Computer and Information Networking: Protocols, Devices, and Mediums

This report provides a detailed analysis of information networking concepts. It begins by explaining the layers of the OSI, TCP/IP, and Internet models, highlighting their similarities and differences. The report then delves into encapsulation and decapsulation processes, crucial for data transmission. A comparison between TCP/IP and UDP protocols is presented, detailing their differences and applications. Furthermore, the report examines network devices such as hubs, active hubs, switches, and routers, outlining their purposes and distinctions. It also lists and describes various guided network mediums, including wire and fiber optic cables, comparing their advantages and disadvantages. The report utilizes figures to illustrate key concepts and references academic sources to support its findings. This report is a comprehensive overview of fundamental networking principles.