HNB3209 - Annual Influenza Vaccination: Prevalence and Cultural Safety

This essay examines the prevalence of annual influenza vaccination among elderly and vulnerable populations in Australia, highlighting the factors influencing vaccination uptake, such as cost, convenience, and awareness. It discusses the Australian national immunization program, the types of flu vaccines recommended for older adults, and the timing and effectiveness of these vaccines. The essay also addresses contraindications, particularly anaphylaxis and egg allergies, and explores the suboptimal vaccination rates among healthcare workers. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of cultural safety in service delivery to improve vaccination practices, especially among indigenous Australians, by ensuring cost-effective and culturally sensitive approaches to healthcare and disease prevention. The essay concludes by advocating for increased awareness and addressing negative attitudes to enhance vaccination rates and protect vulnerable communities from influenza.

Running Head: ANNUAL INFLUENZA VACCINATION 1
Annual Influenza Vaccination
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ANNUAL INFLUENZA VACCINATION 2
Annual Influenza Vaccination
Annual influenza vaccination in Australia has been a recommended practice since 1999
specifically for the old aged individuals of sixty-five years and above. Statistics reveal that the
Commonwealth government has offered to give a free vaccine to the mentioned group which is
not funded publicly (Demicheli, 2018). However, an exemption has always been made to
individuals who are vulnerable to severe influenza communication. This group includes the
healthcare providers who attend to the infected patients as well as family members who facilitate
intensive care way from hospitals. Also, the Aboriginal group of individuals is given a special
consideration where individual aged between 15-50 years are diagnosed with high infection risks
enrolled in the immunization program (Coleman, 2018).
However various factors influence the uptake of the free and recommended influenza
vaccination. They include the cost, convenience, and awareness. The factors, among others, act
as barriers for the influenza vaccination initiative to the specified groups. Data collected on
research on influenza vaccination prevalence reveal that high rates of awareness on the benefits
of influenza vaccination increase the turnout individuals (Belongia, 2016). This aspect controls
the spread of the infection among the vulnerable individuals as well as the old aged Australians.
The statistics also reveal the convenient vaccination procedures have a higher probability of
improving uptake. Also, the cost of the free vaccination initiative affects the rate of annual
influenza vaccination on the old aged Australians as well (Simpson, 2016). Therefore, this paper
will discuss the prevalence of annual influenza vaccination among the old aged and vulnerable
Australians, and the cultural safety measures in the community.
In Australia, the funding of vaccines is done by the government to regulate the spread of
influenza among the aging adults and children in the specific Australian population. Vaccination

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is initiated under the Australian national immunization program and through other private means.
In the past two decades, new vaccines established to control the flu have revealed it effectiveness
through practical experiments subjected to the infected patients. The flu vaccine recommended
for people aged sixty-five years and above should have Fluad or Fluzone High-Dose (Doherty,
2018). The vaccine is designed to increase protection against influenza A/H3N2 which is severe
and most common in old individuals in Australia. This remedy, furthermore, compensates for the
loss of immunity against the B strain. This strain, however, is not included in the young patients’
vaccine since they already possess it in their body systems.
Some of the quadrivalent vaccines of influenza for the elderly available in Australian
healthcare systems include FluQuadri 0.5 ml, Fluarix Tetra ml, Afluria Quad 0.5ml and influence
Tetra 0.5ml. The Fluzone High Dose 0.5ml and the Fluad 0.5ml are categorized under the
trivalent influenza vaccines for the elderly Australians (Connolly, 2018). The vaccination is
conducted between June and September when the flu is circulating at a high rate. Protection lasts
for a whole season. However, optimal protection is guaranteed in the first three to four months.
Vaccines administered during the annual influenza vaccination in Australia are booster
vaccines. As mentioned earlier, their impact on protection last for one season which is a period
of three to four months. The shots are timely administered between the June and September
when the prevalence of the infection is high (Darvishian, 2014). The effectiveness and efficacy
of the influenza vaccines depend primarily on the degree of virus strains similarity and the
immunocompetence and the age of the recipients. Also, the differences in magnitudes between
the trivalent and quadrivalent vaccines based on protection against the B strain remains
unpredictable in any season.

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Aspects which include annual variation, antigenic mismatch, cross-protection and the
pre-existing immunity among recipients dictate the rate of circulation of influenza strains. Recent
research in Australian healthcare systems laboratories implies that the quadrivalent vaccines are
54% effective hence reliable in controlling the infection. On the other hand, the trivalent
vaccines with the HA contents are 24% more effective than standard trivalent vaccines (Bijlsma,
2014).
The annual immunization recommendation has been a major focus of the Australian
healthcare system. Health workers in Australian health facilities concur that annual
immunization among the old population is one of the most effective techniques for preventing
infections by the influenza strains. Specifically, influenza vaccination among adults with sixty-
five years and above began in 1999 (Doherty, 2016). Research conducted by scholars reveal that
unlike the younger individuals, older people are at a higher risk of contracting the disease as well
as spreading it. Their immunity is weak, and this condition is evident through the high prevalent
cases on respiratory and circulatory chronic infections among the same population. It can be
proved by research which implies that influenza vaccination among healthy recipients under
sixty-five years old is 70-90% effective (Schmid, 2016).
Individuals in these categories include children from the aboriginal community as well
as healthcare facilitators and student in Australian healthcare facilities. It is also recommended
that the health care providers should receive the annual vaccination to reduce the risk of infection
from the affected patients and to the healthy patients.

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Two major contraindications are absolute for most of the elderly individuals in Australia.
They include; anaphylaxis which is dictated by any component in the vaccine and anaphylaxis
that follows previous doses of any administered influenza vaccine. Anaphylaxis is a condition
influenced by acute allergic reactions to which hypersensitivity has risen in the body (Matthews,
2018).
Research reveals that individuals with allergies associated with eggs can be vaccinated
safely with influenza vaccines. The remarks result from tested incidences which proves that
anaphylactic risks associated with influenza vaccines are very low to patients. Statistics of a
conducted research in 2012 implies that 4172 of patients with egg-associated allergies who had
reported severe cases of egg allergic reactions in previous years reported no cases about the
inactivated influenza vaccine (Dawson, 2018).
Another study included 800 patients approximately 160 patients had a history of egg-
related allergic reactions. However, only 17 individuals experienced adverse vaccination
incidences revealing an improvement from the previous outcomes (MacIntyre, 2016). Therefore,
the Australian healthcare system reveals that people in the specified groups of vaccination with
histories of anaphylaxis or other contraindication issues can receive a full-dose vaccine in the
Australian immunization settings (Menzies, 2016).
As revealed earlier, professional nurses, as well as the nursing students in Australia, are
given special consideration in matters of annual influenza vaccination. However, research proves
that the uptake of the recommended vaccination among the healthcare practitioners remains sub-
optimal (Jamotte, 2018). The research reveals that only about 36% of the nurses receive the
annual influenza vaccine (Chong, 2018). This factor can, therefore, explain why influenza has
been a significant burden among Australians as well as the Australian health care system.

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Vaccination remains one of the most effective techniques for controlling influenza among
the aging population of Australia. However, the decreasing number of vaccinated health care
facilitators increase the risk of influenza prevalence in Australia. Emphases are made by the
Australian government as well as the World Health Organization because the rate of infection
among health care facilitators is increasing.
Moreover, the efficacy low among old Australian populations irrespective of whether or
not the effective vaccination procedures have been initiated. The cases of low efficacy are
characterized by the decreased level of immunity among individuals hence increasing their
vulnerability to infections (Beyer, 2017). Such results and implications, however, have been used
in the establishment of strategies for minimizing and controlling the prevalence of influenza
among healthcare providers and Australians aged sixty-five years and above. Palache (2017)
implies that the strategy of vaccinating nurses was established in 2010 by the Australian Health
Care System. Though, the rate of transmission is still high among the health care providers in
Australia. Compared to other developed countries, the prevalence of influenza infection is still
high as vaccination is lower than 80% and 17-58% in other countries (Grohskopf, 2016).
Correspondingly, the government bestows the responsibility of vaccination to employees
in Australian healthcare systems. Then, the efforts of monitoring the spread of the infection are
established by the selected employers such as senior practitioners. They ensure that nurses are
vaccinated before they interact with influenza patients. On the other hand, nursing schools ensure
that students are vaccinated before they engage with infected patients in their practice sessions
(Heinrich, 2015).
Efforts of enrolling the elderly individuals, children, health care providers and expectant
women in Australia rise as a result of increased vulnerability of the community to infections.

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Immunity in elderly individuals decreases with time. Normally, the body forms a strong
defensive mechanism against the pathogen, but it weakens with age. Hence, pathogens act
differently concerning age and other factors like nutrition and vulnerability (Imai, 2018).
However, some individuals are special in that they cannot be subjected to vaccination due to
medical reasons.
Similarly, young children have weak immunity mechanisms, and this situation increases
their vulnerability to many infections including Influenza. Therefore, the initiative of offering
free immunization to individuals in specific groups aims at increasing resistance as well as
reducing the high incidence and prevalence rates of infections. Immunization, thus, helps the
vulnerable populations and the community at large since the spread of infection to very young
and old individuals who cannot be enrolled in the vaccination programs due to medical reasons
(Toizumi, 2018).
Various elderly patients may have issues with the influenza vaccine patients. De Serres
(2017) implies that some of these incidences may occur when the vaccine failed in their system,
caused contraindications or where awareness about the virus have not been efficient. Such
situations occur in communities that reside in remote areas of Australia where resources of
public awareness and health care services are limited. Based on a case study of a sixty-eight year
old Aboriginal patient that resided in the northern parts of Australia, it was revealed that he
neglected the annual influenza vaccination. He claimed that the vaccine would cause health
implications that he did not possess.
The theory introducing the attenuated influenza vaccine in a healthy individual to trigger
immunity could have misled the individual (O’Grady, 2015). Therefore, providing a surveillance
evidence on the vaccine safety to the patient could change his point of view on the vaccine

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safety. Some evidence of safety revealed in 2017 shows that low rates of adverse events have
been experienced. Only 6.6% of the elderly and young populations subjected to annual
vaccination experienced adverse events. Among the vaccinated health care providers, only 0.4%
were diagnosed with adverse events of influenza vaccination.
Another infections associated with influenza vaccination is the Guillain-Barre syndrome
(Dunbar, 2015). Providing evidence of its prevalence in 1976 and how the situation has been
regulated in 2018 would increase the awareness level in the patient. For example, it is estimated
that only one out of a thousand individuals have the probability of contacting the Guillain-Barre
syndrome as a result of the annual influenza vaccination in Australia.
Negative attitude and disparities established by nursing professionals might be a primary
cause of why the rate of annual vaccination is still sub-optimal among the elderly and aboriginal
populations in Australia (Nolan, 2016). Also, the vaccine recipients have beliefs, cultures, and
values that dictate their behavior and response to health care issues and awareness. Therefore,
Cultural safety in service delivery enables patients’ recovery, treatment and disease prevention
procedures in the healthcare facility located in Australian Urban and rural settings.
Cultural safety improves vaccination practice by ensuring that cost-effective services,
quick, and effective vaccination approaches irrespective of the origin or race of the patient have
been offered. Research reveals that indigenous Australians have been discriminated against while
seeking health care service in the public health facilities of Australia. Some professional nurses
provide care to patients that share a similar cultural atmosphere as them (Chotpitayasunondh,
2016). Therefore, cultural safety in alignment with nursing policies of care assists in increasing
the awareness, effectiveness, and convenience in annual influenza vaccination among the
selected groups.

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Like in other countries, empowerment of patients have gained much attention in the
Australian health care system. Empowerment focusses on sharing of information, shared
decision making, doctor-patient communication and safe care among the patients (Orr, 2016). In
this manner, the target population in Australia gain the capability of making their own decisions
in health matters and control the factors that affect health in their lives. Hence, effective sharing
of knowledge about annual influenza vaccination among the old aged groups can help in solving
the barriers to effective healthcare. Also, it promotes community development especially in rural
settings dominated by aboriginal populations (Bennett, 2016).
In conclusion, this paper shed lights on annual influenza vaccination among the elderly
populations in Australia. Increased vulnerability and age among individuals under the age of
sixty-five years and above has summoned the intervention of the Australian healthcare in
combatting the spread of influenza infection in Australia. Moreover, health care providers are
also enrolled in the same program to minimize the prevalence and incidence of the infection
among themselves and uninfected patients. Other factors such as empowerment and cultural
safety assist in influenza prevention by fostering herd immunity as well as increasing the rate of
vaccination.

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