International Healthcare: CHD, Global Issues, and Management Report

This report provides a comprehensive overview of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), addressing its symptoms, global prevalence, and diagnostic methods. It explores the impact of international, economic, environmental, and political issues on CHD diagnosis and management, particularly in developed and developing countries. The report details the aetiology of CHD, assesses its prevalence, and analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of global strategies implemented by the World Health Organization. Furthermore, it reflects on the responsibilities of global citizenship in relation to CHD, discussing appropriate interventions and healthcare facilities required to improve public health and well-being. The report covers various aspects, including the impact of lifestyle, government policies, and international cooperation on managing the disease.

SOCIAL, POLITICAL &
ENVIRONMENTAL
ISSUES IN
INTERNATIONAL
HEALTHCARE

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY........................................................................................................................................3
PART- A...............................................................................................................................................3
General description of CHD, its symptoms and global presence.......................................................3
Numberson global prevalence of CHD..............................................................................................4
The way CHD can be diagnosed and it criteria..................................................................................4
Diseases management........................................................................................................................5
Health concepts and definition with various stages in the progression..............................................5
PART- B................................................................................................................................................6
1) Impact of international, economic environmental and political issue on diagnosis.......................6
Prevalence and management of CHD in one developing country......................................................6
Task B...................................................................................................................................................7
Aetiology and assesses the prevalence of CHD in developing country and developed country.........7
Strength and weakness of global strategies against the Coronary heart disease.................................8
Task C...................................................................................................................................................9
Reflect the responsible global citizenship..........................................................................................9
CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES....................................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Coronary Heart Disease tends to develop when cholesterol start building up on the
artery wall thereby creating plaques thus it lead arteries to narrow. It reduces effective
circulation of blood to the heart so a clot that causes obstruct in flow of blood may lead in
serious health problem. This report has covered crucial information pertaining to risk factors
of coronary heart diseases, its key features and definition of health in context of stage of
progression chronic diseases. The second part of report has covered impact of international,
economical and politics on diagnoses, strength and limitation of global strategies used by
world health organisation. The last task is reflection that states about the understanding of
responsible global citizenship, appropriate intervention and healthcare facilities need to be
provided to people for their better health and well-being.
MAIN BODY
PART- A
General description of CHD, its symptoms and global presence
In United Kingdom as well as in worldwide, the main cause for death of number of
people is due to Coronary health diseases. These diseases are mainly caused due to building
of plaque that is waxy substances present inside the lining of larger coronary arteries. This
disease leads in partially or total blockage of blood flow in large arteries of heart thereby
causing several adverse health problem to individuals (Tayefi and et.al., 2017). Arteries are
responsible for carrying oxygen and bloods to heart so these diseases lead in harden the
arteries that result in number of deaths. Furthermore, if the arteries get narrow that the heart
does not receive sufficient oxygen rich blood generally while doing any physical activities.
The symptoms of having Coronary health diseases are as follows:
 Likewise the CHD lead to angina thus having pain in the chest that is linked to heart
diseases.
 The person feels much tired and sick that is nausea or like fainting.
 Shortness of breath due to reduction in amount of oxygen provided to individual.
 Pain throughout the body
 Swelling in ankles, stomach, leg and vein

 Sweating with fever.
Numberson global prevalence of CHD
Coronary Heart Disease are leading cause for global mortality rate and disability
people in the society and it is health risk to around 204 countries and territories since 1990 to
2000. The statistics states that the three –fourth of global death in low and middle income
countries mainly occur due to CHD. The rates of CHD varies across developing countries but
it is estimated that around 30% death across worldwide is due to CHD only (Mossavar-
Rahmani and et.al., 2019). Moreover from the study it has been identified that global
prevalence of CHD was around 154 million in 2019. In USA, there are 7.6% of men and
5.0% of women that are suffering from problem of Coronary Heart Disease globally.
Likewise around 1.95 million of death occurs in Europe in each year thus it is estimated that
around 1 out of 5 men and 1 out of 6 women die because of this diseases. Therefore, it can be
stated that both developed as well as underdeveloped companies are suffering from CHD
health problem in current scenario.
The way CHD can be diagnosed and it criteria
There are different method that could be used to diagnosed the Coronary Heart
Disease such as various test are conducted in order to the health condition of the patient.
Likewise, blood test of patient is conducted as diagnoses that help in checking the level of
cholesterol, sugar and lipoprotein that are sign of inflammation. Coronary calcium scan test
it helps in understanding the amount of calcium that is present in the wall of coronary
arteries. It also contributes in understanding risk of people that smoke or not have any heart
symptoms (DeBoer and et.al., 2017). Furthermore another diagnosis of Coronary Heart
Disease is electrocardiogram that helps in determining the actual heart rhythm of the patient
whether it is steady or irregular. This test is used to record time as well as strength of
electronic signal when they pass through heart. Stress test is also one of the diagnosis that is
used to check the way heart work of an individual during physical stress thus it helps in
detecting the overall blood flow from muscle to heart muscle.
CHD in context of aetiology and its risk and cause factors
Injury and damage to inner layer of coronary artery are main cause of Coronary Heart
Disease in particular individuals, sometimes even in the childhood. As this damage lead fatty
deposit of plaque that build up injury site. Smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol,

diabetes or insulin are various factors that caused damage to the inner layer of coronary
artery. Such as, it can be stated that smoking is one of the major risk factor related to
coronary heart diseases. Carbon monoxide and nicotine lead in strain on heart which leads in
increasing risk of blood clots (Agha and et.al., 2019). Other chemical in cigarette smoking
caused damage in lining of coronary arteries. High blood pressure is another puts strain on
heart and lead to CDH. High cholesterol is another cause of Coronary Heart Disease as
cholesterol is fat which is made by liver from saturated fat that have gained from diet of
individual. Lack of regular exercise is another cause and risk factor related to Coronary Heart
Disease as inactiveness resulted in fatty deposits in arteries that transfer blood to the heart.
Thus the chance of heart attack and many health problem increases. Family history, older
age, high blood cholesterol, sex, race, high blood pressure and ethnicity are some of the other
risk factors
Diseases management
There are different method that could be used by individuals to control or manage
Coronary Heart Disease like lifestyles change, medication and surgery. Likewise the patient
by doing medication on regular basis can lower down its cholesterol level or blood pressure.
Coronary artery bypass graft surgery it is another method of treatment or management of
diseases that involve creation of new path through which blood can easily flow even in case
when blockage in coronary arteries (Heller and et.al., 2017). Therefore creation of new
pathway contributes in delivering oxygen rich blood to the heart. Moreover interventional
procedure is also non surgical treatment that helps in getting rid of plaque by building up
arteries thus prevent blockage for better health and well being of individual.
Health concepts and definition with various stages in the progression
There are different types of Coronary Heart Disease such as non obstructive,
obstructive and coronary micro vascular disease that affects the large arteries on the surface
of heart. Moreover it can be stated that CHD develop as results of damage or injury to inner
layer of coronary artery. So, Coronary Heart Disease can be defined as injuries to arteries that
resulted in effective flow of blood and oxygen to the heart of patient.

PART- B
1) Impact of international, economic environmental and political issue on diagnosis
Prevalence and management of CHD in one developing country
Diagnosis: United States is one of developed country that have make use of different
strategies or diagnosis in order to treat people from the problem related to Coronary Heart
Disease. There are around 15.5 million of individuals that are suffering from Coronary Heart
Disease so internationalisation has lead in providing more access to healthcare facilities and
treatment for better health and well being (Hagström and et.al., 2018). US have good
economic condition with well equipped healthcare facilities and better treatment that
contribute in improvement in diagnosis of patient that are suffering from CHD problem.
Government is playing important role in promoting the different diagnosis so that patient can
be treated from CHD and death rate can be reduce to maximum extend.
Prevalence: It can be stated that Coronary Heart Disease is common disease that is killing
around 365914 people in US as per 2017. About 18.2 million adults that are under age of 20
that are suffering from the diseases and it has lead in death of 2 out of 10 people in US.
Political policies, better economic environment have lead in reducing the number of people
that are suffering Coronary Heart Disease. On contrary note, internationalisation has lead in
more individual coming to US there increase the rate of people are facing health issue.
Therefore, all these have impact on number of people suffering from Coronary Heart
Diseases in US.
Disease management: Government better policies related to providing more and more equal
healthcare facilities to each individual living in US related to Coronary Heart Disease. It has
invested lot of money in providing better treatment facilities and easy access to healthcare
facilities so that they can easily manage the diseases. Internationalisation has also lead in
efficiency of treatment as US is able to understand different method or diagnosis that could
be used to treat the patient for its better health and well being (Nettleton and et.al., 2017).
Economic environment or condition of US is good likewise most of the people belong to high
income group that can easily access to better treatment in order to manage their diseases. US
people are more educated as well as aware of the diseases about the way it can be treated or
overcome so that they can live better lifestyles

Task B
Aetiology and assesses the prevalence of CHD in developing country and developed country
Coronary heart disease is arises due to build up of fatty deposits (atheroma) on the
walls of the arteries around the heart. The cause effect of this is that blood flow get stooped
either or slow the flow of the blood at a speed to which the respective blood There are
multiple causes and risk factors associated with the Coronary heart disease such as age, men,
family history, smoking, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, diabetes and
overweight or obesity. All these are the risk factor or the different causes behind the
generation of the Coronary heart disease. United States contain a very developed
infrastructure and the life style of people that allow the citizens of the country to fight against
the Coronary heart disease. Although the cases are huge in the United States due to the life
study of people which allow the people put there to smoke, and other such consumptions
(Andersson and Vasan, 2018). Life style of the people in United States is such that it allows
the people get affected from the Coronary heart disease. United States is a developed country
that also allows the people to borrow different alcoholic products to consume also makes the
life style so busy that people do not get time to take care of the personal health.
More than 28 million people in the United States are suffering from the Coronary
heart disease. This is a huge number of people that are suffering from the disease. The
records further state that the 28% of the patient suffer from the Coronary heart disease will
lead to death. This is a huge percentage in regards to a disease that this is the total number of
patient that causes to death. This clearly state that the seriousness of this disease is huge as it
causes to several number of people for facing the death as an end result of this disease.
United States hold a life style that allows the individual and people to go out and explore
more. Also the people out there are very sophisticated by nature that also does not allow them
to resist the diseases at a direct level. The majority of the population in the United States is
not young that also causes people suffering from the Coronary heart disease (Lindholm and
et.al., 2017). Young people contain high immunity that lead them facing this issue at a direct
level but due to the old age people out there are not able to fight against the disease.
As compare to the United States that is a developed nation India that is a developing
nation also facing issues related to the Coronary heart disease. In India more than 10.5
million people are suffering from the Coronary heart disease (Canobbio and et.al., 2017).
This denote that not a significant percentage of people are suffering from the disease as

compare to the United States as this a very small number of the overall population of the
country. In India further only 20.3% cases are reported where patient face death like situation
but in majority of cases people ended up fighting against the disease. The statistics and
number state that immunity system of the people in India is more stronger which is also due
to the majority of population in India are young adults but in United States the majority
number of population do not belong to the young age that resulted into more like cases.
Irrespective of the more advanced level of medication and treatment in United States due to
the low immunity the country faces more death cases against the Coronary heart disease than
to the India.
Strength and weakness of global strategies against the Coronary heart disease
World health organization is a global forum where different aspects associated with
the health care treatments are discuss. The forum also develop different strategies that can
lead the people to fight against the Coronary heart disease. Following are the different
strength and weakness associated with the various strategies adopted and suggested by the
world health organisation to deal with the Coronary heart disease. There are different
strategies that are developed by the world health organisation such as eat a healthy diet, be
more physical active, keeping healthy weight, give up smoking, reduce alcohol consumption
and many more strategies (Zong and et.al., 2018). All these are necessary for the patient to
take necessary steps against the Coronary heart disease. There are many other strategies like
technical development, medical improvement, research studios to identify new ways to find a
solution and also various other strategies that causes the improvement against dealing with
the Coronary heart disease.
Strength of Coronary heart disease strategies
 The strategies suggested support to overcome the Coronary heart disease.
 This makes the people aware about taking care of the disease and also makes them
mentally healthy and peaceful to deal with the disease.
 The strategies make people aware about talking necessary steps to be taken when it
comes to any patient face the disease like Coronary heart disease.
 The strategies like awareness campaign allow the people to monitor the symptoms at
a initial stage which further do not let the patient facing death against the disease.
Weakness of Coronary heart disease strategies

 The strategies are adopted still not effective enough to completely fight against the
disease.
 The number clearly state that in United States almost 28% of the population face the
Coronary heart disease need to die against the disease and this number is huge.
 The advancement of the medical facilities is also needed to move forward with
support of innovation and technical development to maximise the overall growth of
the patient for overcome against the Coronary heart disease.
The above mentioned strengths and weaknesses are allowing the individual and patent
to take effective steps against the Coronary heart disease. World health organisation is a huge
platform where the medical treatment that can cure for different diseases are discussed. This i
the world biggest platforms where the possible treatment practices that can lead the patient to
fight against the Coronary heart disease could have been discussed. All strategies make the
people aware about the disease and allow the patient to take necessary steps even at the initial
stage of the disease. This is fundamentally required for the patient taking the necessary steps
and actions for taking care of the disease in the tough situation. The strategies suggested by
the world health organisation and different other institutions allow the stakeholder group such
as patient, investors, health workers, doctors and many more to take necessary steps to take
the Coronary heart disease as a serious area of concern.
Task C
Reflect the responsible global citizenship
Responsible global citizenship is a platform denote about the responsibilities
associated with the people to face the health diseases like Coronary heart disease. This
platforms talk about different health care issues and hustle such as equality issue, citizenship
issue, heath care accessibility, effectiveness of the interventions and many such issues that
can cause to failure of the health care for the patient at a global level (Chatterjee and et.al.,
2018). The ideology of the responsible global citizenship is that if any patient causes to face
the death against any disease will be a failure of the health advancement so far the medical
sector could achieve. The platform is all about discussing the issues and areas that seek
improvement in regards to each and every disease that causes the patient facing mental and
physical barriers in regards to the health care.

This platform is very significant as it discuss all the key areas that stakeholders must
emphasis on in order to provide the best level of treatment of different disease. The key
advantage is that stakeholders and researchers at a global level come and meet and discuss
about different areas of the health care sector that seek development and improvement
(Chowdhury and et.al., 2018). Also the professionals get support to put the opinions in front
of the people all across the globe. This allows the professionals to lead to some kind of
solution of different problems associated with the health care advancement at a global level.
CONCLUSION
Coronary heart disease is a disease that involve blockage of the flow of blood. This
ideas lead to almost 28% of the patient suffering from the disease to death. India contain
better situation than United States in regards to the total number of cases and also in context
to the total number of death cases against the disease.

REFERENCES
Books and journals
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myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease: a longitudinal study of 11 461
participants from population-based cohorts. Circulation, 140(8), pp.645-657.
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individuals. Nature Reviews Cardiology. 15(4). p.230.
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congenital heart disease: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the
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severity and future coronary heart disease by sex and race. Journal of the American
College of Cardiology, 69(9). pp.1204-1205.
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Heller, D. J and et.al., 2017. Evaluating the impact and cost-effectiveness of statin use
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heart disease, and all-cause mortality in the Women’s Health
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A data mining approach using decision tree algorithm. Computer methods and
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