Cause, Effects, Significance of Incorrect Data Entry in the Laboratory

This report delves into the critical issue of incorrect data entry in laboratories, analyzing its causes, effects, and significance. The study, focusing on the Quadram Institute Bioscience, explores various types of errors, including analytical errors, human mistakes, and system entry errors, and their impact on business outcomes and brand image. Through a literature review, the report identifies common data entry mistakes and emphasizes the importance of minimizing errors. The research employs a qualitative methodology, gathering insights from respondents to assess the causes and effects of incorrect data entry. The findings highlight the need for effective solutions to improve data accuracy and protect the laboratory's reputation. The report also provides recommendations to minimize errors and ensure accurate data entry for improved customer service. The report includes an introduction, literature review, research methodology, data analysis, discussion, and conclusion with recommendations.

Cause Effects and Significance of
incorrect data entry in the Laboratory

Abstract
Incorrect data entry error is consider one of the major issue for laboratories and also
analysed that thousands of people die due to medical error. That is why, the present
dissertation will shed a light upon the causes and significance of incorrect data entry error
that leads to cause negative impact upon business. With the help of literature review, it is
identified that there are many error which a laboratory face and leads to generate negative
outcome in input. That is why, management should not neglecting the error because it
somehow affect the brand image of the company. Moreover, through research methodology
section, it is also examine that the entire research is based upon the qualitative study which in
turn helps to examine the views of respondents that helps to identify whether the aim and
objectives are attain or not. Also, through data analysis section, it is analysed that majority of
the respondents are agree that analytical error, human mistake and feeding entry in system are
considered some of the major error that affect the entire results in opposite manner.

Acknowledgement
I would like to thank my supervisor for his continuous support and guidance to
complete my dissertation on the topic “ Cause Effects and Significance of incorrect data entry
in the Laboratory”. I would also like to thank my colleagues and friends for their patient
support and wonderful collaboration. Last, but not the least I would like to thank my parents
for their continuous support and motivation.

Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................6
Background............................................................................................................................6
Aim and objectives.................................................................................................................6
Rationale.................................................................................................................................7
Significance............................................................................................................................7
Structure of dissertation..........................................................................................................8
Gantt chart .............................................................................................................................9
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................................11
Introduction..........................................................................................................................11
Theme 1: Incorrect data entry..............................................................................................11
Theme 2: Different types of data entry error in laboratories................................................12
Theme 3: To assess the causes and effect of incorrect data entry within Quadram Institute
Bioscience............................................................................................................................14
Conclusion............................................................................................................................16
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY......................................................................17
Research type.......................................................................................................................17
Research Philosophy............................................................................................................17
Research Approach...............................................................................................................18
Research design....................................................................................................................18
Data Collection.....................................................................................................................19
Data analysis.........................................................................................................................19
Sampling...............................................................................................................................20
Ethical considerations...........................................................................................................20
Limitation.............................................................................................................................20
CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION..............................................22
CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION...................................................................................................36

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................40
Conclusion............................................................................................................................40
Recommendations................................................................................................................41
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................43
APPENDIX..............................................................................................................................46

Topic: “Cause Effects and Significance of incorrect data entry in the Laboratory”
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Background
Identifying and correcting error within laboratory or healthcare industry is consider
one of the biggest issue. It is identified that in UK there are more than 97 thousands of people
die due to medical error. Hence, the errors is a disappointing situation at worldwide and that
is why there is a need to minimize the situation. Although there is a common perception in
which most of medical error arise from an inappropriate or delayed clinical management,
mistakes associated with diagnosis. Thus, during the past decade, after publication of Institute
of Medicine report, it has been analysed that patient safety has finally become one of the
object of medical and public attention. This is because of neglecting the error and
mismanagement. So the current study is also focused upon different error performed during
the medical treatment and this in turn affect the result in opposite manner.
The chosen firm for this report is Quadram Institute Bioscience which is deal in
research and perform different medical treatment. It is also known as a food research which is
located in Norwich and operating from newly built facility which offer clinical trials. Quoted
laboratory also perform 40000 test per people and also research on the food, gut and microbes
that determine the relationship of three to human health. Hence, through the study scholar
determine the types of mistakes performed by professionals which somehow lead to negative
results as well.
Aim and objectives
The aim of this study is to determine the cause and significance of incorrect data entry
in Laboratory: A study of Quadram Institute Bioscience.
Objective
 To understand the concept of incorrect data entry in laboratory.
 To examine different types of incorrect data entry performed by professionals in
laboratory
 To assess the causes and effect of incorrect data entry within Quadram Institute
Bioscience.

 To recommend the ways through which the incorrect data entry may minimized.
Research questions
 What do you understand by incorrect data entry in laboratory ?
 What are different types of incorrect data entry performed by professionals in
laboratory?
 What is the causes and effect of incorrect data entry within Quadram Institute
Bioscience?
 State different the ways through which the incorrect data entry may minimized?
Rationale
The scholar chooses this specific topic because in laboratory, there are many errors
found that affect the overall business in negative manner. Thus, there is a need to determine
the errors which affect the entire results in opposite manner. Study on this specific topic will
help to examine the types of error that somehow affect the reports and also this in turn assist
to increase the knowledge with regards to the specific field. Also, another reason for
conducting the study on this topic is such that it will assist to determine the causes and effects
of incorrect data entry within laboratory.
In addition to this, it is one of the common problem for laboratory because there are
range of samples collected by the practitioners which in turn causes error. That is why, with
the help of such error, the brand image of the laboratory will affected in negative manner.
Hence, it is examine that with the help of this study, scholar will raise the research skills that
will assist in future.
Significance
The importance of conducting the research on this specific topic is such that it will
help other scholars who conduct the study on this topic. As a result, investigators uses the
information as a secondary study and deliver the results as well. On the other side, study on
this topic will also beneficial to other laboratory and its competitor in order to examine
different types of data error perform by the companies, along with solution. Hence, by using
the same strategy will help the firm to improve the business operations and minimize the
error up to some level.

Therefore, another significance of conducting the research on this topic is such that, it
provide actual results which clearly reflected the issues which a firm face while data entry.
Also, it is analysed that with the help of effective solution, laboratories determine their faults
and mistakes which can be overcome and as a result, provide positive response to their
customers.
Structure of dissertation
Chapter 1: Introduction
The first chapter of the dissertation in which scholar provide aim, objectives and
rationale of the selected topic. With the help of this, scholar provides a background of the
study that helps to determine the need of conducting the research. In this, significance of the
study is also mention that helps to analyse the importance of conducting the research.
Chapter 2: Literature review
Second chapter, which is completely based upon the secondary research in which
different books, journal and articles are selected that assist to determine the causes effects and
significance of incorrect data entry within laboratory. For that, specific themes are developed
that helps to present the findings in better manner by considering the author's point of view.
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
Another chapter of a current dissertation which helps to analyse the methods which
are used by the scholar in order to conduct the entire research in better manner. This chapter
also allow the reader to critically evaluate study's overall validity and reliability. In this
chapter, different key aspects are considered by the scholar such that research type,
philosophy, approach, data collection method, data analysis, sampling and ethical
consideration.
Chapter 4: Data analysis
The forth and most important chapter of the dissertation that helps to interpret the
entire findings in better and presentable manner which in turn helps to examine the overall
results are in favour of research questions or not. In addition to this, scholar uses graphs,
tables in order to present the findings in better manner so that reader will easily access the
data and understand the views of selected data.
Chapter 5: Discussion

The present chapter is interconnected with second and forth chapter because scholar
support the findings from literature review section which in turn assist to generate the best
results. The discussion section aid researcher to evaluate whether the define aim and
objectives are met or not.
Chapter 6: Conclusion and recommendations
Last chapter of a research, in which scholar summarize the entire findings in a
summarized manner. All the sections are concluded in this section that finally provide a
conclusion whether the set objectives are attained or not. Moreover, it is also included
recommendations to the company though which the data error will be minimized and fill the
correct data that helps to develop appropriate results to their customers as well.
Gantt chart
S.no. Task Name Duration Start Finish Predecessors
1 Selecting topic 1 day Tue 12/1/20 Tue 12/1/20
2 Developing Aim and
objectives 1 day Wed 12/2/20 Wed 12/2/20 1
3 Literature Review 3 days Thu 12/3/20 Mon 12/7/20 1,2
4 Detail research
methodology 2 days Tue 12/8/20 Wed 12/9/20 3,2
5 Developing
questionnaire 2 days Thu 12/10/2
0 Fri 12/11/20 4
6 Data analysis 2 days Mon 12/14/2
0
Tue 12/15/2
0 4,5
7 Discussion 1 day Wed 12/16/2
0
Wed 12/16/2
0 5,6
8 Conclusion and 1 day Thu 12/17/2 Thu 12/17/2 7

recommendation 0 0
9 Formatting 3 days Fri 12/18/20 Tue 12/22/2
0 8
10 Submitting Project 1 day Wed 12/23/2
0
Wed 12/23/2
0 9
11 Waiting for feedback 2 days Thu 12/24/2
0 Fri 12/25/20 10
12 Modification 3 days Mon 12/28/2
0
Wed 12/30/2
0 11
13 Submitting project after
modification 1 day Thu 12/31/2
0
Thu 12/31/2
0 12

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
Literature review is a survey of all the scholarly sources that are specifically related
with specific topic or research questions. Through this, scholar determine the facts and figure
about the secondary data which are already performed in past. Along with this, the section
also identify the gap in knowledge and unresolved problems through which the research can
easily address. In this section, scholar develop theme by considering the research objectives
in which latest published article are selected which assist to determine the meaning of
incorrect data entry and types of data error performed by the laboratories.
Theme 1: Incorrect data entry
In accordance with Intra and et.al., (2016) information entered in the wrong way or
order is known as an incorrect data entry and it is mostly performed like typing words rather
than numerical data instead of words. As laboratory deal with human treatment and that is
why, a small mistake may lead to wrong decision and this in turn affect the lives of human
being as well. Moreover, common data entry mistakes are transcription error and
transposition error which should avoid to improve accuracy. Kim and et.al., (2018) share
their experience by stating that error means action or conclusion which demonstrably
incorrect from a logical point of view i.e. logical fallacies, some mathematical mistakes,
statement which is not supported by data, wrong dataset etc. Hence, it is necessary to identify
the mistake or focus upon error by own because of professionals do not identify the mistakes
or correct error, then others may claim them as well.
Moreover, laboratories are assigned different skilled experts in order to minimize the
chances of error. Miyazaki and et.al., (2020) argued that error may also happen due to not
complying with ethics and this in turn affect the results in opposite manner. So, in
laboratories most of the mistakes are actually happened that may affect overall patient’s life
in opposite manner. Also, misidentification is consider one of the most common error that
may affect the overall results in opposite manner (Data entry and its importance, 2020).
Hence, entered information in wrong way may create negative impact upon the laboratory
brand image in negative manner. That is why, it is essential for the business to solve the issue
and provide positive outcome as well.

Caspi and Hünermund (2020) share their views and stated that laboratory data error
are define as any defect performed by the people from ordering test to reporting and
interpretation of results. As a result, a singly error in number may lead to affect the entire
results and as a result, wrong intervention will be undertaken that affect the entire results.
That is why, missing values as well as valid values are properly analysed because a small
mistake in zero may lead to creates wrong impact upon the results that may cause negative
impact upon environment. Vlaminck and et.al., (2020) explain in their study that generally
small mistakes are performed due to data ambiguity which is a case in which two separate
piece of data in a computer system may have a same representation. For example, this type of
mistakes are generally performed when the system have a same name like, James Smith and
Frederick John Smith. In laboratories there are range of data available and that is why, with a
single error in a name may lead to generate wrong impact.
Theme 2: Different types of data entry error in laboratories
According to Mwogi and et.al., (2020) there are many types of mistakes performed by
the professional in laboratory. Such that error in the statistical analysis is consider one of the
common data entry error. Under this, professionals do not relied lend support conclusion and
this can occur if underlying assumptions of an analyses are not met, hence the wrong values
are used within calculation. As a result, statistical test result is misinterpreted with regards to
data and this in turn affect the outcome in opposite manner. Thus, metaanlaytic estimates
from these effects size calculation may also consider incorrect and also have sometimes
required correction. Esmaeilzadeh, Mirzaei and Dharanikota (2020) argue that analytical
error are consider another error which most of the professionals perform that leads to affect
the results. Also, laboratory spend decades to improve analytical quality by establishing the
internal quality controls as well as external quality assessment. But there errors are did not
identified and minimized, though both provide reliable information which assess as well as
monitor the quality status of internal procedure.
Whipple, Leissinger and Beatty (2020) explain in their study that laboratory also deal
in human treatment such that proper patient identification is mainstay of patient safety within
an organization which is being necessary component for providing safe and diagnosis
services. During this time, misidentification occurs when professionals do not conduct with
identification during room. Hence it is analysed that it is professionals should detect trend
and bias which may not be apparent in single results that investigate root cause producing
performance. Najar-Rodriguez and et.al., (2020) argued that by establishing and verifying test