reducing the rate of crime. The more stories and the different kind of context could
be gathering in a newspaper. There are several types of spaces in a newspaper to generate
stories about crime, such as property crime, violent crime. To represent the civil laws, the
media focusses upon the violation of a crime in a society, and the positive and negative
impact of the public violence is a significant issue of any state (Rıos, 2017). At the time of
covering any mass murders report the local sources of the news kept their eyes upon the
acceptance of the society and garnering the attention of them (Mann, 2019).
TV, television is an audio-visual media platform to present the crime reports and to ensure
the awareness of a crime. By covering a crime report, the platform broadcast about the further
process and acts which could be charged to a criminal to attempt the crime. The youth
generation is tending to sin with the use of modern technology. The UK media provided
various kind of reports for society to generalize blended crimes and commentary evidence to
mitigate the risk of crimes (Surette, 2016).
To cover the criminal reports, violated news and spread the criminal laws related to it to the
society is the responsibility of every media platform (Binns, 2019).
2
Discussion
Media impact on crime, in the recent media coverage, is filled with the context and report
on crimes. The information is being sourced from various media platform such as TV,
newspaper, social media. The reflection of the crime and limitation to mitigate the violence
and boost up the society with an honest view is a significant role of media. According to a
study, a mass media could serve a massive or the important news in a generalized way, and
the acceptance of this on the society has a practical impact (Ketchell, 2019). Fifty per cent
content of the UK media platforms is covering the stories about crime. The analysis of the
crime report on an academic basis is popular culture, and the media house has been
concerned about the manners to represent the report or the news. On the other hand, the
viewer of this reports and the effect of that report upon them could clarify the perception of a
viewer to shape the crime attitudes, views and actions. There are several media platform and
the various context of the news to represent a crime report (Canter and Youngs, 2016).
Newspaper, The crime news report which is covered by a newspaper would make people
aware of reducing the rate of crime. The more stories and the different kind of context could
be gathering in a newspaper. There are several types of spaces in a newspaper to generate
stories about crime, such as property crime, violent crime. To represent the civil laws, the
media focusses upon the violation of a crime in a society, and the positive and negative
impact of the public violence is a significant issue of any state (Rıos, 2017). At the time of
covering any mass murders report the local sources of the news kept their eyes upon the
acceptance of the society and garnering the attention of them (Mann, 2019).
TV, television is an audio-visual media platform to present the crime reports and to ensure
the awareness of a crime. By covering a crime report, the platform broadcast about the further
process and acts which could be charged to a criminal to attempt the crime. The youth
generation is tending to sin with the use of modern technology. The UK media provided
various kind of reports for society to generalize blended crimes and commentary evidence to
mitigate the risk of crimes (Surette, 2016).
To cover the criminal reports, violated news and spread the criminal laws related to it to the
society is the responsibility of every media platform (Binns, 2019).
2

MEDIA IMPACT ON CRIME
Like other technologies, media platform has a positive and negative side too. The
advancement of communication technology has a significant relationship with law and
criminal justices.
The positive impacts., there is no doubt to accept the benefits of the media for a few
institutions of criminal justice. It is easy for cops to unprecedented access over the public and
vice-versa. The media could assist the tool that is used in the time of investigation of any
criminal trials. It helps the cops and the public to maintain local restriction and rescue society
from unlawful violence (Jhon, 2019).
The negative impact, by the use of media news, there are posing risks for a child to
experiment with the way of crime. Media is a changing landscape of criminal behaviour. The
performance of the crimes often boosts the illegal practice to a child or the young generation
to distracting the law of enforcement (Bowcott, 2019).
The crime can be defined as an event, act or omission that leave negative impacts over both
criminals as well as victims. Criminal law is used to prohibit this act by punishing criminals
associated with the crimes (Simbeye, 2017). It is also explained through the perspective of
society where the latter plays a remarkable role in dooming individual acts as a crime. Crime
uses to offend and impose specific threats over society and hamper the quality of life
(Malinowski, 2018).
Furthermore, the violence shown in films does influence aggression and social anxiety which
promotes a mean view of the world, and it directly impacts the real-world behaviour of
people. The primary purpose of framing criminal law is to provide punish to those people
who are responsible for committing crimes. Crime can create several obstacles that would
prohibit the development of society since the rising rate of crimes would compel the
government to invest in the reduction of crime. The bulk amount of money is spent over the
construction of prison and creating certain instruments to control crime. A considerable
amount of money is paid on people associated with the system of criminal justice. In other
words, it can be said the government's expenses are increasing in order to prevent crimes
which act as a barrier in the path of societies development (Shelden and Shelden, 2018).
There are specific social processes which play a notable role in both investigations as well as
influencing the crime's prevalence. There are several reasons behind this disparity associated
with the identification of killers. These reasons are relatable with the certain resources of law
enforcement along with relation that police maintain with communities as well as
3
Like other technologies, media platform has a positive and negative side too. The
advancement of communication technology has a significant relationship with law and
criminal justices.
The positive impacts., there is no doubt to accept the benefits of the media for a few
institutions of criminal justice. It is easy for cops to unprecedented access over the public and
vice-versa. The media could assist the tool that is used in the time of investigation of any
criminal trials. It helps the cops and the public to maintain local restriction and rescue society
from unlawful violence (Jhon, 2019).
The negative impact, by the use of media news, there are posing risks for a child to
experiment with the way of crime. Media is a changing landscape of criminal behaviour. The
performance of the crimes often boosts the illegal practice to a child or the young generation
to distracting the law of enforcement (Bowcott, 2019).
The crime can be defined as an event, act or omission that leave negative impacts over both
criminals as well as victims. Criminal law is used to prohibit this act by punishing criminals
associated with the crimes (Simbeye, 2017). It is also explained through the perspective of
society where the latter plays a remarkable role in dooming individual acts as a crime. Crime
uses to offend and impose specific threats over society and hamper the quality of life
(Malinowski, 2018).
Furthermore, the violence shown in films does influence aggression and social anxiety which
promotes a mean view of the world, and it directly impacts the real-world behaviour of
people. The primary purpose of framing criminal law is to provide punish to those people
who are responsible for committing crimes. Crime can create several obstacles that would
prohibit the development of society since the rising rate of crimes would compel the
government to invest in the reduction of crime. The bulk amount of money is spent over the
construction of prison and creating certain instruments to control crime. A considerable
amount of money is paid on people associated with the system of criminal justice. In other
words, it can be said the government's expenses are increasing in order to prevent crimes
which act as a barrier in the path of societies development (Shelden and Shelden, 2018).
There are specific social processes which play a notable role in both investigations as well as
influencing the crime's prevalence. There are several reasons behind this disparity associated
with the identification of killers. These reasons are relatable with the certain resources of law
enforcement along with relation that police maintain with communities as well as
3
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MEDIA IMPACT ON CRIME
investigation challenges. These challenges based on investigation mainly generated from
homicides victims and the differences certain rates provides feedback to the police's
suspicions making investigation difficult. Hence there several processes which are self-
sustaining and is created by society to maintain specific challenges. The challenges
associated with investigation comprises of parallels in areas linked with cyber-crime, which
is rapidly emerging (Simbeye, 2017).
There are specific vital questions based on cybercrime, and it requires updated techniques to
deal with offences. In the case of cybercrime people while utilizing internet think that are
working in their domain. They are not aware of the fact that while using the internet, they use
to work on the world wide web. That is why people need to understand their position in the
society of the internet and the tactics through which the organization operates. The internet
contains several aspects which are dark as well as private providing certain opportunities to
crime and criminal. On the other hand, it can be treated as an aspect of rising globalization
linked with certain aspects based on criminality in the United Kingdom. Hence adequate
effort must be put to deal with certain criminal gangs along with its network and team to deal
with challenges.
A survey carried out showed that most of the crimes which are carried out by the younger
generation are influenced by increasing use of social media, video games and other online
media platforms. Furthermore, it has been found that social media has been used in recent
times to promote new crimes like revenge porn, online bidding for harsher punishment and
other crimes (Henham and Behrens, 2016).
For example, media influences crime in such a way that now a day, criminals use social
media to keep track of the victims such as Kim Kardashian robbery. Celebrities use social
media platform such as Instagram, Facebook, to update fan followers of where they are
travelling, and this helps the criminals to attack their victims. In case of Kim Kardashian
case, the criminals were aware of what time she will arrive, where she is staying and other
information which helped them to carry out such high profile crime (CNN, 2019). Not only
that, media is having so much of influence that the post crime behaviour of criminals is also
chaining. The criminals refer to that as "
performance crimes" where they spread about their
criminal behaviour to their followers online.
Furthermore, there is the latest trend of crime which is carried out by media in several parts
of the world. Spreading fake news through Facebook or WhatsApp has caused many crimes
4
investigation challenges. These challenges based on investigation mainly generated from
homicides victims and the differences certain rates provides feedback to the police's
suspicions making investigation difficult. Hence there several processes which are self-
sustaining and is created by society to maintain specific challenges. The challenges
associated with investigation comprises of parallels in areas linked with cyber-crime, which
is rapidly emerging (Simbeye, 2017).
There are specific vital questions based on cybercrime, and it requires updated techniques to
deal with offences. In the case of cybercrime people while utilizing internet think that are
working in their domain. They are not aware of the fact that while using the internet, they use
to work on the world wide web. That is why people need to understand their position in the
society of the internet and the tactics through which the organization operates. The internet
contains several aspects which are dark as well as private providing certain opportunities to
crime and criminal. On the other hand, it can be treated as an aspect of rising globalization
linked with certain aspects based on criminality in the United Kingdom. Hence adequate
effort must be put to deal with certain criminal gangs along with its network and team to deal
with challenges.
A survey carried out showed that most of the crimes which are carried out by the younger
generation are influenced by increasing use of social media, video games and other online
media platforms. Furthermore, it has been found that social media has been used in recent
times to promote new crimes like revenge porn, online bidding for harsher punishment and
other crimes (Henham and Behrens, 2016).
For example, media influences crime in such a way that now a day, criminals use social
media to keep track of the victims such as Kim Kardashian robbery. Celebrities use social
media platform such as Instagram, Facebook, to update fan followers of where they are
travelling, and this helps the criminals to attack their victims. In case of Kim Kardashian
case, the criminals were aware of what time she will arrive, where she is staying and other
information which helped them to carry out such high profile crime (CNN, 2019). Not only
that, media is having so much of influence that the post crime behaviour of criminals is also
chaining. The criminals refer to that as "
performance crimes" where they spread about their
criminal behaviour to their followers online.
Furthermore, there is the latest trend of crime which is carried out by media in several parts
of the world. Spreading fake news through Facebook or WhatsApp has caused many crimes
4

MEDIA IMPACT ON CRIME
such as mob lynching, where innocent people are being killed over fake news like kidnapper
or terrorist. Another negative impact of media is fame defamation, where many people start
defaming an individual online because of a silly mistake they make. This sort of activities
took many lives where innocent people committed suicide as they could not bear the insult.
The crime survey that has been conducted in the year of 2013 in England has provided
several observations (Glahn, 2015). The one observation is about the emotional impact of
victimization, which does not vary when the comparison of victims based on varieties forms
of crimes. These crimes can be differentiated as violent as well as nonviolent crimes where
serious crime would create negative effects, and it is directly influenced by the media
(Henham and Behrens, 2016).
Criminal law on society, criminal law can be defined as an essential instrument which is
utilized for maintaining order and control in modern society (Spalek, 2016). Based on the
system primarily punitive as well as formal sanctions, criminal law has made certain
assumptions regarding multiple functions. These functions are being performed by
neighbourhood, school, family and churches in an informal manner (Schuilenburg and Hall,
2017). Certain instances are handled in courtrooms in case of an urban area whereas in the
rural area these instances are performed in the woodshed. The shortcomings of the law reflect
its inability to control certain informal activities.
Additionally, it also reflects the inefficiency of the law for controlling a certain complicated
situation, especially in an urban area. Due to the social reform, there is the involvement of
people in a particular legal system where rules are unenforceable. On another hand, there are
certain benefits of criminal law since it protects the individual as well as their property.
Moreover, it assists the society top function smoothly by helping the government in the
collection of taxes and also help in controlling pollution. Furthermore, it also provides
safeguard to certain civil liberties by protecting individual rights.
5
such as mob lynching, where innocent people are being killed over fake news like kidnapper
or terrorist. Another negative impact of media is fame defamation, where many people start
defaming an individual online because of a silly mistake they make. This sort of activities
took many lives where innocent people committed suicide as they could not bear the insult.
The crime survey that has been conducted in the year of 2013 in England has provided
several observations (Glahn, 2015). The one observation is about the emotional impact of
victimization, which does not vary when the comparison of victims based on varieties forms
of crimes. These crimes can be differentiated as violent as well as nonviolent crimes where
serious crime would create negative effects, and it is directly influenced by the media
(Henham and Behrens, 2016).
Criminal law on society, criminal law can be defined as an essential instrument which is
utilized for maintaining order and control in modern society (Spalek, 2016). Based on the
system primarily punitive as well as formal sanctions, criminal law has made certain
assumptions regarding multiple functions. These functions are being performed by
neighbourhood, school, family and churches in an informal manner (Schuilenburg and Hall,
2017). Certain instances are handled in courtrooms in case of an urban area whereas in the
rural area these instances are performed in the woodshed. The shortcomings of the law reflect
its inability to control certain informal activities.
Additionally, it also reflects the inefficiency of the law for controlling a certain complicated
situation, especially in an urban area. Due to the social reform, there is the involvement of
people in a particular legal system where rules are unenforceable. On another hand, there are
certain benefits of criminal law since it protects the individual as well as their property.
Moreover, it assists the society top function smoothly by helping the government in the
collection of taxes and also help in controlling pollution. Furthermore, it also provides
safeguard to certain civil liberties by protecting individual rights.
5

MEDIA IMPACT ON CRIME
Conclusion
The extension of the news coverage has reflected on this paper. The paper has demonstrated
the way to reduce the crime rate among youth to bring development in society. There are
several challenges faced by people on the topic of civil law. This paper recognizes the ways
to mitigate the problem in the community and accept criminal acts by the nation. The article
has provided insight into controversy and the empirical challenges to diminish a criminal
mentality.
Furthermore, the findings of this paper reflect the media coverage offered by the criminal's
report to maintain the awareness of crime rates. Although this paper has contributed to an
understanding of the relationship between criminal behaviour and the media, it has assisted
the development of strategies to moderate criminal organizations, copycat criminals,
individuals who aspire to notoriety and stifle terrorism.
6
Conclusion
The extension of the news coverage has reflected on this paper. The paper has demonstrated
the way to reduce the crime rate among youth to bring development in society. There are
several challenges faced by people on the topic of civil law. This paper recognizes the ways
to mitigate the problem in the community and accept criminal acts by the nation. The article
has provided insight into controversy and the empirical challenges to diminish a criminal
mentality.
Furthermore, the findings of this paper reflect the media coverage offered by the criminal's
report to maintain the awareness of crime rates. Although this paper has contributed to an
understanding of the relationship between criminal behaviour and the media, it has assisted
the development of strategies to moderate criminal organizations, copycat criminals,
individuals who aspire to notoriety and stifle terrorism.
6
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MEDIA IMPACT ON CRIME
References
Binns, J. (2019). The Impact Of Social Media On Criminal Justice System - Media,
Telecoms, IT, Entertainment - UK. [online] Mondaq.com. Available at:
http://www.mondaq.com/uk/x/794406/Social+Media/The+Impact+Of+Social+Media+On+Cr
iminal+Justice+System [Accessed 24 Sep. 2019].
Bowcott, O. (2019). Attorney general begins inquiry about social media impact on UK trials.
[online] the Guardian. Available at:
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/sep/15/attorney-general-begins-inquiry-impact-
social-media-trials [Accessed 24 Sep. 2019].
Canter, D. and Youngs, D. (2016). Crime and society. Contemporary Social Science, [online]
11(4), pp.283-288. Available at:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21582041.2016.1259495 [Accessed 24 Sep.
2019].
CNN (2019). Kardashian heist: Social media made her target, police say. [online] CNN.
Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2016/10/04/entertainment/kim-kardashian-police-social-
media/index.html [Accessed 24 Sep. 2019].
Emsley, C. (2018). Crime and Society in Twentieth Century England. [online] Available at:
https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315834283 [Accessed 24 Sep. 2019].
Glahn, G. (2015). Law Among Nations. [online] Available at:
https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315663708 [Accessed 24 Sep. 2019].
Henham, R. and Behrens, P. (2016). The criminal law of genocide. London: Routledge.
Jhon (2019). John Binns Speaks to LexisNexis on The Impact of Social Media on Criminal
Justice – BCL Solicitors LLP. [online] BCL Solicitors LLP. Available at:
https://www.bcl.com/john-binns-lexis-nexis-impact-social-media-criminal-justice/?
utm_source=Mondaq&utm_medium=syndication&utm_campaign=View-Original [Accessed
24 Sep. 2019].
Ketchell, M. (2019). Social media and crime: the good, the bad and the ugly. [online] The
Conversation. Available at: http://theconversation.com/social-media-and-crime-the-good-the-
bad-and-the-ugly-66397 [Accessed 24 Sep. 2019].
7
References
Binns, J. (2019). The Impact Of Social Media On Criminal Justice System - Media,
Telecoms, IT, Entertainment - UK. [online] Mondaq.com. Available at:
http://www.mondaq.com/uk/x/794406/Social+Media/The+Impact+Of+Social+Media+On+Cr
iminal+Justice+System [Accessed 24 Sep. 2019].
Bowcott, O. (2019). Attorney general begins inquiry about social media impact on UK trials.
[online] the Guardian. Available at:
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/sep/15/attorney-general-begins-inquiry-impact-
social-media-trials [Accessed 24 Sep. 2019].
Canter, D. and Youngs, D. (2016). Crime and society. Contemporary Social Science, [online]
11(4), pp.283-288. Available at:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21582041.2016.1259495 [Accessed 24 Sep.
2019].
CNN (2019). Kardashian heist: Social media made her target, police say. [online] CNN.
Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2016/10/04/entertainment/kim-kardashian-police-social-
media/index.html [Accessed 24 Sep. 2019].
Emsley, C. (2018). Crime and Society in Twentieth Century England. [online] Available at:
https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315834283 [Accessed 24 Sep. 2019].
Glahn, G. (2015). Law Among Nations. [online] Available at:
https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315663708 [Accessed 24 Sep. 2019].
Henham, R. and Behrens, P. (2016). The criminal law of genocide. London: Routledge.
Jhon (2019). John Binns Speaks to LexisNexis on The Impact of Social Media on Criminal
Justice – BCL Solicitors LLP. [online] BCL Solicitors LLP. Available at:
https://www.bcl.com/john-binns-lexis-nexis-impact-social-media-criminal-justice/?
utm_source=Mondaq&utm_medium=syndication&utm_campaign=View-Original [Accessed
24 Sep. 2019].
Ketchell, M. (2019). Social media and crime: the good, the bad and the ugly. [online] The
Conversation. Available at: http://theconversation.com/social-media-and-crime-the-good-the-
bad-and-the-ugly-66397 [Accessed 24 Sep. 2019].
7

MEDIA IMPACT ON CRIME
Malinowski, B. (2018). Crime and Custom in Savage Society. [online] Available at:
https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203794449 [Accessed 24 Sep. 2019].
MANN, S. (2019). Crime and the media in America | OUPblog. [online] OUPblog. Available
at: https://blog.oup.com/2018/04/crime-news-media-america/ [Accessed 24 Sep. 2019].
Rıos, V. (2017). The impact of media coverage on crime rates and crime style. [online]
Pdfs.semanticscholar.org. Available at:
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/124d/2f87ad0c9d4566fd163cf47f0fb8f25baede.pdf
[Accessed 24 Sep. 2019].
Schuilenburg, M. and Hall, G. (2017). The securitization of society. NYU Press.
Shelden, R. and Shelden, R. (2018). Critique of Legal Order. [online] Available at:
https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781351320368 [Accessed 24 Sep. 2019].
Simbeye, Y. (2017). Immunity and International Criminal Law. [online] Available at:
https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315252575 [Accessed 24 Sep. 2019].
Spalek, B. (2016). Crime victims. Red Globe Press.
Surette, R. (2016). Mass Media, Crime, and Justice. Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets.
[online] Available at: https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-
9780195396607/obo-9780195396607-0049.xml [Accessed 24 Sep. 2019].
8
Malinowski, B. (2018). Crime and Custom in Savage Society. [online] Available at:
https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203794449 [Accessed 24 Sep. 2019].
MANN, S. (2019). Crime and the media in America | OUPblog. [online] OUPblog. Available
at: https://blog.oup.com/2018/04/crime-news-media-america/ [Accessed 24 Sep. 2019].
Rıos, V. (2017). The impact of media coverage on crime rates and crime style. [online]
Pdfs.semanticscholar.org. Available at:
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/124d/2f87ad0c9d4566fd163cf47f0fb8f25baede.pdf
[Accessed 24 Sep. 2019].
Schuilenburg, M. and Hall, G. (2017). The securitization of society. NYU Press.
Shelden, R. and Shelden, R. (2018). Critique of Legal Order. [online] Available at:
https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781351320368 [Accessed 24 Sep. 2019].
Simbeye, Y. (2017). Immunity and International Criminal Law. [online] Available at:
https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315252575 [Accessed 24 Sep. 2019].
Spalek, B. (2016). Crime victims. Red Globe Press.
Surette, R. (2016). Mass Media, Crime, and Justice. Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets.
[online] Available at: https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-
9780195396607/obo-9780195396607-0049.xml [Accessed 24 Sep. 2019].
8
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