University Assignment: Information Security and AFRA System Report

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the Automated Facial Recognition Authentication (AFRA) system implemented by a state government for enhancing user authentication and identification, particularly for vehicle, boat, and firearms licenses. The report delves into the potential benefits and drawbacks of AFRA, exploring how it could streamline license applications and renewals while also identifying potential privacy concerns for individuals. It examines the ethical and privacy implications associated with the State Police's proposed use of AFRA, evaluating whether its implementation would enhance or compromise the security and privacy of digital identities. Furthermore, the report discusses the personal implications of these proposals, providing a detailed assessment of the technology's impact on individuals and society. The report is a student contribution published on Desklib, a platform offering AI-based study tools.

Running head: INFORMATION SECURITY AND PRIVACY IN CLOUD
Information Security and Privacy in Cloud
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................2
Possible benefits and problems that could be realized from the use of the AFRA system to
identify individual users who wish to apply for or renew a license.......................................3
The implications for an individual's privacy from their use of AFRA to apply for or renew
a license..................................................................................................................................6
The ethical and privacy implications of the State Police's proposed use of AFRA...............7
Would the use of AFRA enhance the security and privacy of your digital identity if used
solely for license application or renewal?..............................................................................8
Would your security and privacy remain the same if the Police proposal was accepted?.....8
Discuss the personal implications of these proposals............................................................9
Conclusion................................................................................................................................10
References................................................................................................................................11

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Introduction
Facial Recognition Systems are the new technology that deals with the introduction of
the recognition of the facial features of a human being. Mostly deals with the biometrics of
the human body that deals with the facial features that draw from everyday social
communication. The face is recognized as a vital part of the biometrics of the human body. It
always acts as per the frequent communication going on between two or more individuals. It
also helps in the conveying of emotions and identity of a person. That have been many
researchers about the automated facial recognition systems, and mostly it has been found that
it always is the intention of technology to make sure that the enhancement of security and
reduction in the efforts of the human work is what technology aims at. The automated facial
recognition technology is regulated by both industries and individuals to consider it as a part
of the lives of the human beings and promote it in as many ways as possible for using it for
the benefits of human beings. The technology of AFRA mostly deals with the facial
recognition system and uses the biometric verification taken as the facial expressions are
features of a particular human being. Mostly it has been perceived as an idea as AFRA is a
new technology that helps in the smoothening the pathway of getting through gateways and
passwords for every other technology that is used by the human beings in the day to day
activities. These day to day activities mostly include the likes of logging into computers and
phones, accessing to various building sections, dealing with the payments through mobile,
and also passing through passport verification systems. However, the automated facial
recognition system has also been identified with the possible benefits and problems as well. It
is identified that the system can also possess several advantages and disadvantages that may
be applied to the individual users who would be wishing to apply for license renewal. At the
same time, the following report will also identify the implications of the privacy of an
individual for any individual who would be applying for the renewal of licenses. There are

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also ethical, and privacy implications related to the use of automated facial recognition
system, and this will also provide the proposed implications as governed by the state police.
The report will also have a detail about the use of the automatic face recognition system to
enhance the security and privacy of digital identity. The purpose will be solely utilized for
license application or renewal. At the same time, the report will also address the security and
privacy issues and understand that if they remain the same when the policy proposal would
be accepted and will for the discuss all the personal implication of the proposals as well.
Possible benefits and problems that could be realized from the use of the AFRA
system to identify individual users who wish to apply for or renew a license
Potential benefits of the AFRA system: There are various advantages of attaining a
biometric authentication solution for or an order, be it at an individual home or be it at a
business organization. There have been numerous incidents is found where the biometric
system of mobile fingerprinting technique is accepted all over the world for it is incredibly
convenient and secure as well as extremely unique as there is no other system that can
individually identify one person from another with the use of such an unparalleled quality of
human beings. The fingerprint of human can never be similar to another even if the people
are identified as identical twins. Face recognition system, on the other hand, is the next step
towards the biometric fingerprint scanning technology. This is regarded as an authenticate
action method, which acts as the fingerprint scanner for mapping out the physical
characteristics of a person. The person may be attempting to login to. Besides, it
mathematically maps out all the components to enroll into the image that is already presented
in the system. There are various advantages for businesses and individual purposes about the
face recognition system even when an individual is trying to renew the driving license. The
reasons by which automated face recognition system is considered a good, authentic strategy
can be listed as below:

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 Automatic face recognition system offers higher accuracy with the help of 3D
mapping and also develops advanced and harder reliable technology so that
the skill can even be developed.
 Enabling security is one of the primary reasons that can understand the
probability of a person being clicked by another into opening their mobile
phones with the help of from fingerprint input. This is why there has been
better security provided with the automated face recognition technique where
the wrong fingerprint input can identify the person who is trying to merge into
the mobile phone without any authority.
 The face recognition technology is a straightforward process, and therefore, it
is considered to be as convenient and frictionless. It prevails its features even
without the knowledge of the users and the in-depth knowledge about the
activity of getting in front of a camera to record their facial data.
 The integration of the process is much faster, and therefore, the tools are easily
be integrated with the existing security infrastructure. It does not even allow
users to spend much more time, money, or the development of the software.
 The automation of the system makes it available at all times, enhancing the
security, and the minor entry points are also performed at the security checks.
Possible benefits that can be enjoyed by people who would be looking out for
license renewal. These can be listed as follows:
It can be seen that the people who are looking for a renewal of their license would
have a much convenient and frictionless procedure for updating the data on the already
available license. They would only have to use their facial expressions for putting in the
recorded facial features. The procedure of obtaining the driver's license comma gathering the
data of the previously available information and renewing it at the same time would be a

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much faster process and would be much easier to integrate according to the security
infrastructure and automation of the system.
Possible problems of the AFRA system: There have been various identified issues
regarding the AFRA systems as well as it has been determined. There have been multiple
methods for identifying the face recognition, but it is also considered as one of the few
challenges that people in the profession of understanding the facial expressions have to face
every day in their day to day activities. The technology experts have identified the challenges
that these people face at random in identifying the issues that facial recognition systems
mostly possess. This issues can be listed as below:
The intrinsic factors for the facial recognition systems are incredibly dependent upon
only the face of an individual and not dependent on the observer. Therefore the interpersonal
factors and the intrapersonal factors are both acting on the systems at a time. The
intrapersonal factors first verify the facial expressions and appearance, and at the same time,
the considerations that this system make is the age of a person, the paraphernalia of the face
and even the facial expressions considering the classes, cosmetics, facial hairs, and other
features. It is also identified that several factors are responsible for considering the
interpersonal favors, and these are the difference in the facial expression of individual people.
Deserve mostly identified as ethnicity or the genders.
There are also identified extrinsic factors that mostly cause the appearance of a face
and its salt reaction in light from an observer.
Possible issues that a person can face who be looking out for a renewal of their
license: going by the idea of renewing the licence with the help of facial recognition, it can
be considered that the person who is going on making a renewal of the license might even be
associated with the renewal of license after a certain point of time, over the years in such a

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way that the facial expression of the person can change. It even may be possible that the
person has gone through age-related issues, and the face of the person has changed because of
age. It even might be possible that the person has gone through facial enhancements or face
deformations due to undue accidents. There might be several problems while leaving for
renewing the license as the intrinsic factor can form a very distinctive feature between the
two faces and might not even take the input. Therefore, even though the process is fast
inconvenient, under several illuminating factors and age gap for the change in facial
expressions due to age is still quite difficult for the system to understand and implement.
The implications for an individual's privacy from their use of AFRA to apply for
or renew a license
As convenient and easy e the technology of facial recognition seems, it also claims
that there are much-improved security concerns in the new technology as well. The face
recognition system is identified to have one of the most obvious factors of passing security
for the future. Security passwords may be stolen, copied, or borrowed, but a person can't
change their face to look like another person. Therefore, understandably, the thought and idea
behind developing the facial recognition system are thought-about to be one of the most
technological improved security systems. The facial recognition system is considered as one
of the most secure systems, but there are also major security concerns as well regarding the
technology. A person who would like to renew their license can also face several difficulties
while offering to do so as the person may have an identical twin brother or sister. If by the
same interest, the identical twin siblings have their license registered, it might offer that the
security system cannot recognize between two identical faces and existing, the system might
go through several concerns regarding identifying the actual person who has scanned their
facial expression and set it into the mode. The dependency of facial recognition is one of the
significant aspects of the facial recognition system, but it also needs to be thought about that

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the development needs robust learning to understand if the mapping ability of the
identification of facial expressions can be done on master data sets as these data sets are not
diverse. The name for a person who is updating the data might have identical features with
another person and with whom the licenses could have difficulty in stating with the help of
the facial recognition technology to understand which person is whom.
The ethical and privacy implications of the State Police's proposed use of AFRA
They also identified problems related to ethical implications for the facial recognition
technology that has been determined to impose significant concerns regarding the
implications of the unethical activities. The facial recognition process mostly goes through a
five-step system where the first step causes the computer to map through the facial
determinative characteristics of a system with the help of patterns gathered from the face
including the measurements of the different features in the face. Next, the image identifies the
nodal points in the face that are prominent on the individual and also added to a database that
varies in size based on the resource of the corporations. It is to be specified that the resource
must be locally shared on the memory with one or two entries.
Next, it is identified that the processing of the image that has been captured with the
help of the facial recognition system is mapped to find if it matches with any of the databases
according to the nodal points marked and the facial characteristics being input into the
existing database. When it comes to the case of security, face main mapping orchid not to be
matching, and the person cannot be allowed to access somewhere that he or she deserves to.
Facial recognition also has issues in privacy about owning the facial image data, finding out
the details with police and public security team and also storing the vulnerable details about
malicious actors. It may also occur that the person having criminal activity is not understood
during the renewal of a license, and the facial image data has been stored already in the
database. It also can occur that the person who is conveniently sharing the facial expression

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and the characteristics of his or her own identity, finding it a much easier process to handle.
However, they do not realize that they are giving facial data, which is a much more personal
detail even for driving licenses. The license also happens to carry an issued amount of
personal information that should be kept confidential. The confidential data is more
vulnerable to be available to every person who is using the system, and this is one of the
major drawbacks as the security of storing and vulnerability to malicious attacks are still not
provided with the solution to curb.
Would the use of AFRA enhance the security and privacy of your digital identity
if used solely for license application or renewal?
License application on license renewal also goes through several procedures that help
in capturing all the personal information about an individual while the application for a
license is provided to the state government. The enhancement of the security and privacy for
digital identity might be secured from one perspective, and from the other perspective, it is
also quite vulnerable to security threats. The natural phenomenon of every person being
different from one another by their facial expression as a biometric system adds to the
security and privacy of digital identity as no other person shares the same facial features just
like the fingerprints of two different individuals. The only problem being the similar faces
that might be difficult for a system to analyze through, and the identity of the people can be
jumbled. Therefore having such a security threat, license application or renewal is also not
above the threat of causing privacy and security issues to the digital identity.
Would your security and privacy remain the same if the Police proposal was
accepted?
It can always be specified that there would be some security and privacy enhancement
system be proposed to the state police for making the system be accepted as a license renewal

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procedure. The advantage that the system has is manifold, and this also translates into the
probable ways by which the acceptance of the system becomes much easier. It is a known
fact that the system is extremely easy to handle and convenient for handling issues amount of
data at the same time and find out all the information about in individual is stored in the
database with just the recognition of the facial characteristics of the person. It is easier to
implement the enhancement of security and privacy regarding the identical features of the
human to make sure that the State Police would accept the proposal.
Discuss the personal implications of these proposals
There might be personal implications on proposing a face recognition systems to help
in renewing the license of people as there are various factors that cause a difference in
identifying the facial features of an individual taken at one time and identifying it another
time when it is the time for renewal for the license. Automatic location of the face is a
problematic system in the face recognition system, and it is not always possible to maintain
the sequence of images and position the head in a stationary way like it was taken before.
Illumination causes of the problem because of the variations in light changing the way face
looks and also variation in poses cause the difficulties. It is difficult to understand or
remember the first position for application of the license and the next facial expression or
pose that the person has provided during the renewal. Age problems and occlusion of the face
recognition system also may possess several problems. As mentioned above, identifying
similar faces might be problematic as it is even impossible for a human to identify them with
a problem with low resolution. There might be other systematic errors as well regarding
distortion, noise in the background, insufficient storage, and improper techniques as well. If
all the problem as mentioned above is taken care of comma, therefore, there are chances that
the facial recognition system can be discussed on the personal information when a proposal
for enabling it into the license renewal process is to he thought about. If the security issues

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are not handled well, then there can be extreme situations of security issues regarding the
facial recognition systems for renewing a license and updating the previous information
stored in the database.
Conclusion
Therefore it can be identified that the automatic face recognition system or AFRA is
one of the most technologically advanced systems that has been recently put into
implementation in various areas. The identification of the systems is also identified in this
report for its inclusion in the renewal system for licenses. As per the analysis was done above
through this report, it has characterized all the positive and problematic places by which there
might be problems in associating the facial recognition system with the license renewal
system. It is also identified in various sequences in the report, as mentioned above, that the
system indeed is problematic to some extent. There are various areas where the face
recognition system fails to authenticate the security and also cannot recognize how the
occurrences of difference in facial characteristics can be e put into action. If there is a
proposal for identifying the different faces in the previous and the current time, there might
be several problems. These are all been identified to find out if the facial recognition system
can be identified as one of the most important systems. This fact needs to be included in the
license renewal process with AFRA technology.

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References
Bechtel. J. (2019). Two Major Concerns about the Ethics of Facial Recognition in Public
Safety. Retrieved from https://www.designworldonline.com/two-major-concerns-
about-the-ethics-of-facial-recognition-in-public-safety/.
Fussey, P., & Murray, D. (2019). Independent Report on the London Metropolitan Police
Service’s Trial of Live Facial Recognition Technology.
Mann, M., & Smith, M. (2017). Automated facial recognition technology: Recent
developments and approaches to oversight. UNSWLJ, 40, 121.
Naker, S., & Greenbaum, D. (2017). Now you see me: Now you still do: Facial recognition
technology and the growing lack of privacy. BUJ Sci. & Tech. L., 23, 88.
Norval, A., & Prasopoulou, E. (2017). Public faces? A critical exploration of the diffusion of
face recognition technologies in online social networks. new media & society, 19(4),
637-654.
Ohlyan, S., Sangwan, S., & Ahuja, T. (2013, June). A Survey On Various Problems &
Challenges In Face Recognition. In International Journal of Engineering Research &
Technology (IJERT) (Vol. 2, No. 6).
Wickes. J. (2018). Automated facial recognition can benefit society – if we support its
development properly. Retrieved from
https://www.ifsecglobal.com/access-control/automated-facial-recognition-benefit-
society-support-development-properly/.