Infection Prevention and Control: Health Hygiene, Semester 1 Report

This report provides a comprehensive overview of health hygiene and infection prevention and control. It begins by defining infection and its causes, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and prions, along with their associated symptoms and treatments. The report emphasizes the importance of personal hygiene, including hand hygiene and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), in preventing the spread of infections. It covers standard precautions, cleaning and sanitation practices, including respiratory hygiene, and the significance of maintaining a clean environment to minimize the risk of pathogen transmission. The report also discusses various infection control practices, emphasizing the need for proper cleaning, sanitization, and adherence to hygiene protocols to safeguard public health. The report covers the role of cleaning and sanitation in food safety, including the distinction between cleaning and sanitization, and provides recommendations for effective hygiene practices. Finally, the report highlights the importance of preventive measures, such as handwashing and avoiding contact with potentially contaminated surfaces, to minimize the risk of infection. This report is a valuable resource for understanding the multifaceted approach required for effective infection prevention and control.

Health Hygiene infection
prevention and control

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION
Infection is defined as the invasion of an external organism in human body and cause the
situation of disease. They are also called as antigen. These antigen are specifically toxic in nature
and predominately harm the body in many ways. The body became ill and fall in the situation of
disease with a proper antigen cycle and this cycle is regulated by antigen in human body.
Antigen produce toxin in body which is sufficient to take down the human body from normal
state to abnormal state. The infectious disease are also known as transmissible disease or
communicable disease which create illness resulting from this. At this recent time corona virus is
defined as infection. As per this, infection harm the body by many way such as create
complication like inflammation, fever, vomiting and so on. This all symptoms of infection when
it enter in normal human body. To reduce this complication the personal hygiene is necessary. In
addition to this hygiene is defined as practice which is used by people to preserve the health from
infection and unwanted toxic organism which have tendency to harm body. In this report, the
discussion is based on various infection and their prevention with their standard operating
procedure regards with policies (Bernard and et. al., (2018)).
MAIN BODY
The infection is usually caused by another organism which is enter in body and cause
disease. The organism that cause infection are very diverse and can include thing like virus,
bacteria and many more which have ability to cause infection in body and change their structure
and make individuals ill. There are various type of infection which have different symptoms and
physiology which alter the human body. Some are mentioned below:
In this virus are defined as the infectious organism which is also called as antigen. There
size is smaller than bacteria and they enter in body by various ways. The virus is composed of a
piece of genetic material which is comprised of protein and hard shell which created cell wall to
that particular virus (Chraïti and et. al., (2017)). In addition to this, corona is also a virus which
have crown like structure. This virus is adaptable with concern with various environment. There
are number of virus which maintain their own haemostasis in human body for their
multiplication and corona is one of them. This infection have several sign and symptoms which
is mentioned Influenza this is also called as flu, Common cold, Measles, Rubella, Chickenpox,
Noro virus, Polio, Infectious mononucleosis(mono), Herpes simplex virus,Human
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papillomavirus, Viral hepatitis which have all hepatitis such as A, B, C, D and E, Meningitis,
Rabies, Ebola. In addition to this, these are symptom and virus which is cause by this infection.
The treatment of this viral infection is have number of symptoms until the immune system must
take an approach as per associating through antibody and kill the antigen.
Bacteria is a single celled microorganism, they are coming in various specific variety
which have proper shape and size. In addition to this, bacteria is found in every environment
including soil, water and human body, even of the bacteria are exothermic in nature and they are
survive in extreme exposure of radiation (Khodjaeva and et. al., 2019). However, there are
number of bacteria which have ability to cause infection in human body. Some of the example of
bacteria infection are given Strep throat, Bacterial urinary tract infection which is caused by
bacteria coliform bacteria, Bacterial food poisoning, often caused by E.coli, salmonella or
shigella, There are various bacterial cellulitis such as staphylococcus aureus, Bacteria vaginosis,
Gonorrhea, Tuberculosis, Whopping cough, Syphills, Chlamydia, Lyme disease,
Botulism,Tetanus and anthrax (Freedman and et. al., (2018)).
So, these are disease and symptoms which is caused due to bacterial infection. The
treatment of bacterial infection is usually drive by antibiotics. The antibiotics usually affect the
growth of bacterial infection and inhibit their multiplication in human body.
Fungal infection are usually originated by fungi class. They include various fungi such as
yeast and molds. They are also found anywhere in environment including various static zone
such as soil, moist area and they are also associated with human bodies. In addition to this, fungi
are also small which is not visible by naked eyes. They are visible by using proper microscope.
As per this, some example of this kind of infection are mentioned Vaginal yeast infection,
Ringworm, Athlete's foot, Thrush, Histoplasmosis, Cryptococcous infections, Fungal meningitis.
For this the treatment which is used for this is antifungal medication. This kind of
medication is prescribed by observation of fungal infection such as their class and type.
This is another kind of infection in which the antigen is lived in host organism and or
other nutrient broth (Yang, C. (2020)). There are various kind of parasite in which three of them
is discussed below which cause illness in human normal body, Protozoa: small, single celled
organism. Helminths: larger, worm like organism. Ectoparasites: organism such as fleas, lice and
ticks which is usually have tendency to make normal people ill. There are some example of
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disease which is caused by this infection are Malaria, Toxoplasmosis, Trichomoniasis,
Giardiasis, Tapeworm infection, Round worm infection, Scabies, River blindness.
As per this, the bacterial and fungal infection are treated by using specific drug which act
as anti parasite drug. This need proper medication which help to over come the patient which is
facing the problem by this causative infections (Fulchini and et. al., (2018)).
Prions is defined as the protein which is not comes under the section of organism. Prions
have their limited ability such as it will affect normal body protein. This cause them to fold into
abnormal shapes in which they can development of dementia and also produce various
complication which is based on difficulties for walking and speaking. As per this, the prions
disease are very rare. In basis of this there are no prevention and medication is available for
infection which is caused by prions. Some of the medication which is used in combination are
very slow rate of progression.
The control practice which is used to undertaken by course of infection is that it is used
and control by their practices. In this, they have specific standard precaution which is used in
such a way to prevent the transmission of disease that must be acquired by making contact with
blood, body fluid and mucous membrane. These is usually used to provide care to all patient
which is facing issue related with infections.
Hand hygiene refers to both in which washing of hand with free water and with soap
which is anti-bacterial in nature. In this present scenario due to COVID-19 the use of alcohol
base hand sanitizer is usually trend in market to reduce and kill the infection which is
surrounded. The spray of sanitizer is also used in various countries in order to kill the infectious
virus which create illness in all over the world. Hand hygiene should be performed before and
after to meet and touch anyone or come with contact to any person. Such as touching blood,
body fluid, mucous membrane and contaminated items.
The PPE defined as the gloves, gowns, mask and eye wear which is create an external
barrier which help to protect skin and body part to those who are facing infection and infected
from particular virus for example COVID-19. This help to provide an path for safety and this all
depend on hygiene (Geilleit and et. al., (2018)).
Client care regions are very common for their areas where they wait for long. As per
this, patient have potential to contaminated surfaces or object which is used by number of people
then it must be clear and clean as per using the proper disinfectant such as ethanol and other
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chemical compound which have tendency to prevent and kill the microbes which harm the
human body (Price and et. al., (2018)). There are number of pathogen or antigen for example
norovirus which is not activated in nature but commercial disinfectant routinely used in local
public health setting. As per this, improper cleaning and hygiene create the complication which
is related with antigen and pathogen in surface.
In this present scenario, people must care to get protected from the infection which is
caused respiratory secretion should promoted to help to prevent respiratory disease transmission.
Some of the respiratory hygiene include Covering nose and mouth with hanky or tissue paper
while coughing and squeezing in public. The tissue which is used for respiratory secretion must
be discarded to nearest dustbin for dispose. Use proper hand sanitizer to protect from unwanted
microbe which is surrounded in environment and can harm the body. Supplier such as tissue,
waste basket, alcohol sanitizer is used to minimise the chance the infection spreading from one
people to another (Kelcikova and et. al., (2019)).
This is the one in which there is need to have the proper sanitation of the surface and
nearby. It is essential to sanitise the environment which is there in the food safety in which there
is need of cleaning standards along with sanitisation standards. There is difference in between
the cleaning and sanitisation because cleaning includes the physical soils which are there on the
surface. Whereas, sanitisation refers to the microorganisms. Thus there are some of the sanitary
environment which involves some of the essential steps which are discussed further.
Sweeping along with flushing- This is one of the step of cleaning and sanitisation in which
there is removal of gross solids and different solid particles are there. There are food residue
which are there can cause the infection when they intake by children and thus, there is need of
sanitisation. There are some recommendation which are there for the proper sanitisation which
can be done in the home on the regular basis according to the comfort. In this, there is need of
warn water which having 105 to 115 degree F which can be used for rinsing.
Sanitising- This is the process which began when there is proper cleaning of the surface is there
which means after the cleaning process. There are variety of application which are there can be
used of sanitisation processing environment which is from heat to chemical disinfectants. There
are other some of the common sanitisation which includes the quaternary ammonium
compounds, chorines dioxide, iodine. Each and every one has their own advantage and
disadvantages with different characteristics which makes it appropriate for different uses.
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There are different ways which are able to help in the prevention of the infection along
with COVID infection too (Mendes and et. al., (2020)). There is chances of infection which
generally causes by the microscopic organisms generally known by pathogens like bacteria,
viruses, fungi etc. They are able to inter in the body along with this they can get multiple with
normal functions. They can leads to cause of illness and sometimes death. There was a time
when no one were aware about the cause of the infection which was caused by tiny organisms
which moved from one person to another person. There is chance to get transmitted which is
through skin which is due to insect or any animal bite. One of the important things is to do for
the prevention from the infection which is by get defence from the germs and they should need
to avoid the chances of spreading of them which is through different vehicles. In this process
there is need to continue wash the hands when there is any contact with any surface or not. There
is need to keep the hands away form the nose, ear, eye or any other body part which are sensible
to get the infection in direct contact with the inner body part. There is need to cover the cough,
washing off the bandages during the cuts, There is need of vaccination time to time where there
is need (Kilpatrick and et. al., (2018)). Specially there is need to avoid the forget of vaccination
and in adults there is need to make sure that vaccination is up-to-date. There is also need to stay
away from the STD which spread during the sexual intercourse. There are higher chances due to
having highly sensitive during this time. In relation to this, one should make sure that partner is
not having sex with other. Animals are the one of the most primary source of spreading of
infection which is due to animal are the one who are able to carry different infection in their
body. So, there is need to have the better treatment and time to time vaccination for preventing
the infection.
Application of such policies are requisite in order to manage the risk of various deadly
and transmissible diseases in health care staff as well as protect service based-users. Therefore it
becomes necessary to develop such systematic approach to eliminate it from spreading across the
globe. There are varying infections which can affect a human body very badly that may lead to
even death. So to prevent such deadly infections some relevant policies can be discussed as
follows:
Hand Hygiene Policy : It is considered as component of standard precautionary structure which
is required to abide with. Therefore, it is one of major considered policy which needs to be
implemented across the globe in order to deal with varying infections like Covid-19, etc.
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Safe Working Practice : It is necessary to develop safe working environment to reduce the
chances of acquiring any transmissible disease from other person. These policies should be
implemented by considering standard policy format of respective country (Masakini and et.
al., (2017)).
Isolation Policy : Motive of this policy is to minimize the risk of spreading any infection
through following proper guidelines in regard to timely and complete isolation of infected
person to lower down chances of any further spread.
Notifiable Diseases : This policy is in regard to already notified diseases which needs to be
reported to government as per applicable laws. These diseases includes Cholera, Hepatitis A,
Covid-19 and so on. Therefore, government has implemented proper surveillance system in
order to eliminate its effect over large scale.
Food Hygiene Policy : This policy is implemented mainly for clinical staff, particularly for
nurses. It requires by staff to manage required food hygiene to avoid spread of any
infections across the area. This way a proper hygiene structure could be met with.
Outbreak Management Policy : The policy stated that it is required to manage the prevention,
efficient management as well as determine roots of any major as well as minor outbreak of
diseases across the globe (Lehotsky and et. al., (2017)).
Disinfection Policy : It considers various guidelines in relation with usage of different
disinfectants as well as clearing products for cleaning contaminated area or instrument. So
the usage should be based on the provided guidelines in order to avoid its harm in any
manner. Any inappropriate usage could lead to any kind of damage, wastage or various
health related issues for any indefinite period.
Due to the pandemic situation of the Covid 19 government and private sector have
invested the huge cost for sanitization in order to prevent the infection, cases of covid and
prevent the death rate. It has been analysed that cost per case of infection prevention and cost per
case of death averted is result as the cost investment, because sanitization of different location
and assets is costly without the confirmation of infection prevention. Infection is can be spared
through any thing, any livening and non-living thing and this is the major barrier of the infection
prevention. But in works in some mode of transmission prevention by keeling the pathogens
form public area assets. There was the Azn 114 million or 0.14 percent GDP, which is
implement for the sanitization. According to some research analysis on cost effectiveness of the
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CLTS interventions it has been analysed that cost effectiveness per household is ranged from
$34-$1896. so it has evaluated that cost of the CLTS per household in context to the latrine
access was higher and in context to the OD stopping cost of CLTS was lower, so it is clear that
there is the huge difference between cost and outcome.
There should be use of different strategy which can help in getting better sanitisation.
Data analysis in qualitative and quantitative research of the cost effectiveness in context to
sanitisation. This is for the prevention of different infection including COVID-19. In order to
analyse the cost effectiveness of sanitisation, different steps and techniques of research
implemented. There are different ways through which sanitisation can be done on the different
region and due to this there is highly chances to avoid the infection which is able to avoid the
infection. In this report there is evaluation of death rate, disease rate, infection rate in order to
analyse cost effectiveness of sanitisation (Loftus and et. al., (2018)).
CONCLUSION
From the above discussion, it can be understand that proper sanitisation is one of the most
important role for get rid of the different diseases. There are many ways of sanitisation of
different area along with this there is need to have manage the spread of infection which plays a
vital role in playing the role of different prevention of the infection which is due to lack of
sanitisation. There is introduction about the infection, its types and their control. There is also
discussion about the sanitisation procedures along with prevention, policy regards with infection.
There is also discussion about the cost effectiveness in sanitisation. There is also some
information about the implementation about the strategies which is regarding the hygiene and
sanitization.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Bernard and et. al., (2018). An exploratory study of safety culture, biological risk management
and hand hygiene of healthcare professionals. Journal of advanced nursing, 74(4), 827-
837.
Chraïti and et. al., (2017). Hand hygiene technique. Hand hygiene: a handbook for medical
professionals, 70-75.
Freedman and et. al., (2018). U.S. Patent Application No. 15/796,452.
Fulchini and et. al., (2018). Hand hygiene adherence in relation to influenza season during 6
consecutive years. American journal of infection control, 46(11), 1311-1314.
Geilleit and et. al., (2018). Feasibility of a real-time hand hygiene notification machine learning
system in outpatient clinics. Journal of Hospital Infection, 100(2), 183-189.
Kelcikova and et. al., (2019). Flawed self‐assessment in hand hygiene: A major contributor to
infections in clinical practice?. Journal of clinical nursing, 28(11-12), 2265-2275.
Kilpatrick and et. al., (2018). Global hand hygiene improvement progress: two surveys using the
WHO Hand Hygiene Self-Assessment Framework. Journal of Hospital
Infection, 100(2), 202-206.
Lehotsky and et. al., (2017). Hand hygiene technique assessment using electronic equipment in
26 Hungarian healthcare institutions. Orvosi hetilap, 158(29), 1143-1148.
Loftus and et. al., (2018). High-risk Staphylococcus aureus transmission in the operating room: a
call for widespread improvements in perioperative hand hygiene and patient
decolonization practices. American journal of infection control, 46(10), 1134-1141.
Masakini and et. al., (2017). Comparison between the efficacy of hand washings with waterless
hand hygiene in hospital nurses. Health and Safety at Work, 7(4), 353-362.
Mendes and et. al., (2020). Does a playful intervention promote hand hygiene? Compliance and
educator's beliefs about hand hygiene at a daycare center. Journal of pediatric
nursing, 51, e64-e68.
Price and et. al., (2018). Interventions to improve healthcare workers' hand hygiene compliance:
a systematic review of systematic reviews. Infection control and hospital
epidemiology, 39(12), 1449-1456.
Yang, C. (2020). Does hand hygiene reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission?. Graefe's Archive for
Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 258(5), 1133-1134.
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