Report: Infectious Diseases and Health Protection Outbreaks, Screening

This report delves into the critical domain of infectious diseases and health protection, exploring key strategies such as public health surveillance, population screening, and immunization. The introduction highlights the increasing prevalence and complexity of infectious diseases, emphasizing the need for effective techniques to manage and treat them. The main body of the report examines the chosen topic, covering outbreaks of diseases like Malaria, HIV, and coronavirus, and underscores the significance of adapting health protection measures to address emerging threats. It emphasizes the need for continuous information gathering as new organisms emerge and existing ones develop resistance. The report then details the impact of infectious diseases, such as the 2003 SARS outbreak, and the role of public health surveillance and population screening in disease management and prevention. It also discusses the importance of immunization programs and the role of public health in supporting strategic planning and emergency preparedness. The report provides an overview of infectious diseases, their causes (viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites), and methods of transmission. It includes information on specific diseases like COVID-19, tuberculosis, and chickenpox, their symptoms, and the measures to prevent their spread. The report underscores the need for healthcare professionals to effectively deal with these diseases and implement appropriate public health measures.

Infectious diseases and health
protection [outbreaks], public
health surveillance,
populations screening,
immunisation
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Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
Infectious diseases..................................................................................................................5
Policy Implication for human protection................................................................................8
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFRENCES.................................................................................................................................10
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INTRODUCTION
Infectious diseases are emerging at rapid rate and are disrupting healthcare system in an
adverse manner. It is essential to implement effective techniques such as public surveillance,
populations screening and immunization practices in order to have successful treatment as well
as detection of these infectious diseases (Cowling and Aiello, 2020). It helps in undertaking
information and data as these diseases are becoming increasingly complicated and challenging. It
is essential for public health system to effectively reinforce practices according to the changing
health environment in order to overcome the increasing complexity of emerging infectious
diseases. Present report has been conducted on the topic of for which technical knowledge along
with its related policy implications is being covered.
MAIN BODY
Chosen topic infectious diseases and health protection [outbreaks], public health
surveillance, populations screening, immunisation is a health protection issues. Infectious
diseases like Malaria, HIV, corona virus etc spread at rapid rate. In addition to this it has been
underlined that the health protection landscape is also changing for the more issues associated to
infectious diseases in relation to global health (Huff and Singh, 2020). This insignificantly
receiving world leaders as well as policymakers attention, as infectious diseases is a health
protection issue which is having direct impact upon emergence of infections bacterial resistance
and upon other factors. In addition to this it has been underlined that there is regular need for
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information as the new organisms emerge on continuous manner and existing ones develop
resistance to current vaccines and drugs. It is essential to obtain effective information of the
infectious diseases as it affects individuals in overall manner. Infectious diseases such as the
outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome that was firstly recognised in the year 2003 have
huge impact upon individual a infectious diseases is spreading rapid rate, that create challenges
in terms of administrative as well as distributing specific vaccine. It has been identified that there
is no doubt that other diseases will continuously emerge. It is essential for healthcare
professionals to effectively deal with handling of these diseases in effective manner. Furthermore
it has been underlined that infectious disease is a health protection issue, as negligence of this
will lead to words severe consequences. It is essential to determine these diseases in order to
effectively implement public health surveillance population screening and immunisation
programmes. In addition to this it has been evaluated that public screening plays crucial role, as
it helps in contributing for the better management as well as prevention of infectious diseases.
Furthermore, it has been underlined that the selected topic infectious diseases and health
protection [outbreaks], public health surveillance, populations screening, immunisation are
effective capabilities for efficient health system. It is essential to effectively maintain and
integrate proper screening in order to systematically monitor infectious diseases as well as other
conditions. It helps in conducting proper clinical observation and laboratory confirmation. In
addition to this it has been stated that infected diseases screening is basically the first link in the
response to emerging infections (Huff and Singh, 2020). Furthermore public health surveillance
and population screening helps in systematic as well as regular analysis collection and
interpretation of data for a given population, in order to detect chances on pattern of diseases.
With the help of this information can be used in a right time and can further place in order to
undertake effective decision making. In addition to this according to the analysis it has been
evaluated that public health also play most important and essential role in public health toolkit
and it effectively assures robust evidence base for public health decision-making. In addition to
this it also determine its commitment to regularly assess and monitor the need for public health
action. With the help of population screening public health, public population screening and
public health surveillance direction can be undertaken to which monitoring can be done in
effective manner (Eyal, Lipsitch and Smith, 2020).
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Along with this, it has been identified that screening and surveillance also helps in
supporting local leadership of strategic planning of services through which different activities
like population screening and immunization can be undertaken in more effective way. Public
screening also helps in strengthening health protection as well as emergency preparedness that
also help in offering epidemic intelligence such as alertness of outbreak of infected diseases,
early warning of emergency threats and map of environmental hazards the variance (Elliot and
et. al., 2020). It also guide in taking immediate actions for the cases associated to public health
importance. It helps in measuring the burden of disease and monitoring and detection. It also
helps in providing guidance related to planning implementation and identification of program in
order to effectively control and prevent diseases.
Infectious diseases
It mainly comprises of the diseases and illness which are created and caused by the
organism like viruses, bacteria, fungi and other form of parasites. The main common
characteristics and feature of an infectious disease comprises of the fact that it passed away from
one person to other through the way of body secretion or by the means of insects or another
carrier of virus or bacterial (Martín-García and Esteban, 2021). The most common examples of
Infectious disease comprise of SARS, influenza, measles, the common cold, COVID-19,
tuberculosis (TB), chickenpox, Hepatitis A and B and many more. Further, the sign and
symptoms of these infectious diseases vary according the organism of causes which is creating
illness along but the most common form and system of infectious disease comprises of fever as
well as fatigue and body ace. Apart from this, it has been observed that the mild level of
infections comprises of rest or some home remedies where as some more infectious disease and
life threatening infection many needs and calls for immediate hospitalization (Sorensen, Rublee
and Balbus, 2021). The main causes of infectious disease comprises of bacterial which is one cell
organism and responsible for illness like urinary tract infections, strep throat and other form of
tuberculosis. The virus is also a one of the most common form of organism which causes
infectious disease which is usually much more smaller than a bacterial and cause a multitude
level of diseases raging for common cold to COVID-19. Apart from this, fungi such as ringworm
also caused infectious diseases like athlete foot while Parasites is also a reason which cause
infectious doses like malaria which are transmitted by mosquito (Couch and Fournie, 2021).
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Further, a technical knowledge about the infectious disease comprises of the way of
transferring infection and disease which is most vital aspect of an infectious disease which can
be easily transferred through with person or animal having that infection. The infectious is
mainly transited through direct contact which comprises of person to person which is most
common form of direct transferring of bacteria, viruses or other germs from one person to
another during the time of touch, sneeze or cough. Transfer of infectious disease from animal to
person is also seen for example bird flu, swine flu are all infectious disease which are transmitted
by animals. Beside this, infectious disease are caused by indirect contact as many germs and
infectious organism can be linger ion inanimate object like doorknob, table top or faucet handle
or some germs are also rely and transferred by insect carriers. For instance the Mosquitoes can
carry the malaria parasite or West Nile virus. Deer ticks may carry the bacterium that causes
Lyme disease. Apart from this, consumption of contaminated food or water is also a cause of
infectious disease. A detailed information about some of commonly and recently seen infectious
disease are provided as below:
COVID-19- Coronavirus disease commonly known as COVID-19 is a most recent
infectious disease which is caused by the newly discovered coronavirus which is affected many
people who are suffering and experiencing mild to a moderate level of respiratory illness. The
most severe impact of COVID-19 comprises of severe issues and implication for older people
who are underlying and lately suffering from some other issues like cardiovascular disease,
chronic respiratory disease, diabetes, etc. The best way that has been observed for slow down of
transmission of COVID-19 comprises of protecting infect from infection through regular
washing of hands and using alcohol based rub on a frequent basis (Cohen and Landovitz, 2021).
The most common symptoms of coronavirus infection comprise of fever, dry cough, tiredness
and the most common symptoms of coronavirus consists of aches and pains, diarrhoea, sore
throat headache, loss of taste and smell. A proper medication for cure of covid-19 is still
unviable but many vaccines are developed by virus country for its prevention. he first mass
vaccination programme started in early December 2020 and as of and as of 15 February 2021,
175.3 million vaccine doses have been administered. At least 7 different vaccines (3 platforms)
have been administered.
Tuberculosis (TB)- This infectious diseases has been caused by a bacterium called
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria causing TB is usually attack the human lungs, but in
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some cases TB bacteria could also causes and even attack the any other part of the body
comprises of the kidney, spine, and brain. The Tuberculosis (TB) is thus basically a contagious
infection that usually attacks and created illness in human lungs but still it can also spread to
other parts of body, like your brain and spine causes by a type of bacteria called Mycobacterium
tuberculosis. During the 20th century the TB was one the leading cause of death in world but now
in most if the causes the TB is get cured with the help of antibiotics but it still takes a long time
and regular dedication for at least 6 to 9 months. The TB is basically of two types comprises of
latent and active TB. Latent TB mainly comprises of presence of germs in body but the human
immune system keeps and prevent them from spreading (Cameron and Ramesh, 2021).
On the other hand the active TB is one where germs are multiplying with a rapid speed
in human body and spreading the disease to others. Apart from this, it has been also analysed that
some of the latent and active TB infections are also still drug resistant on which any medication
do not work against that bacteria. The main signs and symptoms of TB comprises of cough for
more than 3 weeks along with having chest pain and coughing up of blood. Beside tis feeling
tired all the time and night sweats with chills and fever are also some of common symptoms of
TB along with loss of appetite and weight loss. Further, the main cause of TB comprises of
spread of bacteria that can be transmitted through air just like any normal cold or flu.
Chickenpox- it is a very common form of infectious disease that is also commonly
known as varicella and is a very highly contagious disease caused by some initial infection by
the h varicella zoster virus. The most common results and characteristics of Chickenpox
comprises of skin rash along with small, itchy blisters which are mainly and eventually scab over
the body. The Chicken box mainly starts from the chest and than gradually starts attacking back
and face and then soon spreads to rest of the body parts (Li, Mori and Valente, 2021). The other
main symptoms of Chicken box comprises of fever, headaches and tiredness and these
symptoms mainly last for five to seven days. Chickenpox is conserved as an airborne disease and
most infectious disease which spreads easily from one person to the next through the touch or
coughs and sneezes of an infected person. Infection of chicken box is most commonly seen in the
children and comprises of itchy red blisters that starts appearing on all over the body. The early
signs of Chicken Box comprises of developing red or pink bubs all over the body along with
bumps become more blisters and filled with fluid that sometimes leaks. After some time, theses
bumps become for crusty and scan over and soon begin to heal.
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A technical knowledge about the chicken box as infectious disease could comprises of
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) which causes the chickenpox infection and the most common way
of spreading of Chicken box comprises of contact with the infected person. The diagnoses
process of chicken box comprises of unexplained rash accompanied with the cold symptoms and
fever. Most of the people who are diagnosed with chickenpox will be advised to manage their
symptoms while they wait for the virus to pass through their system and the doctor may prescribe
antihistamine medications or topical ointments, along with soothe itching skin by taking
lukewarm baths, applying unscented lotion and wearing lightweight, soft clothing (Vermund,
Scott and Humphries, 2021).
Policy Implication for human protection
On the basis of above discussion about the various infectious disease an analysis can be
made out that implication of some vital policy has become crucial and important for protection
of human lives from these infectious disease. The two most vital policy implication for
prevention of human from infectious diseases comprises of maintaining hygiene conditions
around the surroundings. Further, proper precaution should be taken to limit the exposure with
airborne microbes and other viruses by the way of providing not so crowded and unhealthy
conditions. Apart from this, availability of safe drinking water and preventing water borne
disease through regular cleaning of surroundings is vital and important. Thus, an analysis can be
made out that maintaining hygiene and ensuring in take of clean water and safer surroundings is
important policy implication for safety and prevention of human (Chandrappa and Das, 2021).
Beside this, an analysis can be made out that implication of the policy of Immunization is
also an effective way to protect human from these infectious disease. An analysis can be made
out that Immunization is mainly the process of giving a vaccine to a person to protect them
against disease. Beside this, Immunity (protection) by immunization is similar to the immunity a
person would get from disease, but instead of getting the disease you get a vaccine. Thus, this
made vaccine and other preventive method as the most powerful medicine for protecting human
beings from these harmful infectious disease. Apart from this, the other policy implication that
can be made comprises of regular launch of programs where information about the precautions
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of these deadly infectious disease is provided. Beside this, regular health programmes and
sanitation are also vital policy to reduce and mitigate the risk of these of infectious diseases.
Effective communication and proper awareness is the most vital tool and policy that
would safeguard and protect a larger number of human from these infectious disease. The use of
social media channels and other online and digital platforms could be made as an effective way
to make people aware and more conscious to prevent from these deadly infectious disease. An
analysis can be made out that Immunization is mainly the process of giving a vaccine to a person
to protect them against disease. A communication about the fact that the Tuberculosis (TB) is
basically a contagious infection that usually attacks and created illness in human lungs but still it
can also spread to other parts of body, like your brain and spine causes by a type of bacteria
called Mycobacterium tuberculosis is important and necessary (Kim, Goheen and Bei, 2021).
Beside this, Immunity (protection) by immunization is similar to the immunity a person would
get from disease, but instead of getting the disease you get a vaccine. Thus, this made vaccine
and other preventive method as the most powerful medicine for protecting human beings from
these harmful infectious disease. Thus, an analysis can be made out that the public policy driven
from the acceptance of approaches are vital to prevent the control of infections form of diseases
that is being involved in a mandatory for effective repairing of cases (Milligan and et. al., 2021).
CONCLUSION
According to the above mentioned analysis of the topic associated to, infectious diseases and
health protection [outbreaks], public health surveillance, populations screening, immunisation it
has been concluded that the selected topics is an important aspect in terms with health protection
issue. Infectious diseases are required to be effectively screened with the help of surveillance
programs and populations screening. It helps in strengthening immunization system in an
effective manner. Public screening plays important role as it guides in planning implementing
and evaluating programs in order to control as well as prevent diseases. It also helps in
monitoring the aspects that further helps in detecting changes in health practices along with their
effects. With the proper support public surveillance and population screening distribution of
health resources can be undertaken in effective way. The selected topic plays important role in
public health and public protection as it offers guidance in order to undertake immediate
guidance in terms with taking actions to reduce the spread of infectious diseases in public
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civilians. It effectively helps in strengthening decision making that continuously access and
monitor public health lead. With the help of this strategic decisions can be undertaking in
effective manner. Thus, with the help of properly undertaking population screen in public health
infectious diseases can be protected with the help of conducting effective immunization process.
It helps in addressing public health action needs and benefits in improving health outcomes.
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REFRENCES
Books and Journals
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Theory and Practice (pp. 69-98). Springer, Cham.
Cohen, M.S. and Landovitz, R.J., 2021. Assessing the Role of Long-Acting Cabotegravir
Preexposure Prophylaxis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Opportunities and
Aspirations.
Couch, J.A. and Fournie, J.W. eds., 2021. Pathobiology of marine and estuarine organisms.
CRC Press.
Cowling, B.J. and Aiello, A.E., 2020. Public health measures to slow community spread of
coronavirus disease 2019. The Journal of infectious diseases, 221(11), pp.1749-1751.
Elliot, A.J and et. al., 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic: a new challenge for syndromic
surveillance. Epidemiology & Infection, 148.
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vaccine licensure. The Journal of infectious diseases, 221(11), pp.1752-1756.
Huff, H.V. and Singh, A., 2020. Asymptomatic transmission during the coronavirus disease 2019
pandemic and implications for public health strategies. Clinical Infectious
Diseases, 71(10), pp.2752-2756.
Kim, H.H., Goheen, M.M. and Bei, A.K., 2021. Nutritional frameworks in malaria. In Nutrition
and Infectious Diseases (pp. 297-324). Humana, Cham.
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immunodeficiency virus cure: lessons learned from didehydro–cortistatin A. The Journal
of Infectious Diseases, 223(Supplement_1), pp.S46-S53.
Martín-García, M. and Esteban, J., 2021. Evaluating bedaquiline as a treatment option for
multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, pp.1-7.
Milligan, H. and et. al., 2021. Insights from participant engagement with the tuberculosis
treatment support tools intervention: Thematic analysis of interactive messages to guide
refinement to better meet end user needs. International Journal of Medical
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Sorensen, C.J., Rublee, C. and Balbus, J., 2021. Federal Programs in Climate Change and Health
Research. Climate Change and Global Public Health, pp.483-504.
Vermund, S.H., Scott, M.E. and Humphries, D.L., 2021. Public Health and Clinical Implications
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