Research Proposal: Internal Audit & Corporate Governance Code in Libya

This research proposal explores the relationship between the internal audit function and the development of corporate governance codes, with a specific focus on the context of Libya and Harouge Oil Operations. It introduces the concepts of corporate governance and internal audit, highlighting the importance of internal audit in risk management, control, and governance systems. The literature review examines the agency and stewardship theories of corporate governance, emphasizing the role of internal audit in developing and implementing well-aligned strategies. It also discusses the role of internal audit in developing corporate governance codes, emphasizing the importance of transparent arrangements, risk management, and internal control principles. The research adheres to ethical standards and relies on secondary data sources, ensuring data protection and integrity.

Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Research Proposal
Internal Audit Function & the Development of Corporate Governance Code
Student’s name:
Name of the university:
Author’s note:

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1. Introduction
Corporate governance can be defined as oversight of the organisation's policies,
procedures and practices. This oversight assists the organisation to ensure the operation in
best interests of the organisation and its shareholders. In addition, this method of controlling
corporate governance is done by the Board of Directors and the management can employ the
internal auditors to monitor and test the internal control (Hayes 2017). In this research
proposal, the theory of corporate governance and the relationship between corporate
governance and internal audit will be explained. The purpose of the research proposal is to
explain the adoption, introduction and application of corporate governance code in Libya,
mainly in Harouge Oil Operations. Therefore, problem statement, aim and objectives of the
study will be identified. In addition, a literature review of the scholarly articles will be done
in order to establish a theoretical understanding of the study. In the methodology section, data
collection and analysis procedure will be discussed.
4. Literature Review
The concept of internal audit function within an organisation
Internal audit is an objective assurance, independent and consulting activity and it is
designed to provide value and develop a firm’s operations (Abbott et al. 2016). Internal audit
assists an organisation to accomplish its goals by creating a systematic as well as disciplined
approach to improve and evaluate the risk management, the effectiveness of the control and
governance systems. Internal audit can be defined as the catalyst for developing corporate
governance by giving recommendations and managerial insights. This analysis is mainly
done by assessment of business processes and data. As stated by Lenz and Hahn (2015), with
a commitment towards accountability and integrity; internal auditing can share value to
senior management as well as governing bodies as an objective source of service that is

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independent. The authors further argued that within an organisation, the roles of internal
auditing are broad and it encompasses with corporate governance, management controls, risk
management, the effectiveness of the organisational operations, reliability of management
and financial reporting and it also helps the organisation to follow compliance with
regulations and laws. As opined by Pizzini et al. (2014), internal auditing is very important in
the developing countries where corruption and fraud activities are prevalent as it involves in
conducting proactive audits in fraudulent cases through investigating and participating fraud
examinations.
The concept of corporate governance
Corporate governance can be defined as the practices, rules and processes through
which the firms are controlled and directed. As opined by Dodd (2017), corporate governance
is involved in balancing the interest of the company's stakeholders and the stakeholders of the
organisations are the management, shareholders, customers, financiers, suppliers and
community. Corporate governance gives the organisation a chance to provide a framework
towards gaining the company's objectives and it surrounds the practically every aspect of the
management (McCahery et al. 2016). Corporate governance encompasses from internal
controls of the performance of the organisation to the actions plan about the performance
measurement. According to Tricker (2015), the board of directors are primary stakeholders of
the corporate governance and shareholders elect the directors of the organisations. The
directors take important decisions about the business. On the other side, as stated by Allen
(2017), poor corporate governance can make doubt about the company’s integrity, reliability
and obligations towards the shareholders. In recent time, Volkswagen faced the issue of poor
corporate governance when it got caught in emission scandal of the organisation.
The theoretical perspective of the internal audit function and corporate governance

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Agency Theory of corporate governance
Agency theory involves the issues of the directors that control the company whereas
shareholders own the company. Agency theory takes this issue into consideration to prevent
it. According to Hoenen and Kostova (2015), the key concept of agency theory is that an
agent is recruited by the principle to continue the task on their behalf and the agency is the
relationship between the agent and the principle. The authors in the article further stated that
agencies costs are given by the principles in controlling the agency behaviour just because of
the lack of trust in the belief of the agents. It is needed to undertake the task on behalf of the
agent and the agent becomes accountable to that principle. There are three separations of
ownership and control; such as principal (shareholders), agents (directors) and task
(Managing the company) (Muller 2017). The agency theory helps the company to create the
corporate governance and it starts with the companies owned and managed by the same
people. In the next stage, it expands the business through required investors and these people
could be shareholders and limited liability. In the following stage, it delegates the running of
the company and to managers (agents). In the next stage, the company goes towards the
separation of the goals. As stated by Bosse and Phillips (2016) separation of ownership in
business can lead to the potential issues between directors and shareholders and principal-
agent relationship can be dealt with corporate governance codes and that with the firm with
the auditors.
Stewardship Theory of corporate governance
Stewardship theory is about the managers who can act as responsible stewards of the
principle and assets that they control (Kruitwagen et al. 2017). In addition, stewardship
theory is the alternative view of the agency theory where the managers are taken as to act in
their own enthusiasm and self-interest. It can be specified that stewardship is a certain

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mechanism to reduce agency loss. This policy is included the compensation, keeping
executive, levels of benefits and managers' incentives schemes through rewarding the
financially and it offers shares through alignment. It offers financial interest to the staffs to
motivate them in order to offer better performance. As stated by Allen (2017), the steward is
someone who takes care and protects of the needs of others and firms' executives try to take
care of the interest of the shareholders and they make a decision about the firms.
Developing and implementing well-aligned internal audit strategy
Internal audit function has an annual budget plan and the corporate governance asks
the internal auditors to have a specific strategic plan. As stated by Alless et al. (2018),
internal audit strategy should be three to five years plan and roadmap of the organisation will
be based on the overall strategy and stakeholders' expectation from the organisation. A well-
aligned strategy has four steps to create an internal-audit specific strategic plan. In African
countries and in large organisations; developing formal internal audit strategy needs planning
as the corruption is much there. At first, the organisations need to develop or refine the
internal audit's strategic vision and the roles and responsibilities of the stakeholders should be
well described. The vision of the internal auditors should be mandated clearly. The
organisation needs to accomplish this in long-term period. As stated by Chan and Vasarhelyi
(2018), in the next stage of the well-defined plan; the organisations need to recognise and
prioritise the key strategic initiatives to mandate the strategic vision of the internal audit and
initiatives must be taken to smaller the key business risks of the organisation. In addition, in
the next stage, the organisation can design the appropriate KPI for the stakeholders. The
shareholders or the board of directors can determine the success of internal audit through key
performance indicators against the prioritised initiatives. The organisation can track the
value-driven measure and the productivity (Chambers and Odar 2015). Lastly, the
organisations need to develop the operating strategy through tracking the activities to gain the

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strategic initiatives. The internal auditors can determine the key milestones through
communicating these to the external stakeholders. In the article named Internal Audits and
Its Role in Corporate Governance, Al Jabali et al. (2011) stated that corporate governance
has two essential activities, one is crystallises the risk control and other one is audit assurance
regarding the regulatory control. Supervisor controls check the effectiveness of submission
reports and internal audit standards check the effectiveness of corporate governance. The
authors also stated the view that internal auditors need to be fully prepared in order to audit
the operations of the organisations and control the accounting system, tactical operations and
administrative process.
Role of internal audit function in developing corporate governance code
As opined by Griffiths (2016), corporate governance is the system through which the
organisations are controlled and directed; the accurate corporate governance structure has
specified the distributions of responsibilities and rights among the various stakeholders and
departments within the organisation. The organisations mainly have a multi-layered system
through which it controls the overall system of organisations. The first layered of the
corporate governance lies within departments where the process of working ensures the
controls targeting the errors of misconduct. The CEO of the organisation gets the internal
assurance from the internal audit system and board of directors use the internal audit system
to ensure that all the stakeholders and departments within the organisation must be
trustworthy and accurate. Shareholders can make sure whether their interests and money are
well-protected. The various systems within the companies are functioning and sufficient the
way it works within the organisation (Chambers and Odar 2015). Therefore, sometimes,
external auditors come to evaluate the system to provide recommendations to the owners. The
board of directors need to establish the transparent arrangements and formal presentation to

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apply the risk management, task reporting and internal control principles so that it can
maintain a relationship with auditors of the organisation.
In the article named Internal audit and its role in improving the corporate
governance systems, authors Tabara and Ungureanu (2012) opined that corporate governance
implies the cycle that goes from the monitoring role to the steering of the operational and
administrative activities. The authors also stated that the objective of the corporate
governance is to make a balance between various actors to implement power control
instrument and interested parties in the capital of entity. Internal auditors bring the systematic
and disciplines aspects towards improvement and evaluate the effectiveness of the
organisational system and governance process (Christ et al. 2015). The positive role of
internal audit goes beyond the safeguarding and controlling of the corporate assets, enforcing
corporate liabilities and regulatory compliance; the role of the internal auditor is to create the
value and suggesting the development of the organisational corporate governance. On the
other hand, as contradicted by Hayes (2017), internal auditors ensure the effective internal
control and adequacy of the control system which ensures the responsible governance.
According to Alzeban and Gwilliam (2014), internal audit assists the Board and stakeholders
in protecting the reputation, assets, sustainability of the company. The responsibility of the
internal audit is just not to extend the financial control and to maintain the surrounding of the
non-financial performance as well.
Conceptual framework

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Figure: Conceptual framework
(Source: Self-developed)
7. Ethics
This research will not be done using primary data; therefore, no human participants
will be associated with this research. This research will follow Data Protection Act 1998. The
research would follow the ethical standards, rules and norms. The ethics describe that the
researcher will not follow any wrong practice while researching. The researcher will not
break any ethical norms and the researcher will strictly adhere to the policy of the research.
The researcher will complete the ethical checklist and most importantly, the researcher will
do the research using secondary data. The researcher will collect the data through books,

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journals, online articles, government websites, company website and online reports. The
researcher will not fabricate or modify any data those would be collected through the
secondary sources. The fundamental ethics issues to the secondary data are related to
remaining same and with the advent of new technologies; the literature becomes more
pressing. The ethics are related to the data sharing, storage, compiling and these are
becoming more faster. The researcher is aware of the fact about the data confidentiality and
security of the data breaches. The researcher will put in-text citation throughout the write-up.
Secondary data do not need permission to take as the researcher will collect the secondary
data through archive notes, documentary notes and case notes. It will be assumed that the
ethical consideration is less in secondary data as it draws the experience of the collaborative
of the research project. Internal audit and corporate governance related information are scarce
in literature; therefore, the researcher will collect the information from secondary sources
with the purpose of the present study.

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Reference List
Abbott, L.J., Daugherty, B., Parker, S. and Peters, G.F., 2016. Internal audit quality and
financial reporting quality: The joint importance of independence and competence. Journal of
Accounting Research, 54(1), pp.3-40.
Al-jabali, M.A., Abdalmanam, O. and Ziadat, K.N., 2011. Internal Audit and its Role in
Corporate Governance. Middle Eastern Finance and Economics, 11, pp.161-176.
Allen, W.T., 2017. Our schizophrenic conception of the business corporation. In Corporate
Governance (pp. 79-99). Gower.
Alles, M.G., Kogan, A. and Vasarhelyi, M.A., 2018. Putting continuous auditing theory into
practice: Lessons from two pilot implementations. In Continuous Auditing: Theory and
Application (pp. 247-270). Emerald Publishing Limited.
Alzeban, A. and Gwilliam, D., 2014. Factors affecting the internal audit effectiveness: A
survey of the Saudi public sector. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and
Taxation, 23(2), pp.74-86.
Bosse, D.A. and Phillips, R.A., 2016. Agency theory and bounded self-interest. Academy of
Management Review, 41(2), pp.276-297.
Chambers, A.D. and Odar, M., 2015. A new vision for internal audit. Managerial Auditing
Journal, 30(1), pp.34-55.
Chan, D.Y. and Vasarhelyi, M.A., 2018. Innovation and practice of continuous auditing.
In Continuous Auditing: Theory and Application (pp. 271-283). Emerald Publishing Limited.

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Christ, M.H., Masli, A., Sharp, N.Y. and Wood, D.A., 2015. Rotational internal audit
programs and financial reporting quality: Do compensate controls help?. Accounting,
Organizations and Society, 44, pp.37-59.
Dodd, E.M., 2017. For whom are corporate managers trustees?. In Corporate
Governance (pp. 29-47). Gower.
Griffiths, P., 2016. Risk-based auditing. Abingdon: Routledge.
Hayes, C.H., 2017. Internal audit as police: perhaps it's time to embrace our image as
corporate protectors rather than fighting against it. Internal Auditor, 74(3), pp.68-69.
Hoenen, A.K. and Kostova, T., 2015. Utilizing the broader agency perspective for studying
headquarters–subsidiary relations in multinational companies. Journal of International
Business Studies, 46(1), pp.104-113.
Kruitwagen, L., Madani, K., Caldecott, B. and Workman, M.H., 2017. Game theory and
corporate governance: conditions for effective stewardship of companies exposed to climate
change risks. Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, 7(1), pp.14-36.
Lenz, R. and Hahn, U., 2015. A synthesis of empirical internal audit effectiveness literature
pointing to new research opportunities. Managerial Auditing Journal, 30(1), pp.5-33.
McCahery, J.A., Sautner, Z. and Starks, L.T., 2016. Behind the scenes: The corporate
governance preferences of institutional investors. The Journal of Finance, 71(6), pp.2905-
2932.
Muller, R., 2017. Project governance. Abingdon: Routledge.
Pizzini, M., Lin, S. and Ziegenfuss, D.E., 2014. The impact of internal audit function quality
and contribution on audit delay. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 34(1), pp.25-58.

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Tabara, N. and Ungureanu, M., 2012. Internal audit and its role in improving corporate
governance systems. Annales Universitatis Apulensis: Series Oeconomica, 14(1), pp.139-
145.
Tricker, R.B. 2015. Corporate Governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Oxford
University Press, USA.