Health Report: Internal and External Factors Impacting Health

This report, prepared for an assignment, meticulously details the effects of various internal and external factors on human health. It examines the physiological impacts of smoking (nicotine and tar), alcohol consumption, and marijuana use, including short-term and long-term health consequences. The report further explores the detrimental effects of obesity, anorexia, and unhealthy sexual behaviors. It also addresses the impact of environmental factors such as noise pollution, ultraviolet radiation, and stress on the human body, outlining the resulting health issues, from cardiovascular disorders to psychological effects. Each factor is discussed with supporting evidence from research, offering a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted nature of health and its determinants.

Running head: HEALTHCARE
HEALTHCARE
Name of the student:
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Smoking nicotine:
 When bodies are exposed to nicotine, individuals are seen to feel a “kick: which
might be because of the nicotine stimulation on that of the adrenal glands. This causes
release of adrenaline.
 When adrenaline increases in the body, the body feels stimulated. Glucose gets
immediately released which in turn increases the heart rate along with that of the
breathing activities and even blood pressure
 Cahill et al. (2016) is of the opinion that nicotine acts upon pancreas in ways by
which insulin production get lessened and this causes a slight increased in glucose in
blood.
 Increases heart rate, oxygen consumptions rate of the heart muscles and also heart
stroke volume
 Increased raised alertness as well as euphoria and even sensation of feeling relaxed
Smoking tar:
 Tar paralyzes and then it kills the cilia in the lungs. These cilia help in trapping
pollutants but when they they get disables, the toxin present in the tar goes travel
deeper in the lungs. Some of the toxins are realised when breathed and some are
realised when coughed. Rest settle in lungs and can cause damage to the lungs (Lee
2018)
 Toxins can be carried from lungs into the blood stream from which it starts spreading
to different parts of the body. They can affect every part of the body and even besides
causing cancer; it can lead to diabetes, heart disorders and even affect fertility.

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Drinking alcohol:
 Short-term effects include trouble-concentrating, loss of coordination, lowered
inhibitions that might lead to poor social judgement. Others include dulled perception
like vision, reduction in the blood pressure and core body temperature, mood swings,
vomiting and even passing out (Liangpunsakul et al. 2016)
 Drinking too much over time can ultimately result in causing chronic physical as well
as mental health issues like it can result in liver damages, cardiovascular disorders as
well as multiple types of cancer
 It also results in diminished gray matters as well as white matter in the brain regions
and increases the chance of suffering from stroke. It also causes alcoholic hepatitis as
well as liver fibrosis and even steatosis, cardiomyopathy and others (Wilkinson et al.
2016)
Smoking marijuana and effect on body:
 Short term effects include altered senses, changes in the mood, impairment of the
memory, hallucinations, psychosis, delusions, difficulty in thinking as well sd
problem solving thinking, altered sense of time
 Long term impacts affect brain development and in teenagers, it cause impairment in
thinking, memory and learning functions along with affecting the ways the brain
builds connections between necessary and essential areas of functions
 Causes breathing problems as the smoke irritate the lungs resulting in daily cough and
phlegm along with kung infections
 Marijuana increases the heart rate for up to 3 hours after the time of smoking. This
might cause heart attacks.
 Besides intense nausea and vomiting, it affects child development in pregnancy

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Obesity and over eating:
 It increases blood pressure as additional fat tissue contributes in needing more oxygen
as well as nutrients for living and this in turn requires more blood vessels in
circulating more blood to fat tissues. This causes increase in the workload of the heart
since it has to pump more blood through additional blood vessels. This results in more
pressure on artery walls (Moley and Colditz 2016)
 It results in diabetes as well. Obesity contributes in insulin resistance, which is
actually the hormone that participates in glucose management of the blood. When
obesity results in diabetes, glucose level increases in blood as cells cannot take in
glucose for respiration from blood. Since cellular respiration does not take place,
organs do not get proper energy and their physiological systems get affected
 Obesity is also found to be associated with increased chances of cancers like men
suffering from colon and prostate cancers and women suffer from uterine, breast,
colon and gall bladder cancer.
Anorexia and under eating:
 It results in osteoporosis that is actually the disorder, which results in the density of
the bones to get reduced. This makes the affected individuals suffer from painful
fractures mainly in the hips and spine region that results in persistent and disabling
pain with loss of height (Cazatto et al. 2016)
 Infertility is also found to be associated with the result of anorexia. When the body fat
of women falls down in a dramatic manner, it can no longer produce important
hormone called estrogens that helps in ovulation. 90% of women with the disorder

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stop having menstrual cycles. If such thing occurs along with ovulation and continue
for long time, the women can suffer from sterility
Noise pollution:
 This situation results in emotional as well as behavioural stress making people feel
disturbed, irritated and agitated
 It affects hearing sometimes even leading to permanent damage as sudden lud noise
can affect and harm the eardrum
 It also enhances the chance of developing increased heart-beat, constriction of the
blood vessels as well as cause dilation of the pupil
 It affects sleeping pattern making affected individuals develop sleeping disorder that
not only leads to irritation but also causes fatigue affecting productivity of an
individual in the day (Munzel et al. 2017)
 It also causes cardiovascular disorders like that of increased blood pressure levels and
even stress-related heart problems. High intensity noise can result in increasing heart
beat because it might affect the normal blood flow
Ultraviolet radiation:
 One of the acute effect of exposure to excessive levels of UV is erythema which is the
familiar skin reddening that is called sunburn
 People are also seen to tan from UV stimulation of melanin production and this is
seen to occur within a very few days of following exposure. Another less adaptive
effect can be considered to be the thickening of the outermost layer of skin and this
causes attenuation of the UV penetration into the deeper layers of skin. These changes
are signs of damage of the skin. People with darker skin have less chances of

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erythema while capability in adapting to UV radiation also depend on the varies of
skin type (Holick 2016)
 Chronic exposure causes degenerative changes like in cells as well as in fibrous tissue
and blood vessels of the skin that might be including freckles, nevi and lentigines
 Ot also causes acceleration in aging as well as gradual loss in elasticity of cells
causing wrinkled, dry and coarse skins.
Stress:
 Stress is seen to cause muscle tension as well as pain, chest pain as well as fatigue,
changes in sex drives, stomach upset. This also causes stomach upset as well as sleep
problems. This is seen to result in muscular tension, insomnia as well as troubled
appetite and digestive systems. Sexual problems, dizziness and headaches are also
noticed
 A number of psychological effects are also noticed like worry, anxiety, low self-
esteem, nervousness as well as irritability. Different types of behavioural problems
are isolation, absenteeism from work, changes in eating habits, increased drug, and
alcohol use in affected individuals (Toussaint et al. 2016)
Unhealthy sexual behaviours and effects on body:
 Unhealthy sexual behaviours can result in unintended pregnancies affecting health of
people.
 It also results in development of sexually transmitted infections like that of HIV that
affects the immune system of the body making it more susceptible to infections
 It can also result in development of hepatitis B or hepatitis C die to contact with body
fluids or contact with blood carrying virus (Jenkins 2015)

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 Increases the chance of developing cervical as well as genital cancers because o the
transfer of human papilloma virus, which is a sexual transmitted virus
 It can also result in development of genital herpes that occurs when genitals are
exposed to virus from partners who have active herpes

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References:
Cahill, K., Lindson‐Hawley, N., Thomas, K.H., Fanshawe, T.R. and Lancaster, T., 2016.
Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane database of systematic
reviews, (5).
Cazzato, V., Mian, E., Mele, S., Tognana, G., Todisco, P. and Urgesi, C., 2016. The effects of
body exposure on self-body image and esthetic appreciation in anorexia
nervosa. Experimental brain research, 234(3), pp.695-709.
Holick, M.F., 2016. Biological effects of sunlight, ultraviolet radiation, visible light, infrared
radiation and vitamin D for health. Anticancer research, 36(3), pp.1345-1356.
Jenkins, M., 2015, January. A concept analysis of self‐efficacy and adolescent sexual risk‐
taking behavior. In Nursing forum(Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 31-36).
Lee, P.N., 2018. Tar level of cigarettes smoked and risk of smoking-related
diseases. Inhalation toxicology, 30(1), pp.5-18.
Liangpunsakul, S., Puri, P., Shah, V.H., Kamath, P., Sanyal, A., Urban, T., Ren, X., Katz, B.,
Radaeva, S., Chalasani, N. and Crabb, D.W., 2016. Effects of age, sex, body weight, and
quantity of alcohol consumption on occurrence and severity of alcoholic hepatitis. Clinical
Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 14(12), pp.1831-1838.
Moley, K.H. and Colditz, G.A., 2016. Effects of obesity on hormonally driven cancer in
women. Science translational medicine, 8(323), pp.323ps3-323ps3.
Münzel, T., Sørensen, M., Gori, T., Schmidt, F.P., Rao, X., Brook, J., Chen, L.C., Brook,
R.D. and Rajagopalan, S., 2017. Environmental stressors and cardio-metabolic disease: part

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I–epidemiologic evidence supporting a role for noise and air pollution and effects of
mitigation strategies. European heart journal, 38(8), pp.550-556.
Toussaint, L., Shields, G.S., Dorn, G. and Slavich, G.M., 2016. Effects of lifetime stress
exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and
forgiveness protects health. Journal of health psychology, 21(6), pp.1004-1014.
Wilkinson, S.T., Yarnell, S., Radhakrishnan, R., Ball, S.A. and D'Souza, D.C., 2016.
Marijuana legalization: impact on physicians and public health. Annual review of
medicine, 67, pp.453-466.
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