Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values: A Detailed Report

This report provides a comprehensive overview of individual behavior, personality, and values in an organizational context. It delves into the MARS model, exploring how motivation, ability, role perceptions, and situational factors influence individual behavior and results. The report examines person...Read More

Individual Behavio
Personality, and
Values
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
McShane/Von Glinow OB 5e Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Values, Personality, and Self-Concept at
Hotels & Resorts
Fairmont Hotels & Resorts has
excelled as North America’s
largest luxury hotel operator by
hiring people such as Yasmeen
Youssef (shown here) with the
right values and personality
and then nurturing their self-
concept.
YasmeenYoussef
Fairmont Hotels & Resorts
2-2

MARS Model of Individual Beha
Individual
behavior and
results
Situational
factors
Values
Personality
Perceptions
Emotions
Attitudes
Stress Role
perceptions
Motivation
Ability
2-3

The Basic Psychological Mod
McShane/Von Glinow OB 5e © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights rese4
Behavior = function (Person,
Environment)
Law of Effect = future behavior
is a function of it’s past
consequences

Employee Motivation
▪ Internal forces that affect a person’s
voluntary choice ofbehavior
• direction
• intensity
• persistence
R
BAR
S
M
A
2-5

Employee Ability
▪ Natural aptitudes and learned capabilities
required to successfully complete a task
▪ Competencies −personal characteristics that
lead to superior performance
▪ Person −job matching
• selecting
• developing
• redesigning
R
BAR
S
M
A
2-6

Role Perceptions
▪ Beliefs about what behavior is required to
achieve the desired results:
• understanding what tasks to perform
• understanding relative importance of tasks
• understanding preferred
behaviors to accomplish tasks
R
BAR
S
M
A
2-7

Situational Factors
▪ Environmental conditions beyond the
individual’s short-term control that constrain
or facilitate behavior
• time
• people
• budget
• work facilities
R
BAR
S
M
A
2-8

Defining Personality
▪ Relatively enduring pattern of thoughts,
emotions, and behaviors that characterize a
person, along with the psychological
processes behind those characteristics
• External traits – observable behaviors
• Internal states – thoughts, values, etc inferred from
behaviors
• Some variability, adjust to suit the situation
2-9

Nature vs. Nurture of Personali
▪ Influenced by Nature
• Heredity explains about 50 percent of behavioral
tendencies and 30 percent of temperament
• Minnesota studies – twins had similar behaviour
patterns
▪ Influenced by Nurture
• Socialization, life experiences, learning also affect
personality
• Personality isn’t stable at birth
• Stabilizes throughout adolescence
• Executive function steers using our self-concept as
a guide
2-10

Five-Factor Personality Model
(CANOE)
Outgoing, talkative
Sensitive, flexible
Careful, dependable
Courteous, caring
Anxious, hostile
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Openness to Experience
Extroversion
2-11

Five-Factor Personality and
Organizational Behavior
▪ Conscientiousness and emotional stability
• Motivational components of personality
• Strongest personality predictors of performance
▪ Extroversion
• Linked to sales and mgt performance
• Related to social interaction and persuasion
▪ Agreeableness
• Effective in jobs requiring cooperation and helpfulness
▪ Openness to experience
• Linked to higher creativity and adaptability to change
2-12

Common Personality Measure
▪ MMPI – Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
measures “emotional stability” on 10 scales
http://psychology.about.com/od/psychologicaltesting/a/mmpi_2.htm
▪ MBTI – Meyers Briggs Type Indicator
▪ CPI – California Psychological Inventory
▪ HPI - Hogan Personality Inventory
McShane/Von Glinow OB 5e © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights rese13

MBTI at Southwest Airlines
Southwest Airlines uses the
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator to
help staff understand and
respect co-workers’ different
personalities and thinking styles.
“You can walk by and see
someone's [MBTI type] posted
up in their cube,” says Elizabeth
Bryant, Southwest’s leadership
development director (shown
here).
2-14

Jungian Personality Theory
▪ Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung
▪ Identifies preferences for
perceiving the environment
and obtaining/processing
information
▪ Commonly measured by
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
(MBTI)
2-15

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (M
▪ Extroversion versus introversion
• similar to five-factor dimension
▪ Sensing versus intuition
• collecting information through senses versus
through intuition, inspiration or subjective sources
▪ Thinking versus feeling
• processing and evaluating information
• using rational logic versus personal values
▪ Judging versus perceiving
• orient themselves to the outer world
• order and structure or flexibility and spontaneity
2-16

Feeling Valued at Johnson & Jo
Johnson & Johnson is one of the most
respected employers because it recognizes
the value of supporting each employee’s self-
concept
2-17

Self-Concept Defined
▪ An individual’s self-beliefs and self-evaluations
▪ “Who am I?” and “How do I feel about myself?”
▪ Guides individual decisions and behavior
2-18

Three “C’s” of Self-Concept
▪ Complexity
• People have multiple self-concepts
▪ Consistency
• Improved wellbeing when multiple self-concepts
require similar personality traits and values
▪ Clarity
• Clearly and confidently described, internally
consistent, and stable across time.
• Self-concept clarity requires self-concept
consistency
2-19

Four “Selves” of Self-Concept
▪ Self-enhancement
• Promoting and protecting our positive self-view
▪ Self-verification
• Affirming our existing self-concept (good and bad
elements)
▪ Self-evaluation
• Evaluating ourselves through self-esteem, self-
efficacy, and locus of control
▪ Social self
• Defining ourselves in terms of group membership
2-20

Self-Concept: Self-Enhancemen
▪ Drive to promote/protect a positive self-view
• competent, attractive, lucky, ethical, valued
▪ Strongest in common/important situations
▪ Positive self-concept outcomes:
• better personal adjustment and mental/physical
health
• inflates personal causation and probability of
success
2-21

Self-Concept: Self-Verification
▪ Motivation to verify/maintain our existing self-
concept
▪ Stabilizes our self-concept
▪ People prefer feedback consistent with their
self-concept
▪ Self-verification outcomes:
• We ignore or reject info inconsistent with self-
concept
• We interact more with those who affirm/reflect self-
concept
2-22

Self-Concept: Self-Evaluation
▪ Defined mainly by three dimensions:
▪ Self-esteem
• High self-esteem -- less influenced, more
persistent/logical
▪ Self-efficacy
• Belief in one’s ability, motivation, role perceptions, and
situation to complete a task successfully
• General vs. task-specific self-efficacy
▪ Locus of control
• General belief about personal control over life events
• Higher self-evaluation with internal locus of control
2-23

Self-Concept: Social Self
▪ Social identity -- defining ourselves in terms of
groups to which we belong or have an emotional
attachment
▪ We identify with groups that have high status -- aids
self-enhancement
Employees at
other firms
People living in
other countries
Graduates of other
schools
An individual’s
social identity
IBM Employee
Live in
U.S.A.
University of Dallas
Graduate
Contrasting Groups
2-24

Values in the Workplace
▪ Stable, evaluative beliefs that guide our
preferences
▪ Define right or wrong, good or bad
▪ Value system -- hierarchy of values
2-25

Schwartz’s Values Model
2-26

Schwartz’s Values Model
▪ Openness to change – motivation
to pursue innovative ways
▪ Conservation -- motivation to
preserve the status quo
▪ Self-enhancement -- motivated by
self-interest
▪ Self-transcendence -- motivation to
promote welfare of others and
nature
2-27

Values and Behavior
▪ Habitual behavior usually consistent with
values, but conscious behavior less so
because values are abstract constructs
▪ Decisions and behavior are linked to values
when:
• Mindful of our values
• Have logical reasons to apply values in that
situation
• Situation does not interfere
2-28

Values Congruence
▪ Where two or more entities have similar
value systems
▪ Problems with incongruence
• Incompatible decisions
• Lower satisfaction/loyalty
• Higher stress and turnover
▪ Benefits of incongruence
• Better decision making (diverse perspectives)
• Avoids “corporate cults”
2-29

Values Across Cultures: Individ
and Collectivism
▪ Degree that people value duty to their group
(collectivism) versus independence and
person uniqueness (individualism)
▪ Previously considered opposites, but
unrelated -- i.e. possible to value high
individualism and high collectivism
2-30

Individualism
The degree to which people
value personal freedom,
self-sufficiency, control over
themselves, being
appreciated for unique
qualitiesDenmark
Taiwan
Italy
High Individualism
U.S.
Low Individualism
India
2-31

Collectivism
The degree to which people
value their group
membership and
harmonious relationships
within the group
India
U.S.
Taiwan
High Collectivism
Italy
Low Collectivism
Denmark
2-32

Power Distance
▪ High power distance
• Value obedience to authority
• Comfortable receiving
commands from superiors
• Prefer formal rules and authority
to resolve conflicts
▪ Low power distance
• Expect relatively equal power
sharing
• View relationship with boss as
interdependence, not
dependence
Japan
Israel
Denmark
Venezuela
High Power Distance
Malaysia
Low Power Distance
U.S.
2-33

Uncertainty Avoidance
▪ High uncertainty avoidance
• feel threatened by ambiguity
and uncertainty
• value structured situations and
direct communication
▪ Low uncertainty avoidance
• tolerate ambiguity and
uncertainty
High U. A.
Low U. A.
Japan
Greece
U.S.
Italy
Singapore
2-34

Achievement-Nurturing
▪ High achievement
orientation
• assertiveness
• competitiveness
• materialism
▪ High nurturing orientation
• relationships
• others’ well-being
Achievement
Nurturing
Japan
U.S.
Sweden
China
Chile
France
2-35

Utilitarianism
Individual
Rights
Greatest good for the greatest number
of people
Fundamental entitlements
in society
Distributive
Justice
People who are similar should receive
similar benefits
Three Ethical Principles
2-36

An Alternative Set of Princip
McShane/Von Glinow OB 5e © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights rese37
Egoist – if it benefits me
Utilitarian – “the greatest net
good”
Absolutist – right and wrong
stand apart from human
judgment

Influences on Ethical Conduct
▪ Moral intensity
• degree that issue demands ethical principles
▪ Ethical sensitivity
• ability to recognize the presence and determine the
relative importance of an ethical issue
▪ Situational influences
• competitive pressures and other conditions affect
ethical behavior
2-38

Supporting Ethical Behavior
▪ Ethical code of conduct
▪ Ethics training
▪ Ethics hotlines
▪ Ethical leadership and culture

Individual Behavio
Personality, and
Values
2-40
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
McShane/Von Glinow OB 5e Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.