This essay delves into the critical social work perspective concerning the challenges faced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia. It begins with an overview of the historical context, tracing the impact of colonization, disease, and displacement on Indigenous communities. The essay highlights the lasting effects of the Stolen Generations and cultural disruption. It then examines the current context, revealing disparities in health, education, and socioeconomic outcomes. The analysis explores the impact of political and economic factors, including inequitable policies and systemic discrimination. The essay further discusses critical discourses surrounding Indigenous issues, focusing on education, women's rights, and media representation. Applying critical social work theory, the essay proposes solutions to address social injustices and inequalities. It also reviews existing programs and policies aimed at improving the lives of Indigenous Australians, covering areas such as health, education, and economic opportunity. The essay concludes by emphasizing the importance of addressing these issues through a critical social work lens.