Protecting Children: International Policies in Armed Conflict Report

This report examines the critical issue of children affected by armed conflict, providing a detailed overview of the challenges they face and the international efforts to protect them. The report begins with an introduction to the topic, highlighting the historical context and the vulnerability of children in war zones. It then delves into the reforms and policies implemented by international bodies like the UN, NATO, and the Red Cross, analyzing their rationale and effectiveness. The research includes a research question focused on the adequacy of these policies. The report further presents a literature review that explores the causes of children's vulnerability, various protection approaches, and the impact of armed conflict on children. It also discusses the limitations of current approaches, the methodology used, ethical considerations, and policy implications. The report concludes with a summative assessment, summarizing the key findings and emphasizing the need for more stringent international policies and regulations to safeguard children from the violence and exploitation associated with armed conflict. This report aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the topic and stimulate further research and policy development.

Table of Contents
FORMATIVE ASSESMENT..................................................................................................3
TOPIC OUTLINE...............................................................................................................................3
1 Overview................................................................................................................................3
2 Reforms..................................................................................................................................3
2.1 Rationale..........................................................................................................................................5
2.2 Research question............................................................................................................................5
2.3 Structure of the Research Proposal..................................................................................................5
3 Summative Assessment.........................................................................................................7
3.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................7
3.2 Research Aim and Objectives..........................................................................................................7
3.3 Research Statement..........................................................................................................................7
3.4 Literature Review............................................................................................................................8
Origin and Background..............................................................................................................8
4 Origin and background........................................................................................................8
4.1 Causes..................................................................................................................................8
4.2 Approaches to protect the victims........................................................................................9
4.3 Impact of armed conflict on children.................................................................................11
4.4 Limitations of such approaches..........................................................................................11
5 Methodology....................................................................................................................................11
6 Ethical Consideration.....................................................................................................................12
7 Policy Implications.........................................................................................................................13
8 Bibliography........................................................................................................................14

FORMATIVE ASSESMENT
A Draft Proposal Plan
TOPIC OUTLINE
1 Overview
War strongly impacts the children who have been caught up in it.
Mythical stories of children caught up in armed conflict like the biblical one
with David defeating Goliath glorifies the involvement or the recent stories of
underage men who joined the armed conflict in World War I or World War II
by misrepresenting their age, have supported children’s involvement in such
armed conflict (Clapham, Gaeta and Haeck 2014). However, the reality of such
children involved in armed conflict has been very different from what has been
showcased in films and novels over the years. Another elaborate example would
be the recruitment of young children in the ‘Children’s Crusade' in 1212 only to
make them suffer in the gory battlefield by way of making them go through
starvation, exhaustion and shipwreck (Clapham, Gaeta and Haeck 2014). Since
the beginning of the 12th century and with the introduction of advance
technologies of warfare, like aerial bombardment, the violent impact of armed
conflict have not only affected combatants, but the entire community, making
the children the most vulnerable for being the weakest of all (Clapham, Gaeta
and Haeck 2014). Throughout the history of mankind children has been put to
go through to violence and abuses in different ways- forced labour,
enslavement, torture, and sexual exploitation and being victims of armed
conflict. Children are being abducted, recruited to fight as child soldiers and
killed in armed conflicts around the world at a shocking scale. As held by the
UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, a child is “a human below the age of
18 years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained
earlier” (Assembly 1989). While according to the 8 U.S. Code § 1101, a child is
someone who is under 21 years.
2 Reforms
Since World War I, there have been reformers who had recognized the
hardship of children who were put to go through the violence of armed conflict
and thereby several conventions and funds were made, like 'save the children
fund’ and ILO convention fixing the minimum age for admission of children to
industrial employment, in 1919 (Clapham, Gaeta and Haeck 2014). In 1923
Eglantyne Jebb drafted the first international instrument on children's right,
naming it 'The Declaration on children's Rights’ which affirmed that the

children had specific rights which the adults had an obligation and
responsibility to observe (QC 2018).
After the World War II the focus of several International communities
grew stronger on the situation of the children affected by armed conflict. The
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) established
in 1943 recognized the importance of children as the potential economic
citizens of the future and therefore focus on the significance of children’s
emotional growth and development to secure future stability of the society.
The Bolivian Red Cross presented a draft for the protection of children in
the event of International Conflict, to the Conference of National Red Cross
Societies for the study of the Geneva Conventions in 1946 (QC 2018). It is
perceived that adult have a duty towards the minors below the age of 14,
especially in situations like war. The Fourth Geneva Convention, entered into
force in 1951 was heavily criticized for it had failed to recognize the needs of
children affected by arms conflict, therefore leaving a gap in its provisions.
However, there were a number of other contemporary conventions and treaties
like the United Nations Charter, Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(UDHR), The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and The
American Declaration of Rights and Duties of Man tried their best to ensure that
the atrocious impact of the warfare would be stopped from repeating itself in
future.
The UN general Assembly in 1959 adopted the Declaration of the Rights
of the Child, recognizing the rights of a child against discrimination and the
right to hold a name and a nationality. The declaration more specifically
emphasized on the children's right to receive protection, education and health
care services. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)
and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
(ICESCR) both adopted by the United Nations in 1966 emphasized on the needs
to protect children from political issues, exploitation and armed conflicts. Both
of the Conventions strived to promote the children's right to education.
The International Labour Organization (ILO) adopted its Convention no
138 in 1973 on the Minimum Age for Admission to Employment that specified
18 years to be the minimum age of men and women to be engaged in any
hazardous employment (QC 2018). While 1974 the UN general assembly
adopted the declaration on the protection of women and children in emergency
and armed conflict and show its concern relating to the sufferings and poor
condition of women and children who are a victim of emergency and armed
conflict, being deprived of human rights, safety, peace, independence and
liberation. This Declaration by the UN general assembly mid its member states
to condemn war, attacks, aerial bombings, nuclear weapon, use of
bacteriological and chemical weapons on women and children (QC 2018).
These conventions and treaties are evidence that the international bodies
are conscious about the condition of children caught in arms conflict and

thereby they strive to provide policies and regulations in order to safeguard
these children.
2.1 Rationale
The rationale behind this study is to showcase the vulnerability of
children suffering in armed conflict along with the reforms and philanthropic
activities that some international bodies like United Nations, International
Committee of the Red Cross, North Atlantic Treaty organization (NATO) and
others strive to provide.
2.2 Research question
A projected research question for this paper would be based on the
reforms and resources provided by the international authorities to help and
protect the children caught in armed conflict.
“Are the policies and regulations directed by the international bodies
enough to protect children suffering in armed conflict?”
2.3 Structure of the Research Proposal
Introduction
An introduction on the research topic would lay down the background of
children suffering in armed conflict and the different kinds of reformatory
approaches of international bodies to protect such vulnerable children. It would
discuss about the issue that involves children as a victim of armed conflict.
Research aim and objectives
The aim of this research proposal is to understand the different
reformative approaches and regulations of different International bodies laid
down to protect children involved in armed conflict.
The research objectives are:
 To understands the various causes that makes children vulnerable in
armed conflict
 To go through to different reforms and policies that International bodies
provide to protect children suffering in armed conflict.

Research Statement
More stringent International policies and regulations to protect children
suffering in armed conflict is required in order to protect them from the violence
of war, threat, political violence, et cetera.
Literature Review

The literature review would include information from the previously
researched journals by different researchers in order to gather data and
information related to the topic. It would include the following collected data
and information about the research topic: background, causes, impact of armed
conflict on the affected victims, approaches to rehabilitate such victims and any
projected future approaches to prevent political issues to effect children. The
literature review gives a hint of the already available data and information on
the research topic, thereby helping the researcher to determine probable areas of
future research regarding the same research topic.
Methodology
For the purpose of this research, a secondary research methodology has
been adopted. Data will be collected from secondary sources like book, journal,
case studies, legislations, conventions and treaties, newspaper articles, et cetera.
A qualitative data analysis would be carried out in order to evaluate the
significance and the effectiveness of the policies and regulations of the
international bodies made for protecting children caught in armed conflict.
Ethical Consideration
For conducting the study, various research ethics have been considered as
a priority to maintain the authenticity and genuineness of the collected data as
well as the research analysis.
Policy Implications
The research proposal would comprise of certain potential policy
implications discussing about an existing research gap. This section would talk
about certain grey area that has a potential to be studied or researched about, in
future by the researcher or any other person.
Bibliography
A detailed bibliography in Harvard referencing style would be provided,
along with the necessary in-texting.

3 Summative Assessment
3.1 Introduction
Throughout the history of mankind children has been put to go through to
violence and abuses in different ways- forced labour, enslavement, torture, and
sexual exploitation and being victims of armed conflict. Children are being
abducted, recruited to fight as child soldiers, raped up and killed in armed
conflicts around the world at a shocking scale (childrenandarmedconflict.un.org
2019). In spite of various policies and regulatory framework laid down by
international bodies like the United Nations, NATO, Red Cross society, ILO, et
cetera the number of children affected in armed conflicts has been increasing
(NATO 2019). In the light of such growing number of children in armed
conflict, the effectiveness of such policies and regulatory frameworks of the
international bodies is questionable. It is doubtful as to whether the international
laws and regulations are sufficient to prevent children being affected by armed
conflicts. It needs to be considered whether such International bodies can
expand their helping hand- effectively and practically to help the children in
armed conflict, especially when the moral lines are being crossed by offenders.
Therefore, this research proposal strives to review the position of such
vulnerable children who are affected in armed conflicts. The proposal also
analyses International conventions that offers protection to children, thereby
evaluating their limitations.
3.2 Research Aim and Objectives
The aim of this research proposal is to understand the different
reformative approaches and regulations of different International bodies laid
down to protect children involved in armed conflict.
The research objectives are:
 To understands the various causes that makes children vulnerable in
armed conflict
 To go through to different reforms and policies that International bodies
provide to protect children suffering in armed conflict.
3.3 Research Statement
More stringent International policies and regulations to protect children
suffering in armed conflict is required in order to protect them from the violence
of war, threat, political violence, et cetera.

3.4 Literature Review
Origin and Background
War is an evil social political phenomena since time immemorial and it is
the children who have been caught up in it ever since. Mythical stories of
children caught up in armed conflict like the biblical reference of David
defeating Goliath glorifies the involvement or the recent stories of underage
men who joined the armed conflict in World War I or World War II by
misrepresenting their age, have supported children’s involvement in such armed
conflict (Clapham, Gaeta and Haeck 2014). However, the reality of such
children involved in armed conflict has been very different from what has been
showcased in films and novels over the years. Another elaborate example would
be the recruitment of young children in the ‘Children’s Crusade' in 1212 only to
make them suffer in the gory battlefield by way of making them go through
starvation, exhaustion and shipwreck (Clapham, Gaeta and Haeck 2014). Since
the beginning of the 12th century and with the introduction of advance
technologies of warfare, like aerial bombardment, the violent impact of armed
conflict have not only affected combatants, but the entire community, making
the children the most vulnerable for being the weakest of all (Clapham, Gaeta
and Haeck 2014).
4 Origin and background
4.1 Causes
The child soldiers
Children all over the world are recruited by armed forces of the nation
and also by armed groups that are outside the purview of the control of the
government. In modern times, stringent laws and regulations of international
covenants and treaties have restricted nations to recruit children in armed forces
as child soldiers; however, such restrictions do not work on the non-state armed
groups which are mostly terrorist groups to use children as child soldiers in
armed conflict (Lasley and Thyne 2015). Some children are forcibly recruited as
child soldiers while some are abducted threatens to join; some enticed with
money while some are enticed with drugs or by other ways. Economic or social
pressure is also a reason that pushes children of many communities to join
armed forces (Lasley and Thyne 2015). Children are vital targets for armed
groups for they can be easily manipulated, requires less amount of food and
uses to a sense of danger pertaining to armed conflicts (Lasley and Thyne
2015).
Displaced from home
A statistical data shows that there are 26 million displaced people in the
world out of which 13.5 million are children who are displaced due to conflicts

(Educateachild.org 2019). It is evident that during warfare and armed conflicts
children are the most vulnerable to be displaced. Most often they are forced to
leave their home, as a victim of violence being separated from their families.
This causes the increasing risk of such displaced children to be a victim of
forced labour, abuse and violence, sexual exploitation as well as recruitment
into armed groups (Educateachild.org 2019). Governments add vested with the
responsibility to ensure the rights of the children who are being this place,
weather due to armed conflicts or environmental disaster. However it is evident
that the government do not provide enough assistance and protection to help the
displaced children and bring them back to their families, or else the number of
displaced children would not have been increasing over the years
(Educateachild.org 2019).
4.2 Approaches to protect the victims
Since World War I, there have been reformers who had recognized the
hardship of children who were put to go through the violence of armed conflict
and thereby several conventions and funds were made, like 'save the children
fund’ and ILO convention fixing the minimum age for admission of children to
industrial employment, in 1919. Eglantyne Jebb drafted the first international
instrument on children's right, naming it 'The Declaration on children's
Rights’ in 1923 which affirmed that the children had specific rights which the
adults had an obligation and responsibility to observe (QC 2018).
After the World War II the focus of several International communities
grew stronger on the situation of the children affected by armed conflict. The
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA)
established in 1943 recognized the importance of children as the potential
economic citizens of the future and therefore focus on the significance of
children’s emotional growth and development to secure future stability of the
society (QC 2018).
The Bolivian Red Cross presented a draft for the protection of children
in the event of International Conflict, to the Conference of National Red Cross
Societies for the study of the Geneva Conventions in 1946. It is held that the
adult have a superior duty towards minors below 14 years, especially in
situations like war (Icrc.org 2019). The Fourth Geneva Convention, entered
into force in 1951 was heavily criticized for it had failed to recognize the needs
of children affected by arms conflict, therefore leaving a gap in its provisions.
However, there were a number of other contemporary conventions and treaties
like the United Nations Charter, Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(UDHR), The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and The
American Declaration of Rights and Duties of Man tried their best to ensure
that the atrocious impact of the warfare would be stopped from repeating itself
in future.

The UN general Assembly in 1959 adopted the Declaration of the
Rights of the Child, recognizing the rights of a child against discrimination and
the right to hold a name and a nationality (QC 2018). The declaration more
specifically emphasized on the children's right to receive protection, education
and health care services. The International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights (ICESCR) both adopted by the United Nations in 1966
emphasized on the needs to protect children from political issues, exploitation
and armed conflicts. Both of the Conventions strived to promote the children's
right to education.
The International Labour Organization (ILO) adopted its Convention
no 138 in 1973 on the Minimum Age for Admission to Employment that
specified 18 years to be the minimum age of men and women to be engaged in
any hazardous employment (QC 2018). While in 1974 the UN general assembly
adopted the declaration on the protection of women and children in emergency
and armed conflict and show its concern relating to the sufferings and poor
condition of women and children who are a victim of emergency and armed
conflict, being deprived of human rights, safety, peace, independence and
liberation. This Declaration by the UN general assembly mid its member states
to condemn war, attacks, aerial bombings, nuclear weapon, use of
bacteriological and chemical weapons on women and children (QC 2018).
Among all of these, Convention on the Rights of the Child is considered
to be the most effective, diverse and wide-reaching international instrument that
legally binds its member states and hold them liable for minute breach.
Convention on the Rights of the Child
It is considered to be the most widely reaching and widely ratified
International instrument that makes its signatories legally binding in relation to
protecting children from any form of hazardous instances, most specifically
warfare, threats, abuse, et cetera (Cohen 2017). The provisions of Convention
on the Rights of the Child (CRC) give the clear picture that it is a work that took
the authority a decade to gather the relevant information and statistical data
pertaining to be vulnerable conditions of children, the cause of such sufferings
and the potential reformation that could be brought in order to help such
victims. After examining issues from 1979 to 1986 the UN Commission on
human rights formed the Convention on the Rights of the Child which the UN
general Assembly adopted on November 20, 1989 by passing the resolution
44/25 (Cohen 2017).
The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) lays down the
fundamental rights of children that include civil, social, political, economic,
cultural rights, along with the right to receive healthcare and protection from the
State, both in terms of familial basis and individual basis. Article 38 of the
convention on the rights of the child provides for certain specific protections for
children caught in armed conflicts. While the Optional Protocol to the CRC

talks about the involvement of children in armed forces by banning young men
under the age of 18 to be recruited for participating in armed conflicts.
4.3 Impact of armed conflict on children
In 1996 a report was presented by the secretary general to the United
Nations General Assembly in relation to the impact of armed conflict on
children. The report focused on the issues of children subjected as victims in
armed conflicts from the purview of the provisions of the Convention on the
Rights of the Child. The report was named as ‘The 1966 Machel Report' which
recognized CRC as its guiding source to derive operative standards and
principles. The report laid down the different ways that impacted on the
children in armed conflicts, such as child soldiers, refugee and displaced
children, sexual exploitation during armed rebellion, poor health and nutrition,
aerial bombing and landmines, sanctions and their effect on children, the
mental, psychological and physical impact of warfare and conflicts on children.
The report also included the importance of providing reformative therapy,
rehabilitation and psychological recovery to such victims. The importance of
education to such affected children was also discussed.
4.4 Limitations of such approaches
By the reports of the United Nations children's fund (UNICEF) formerly
known as United Nations International children's emergency fund, the number
of children caught in armed conflict has increased by 74 % in the last decade
(Unicef.org 2019). It could be ascertained that all the summative effort of all the
international bodies are not sufficient to protect children from being a victim of
armed conflict. From being victim as a child soldier to being forcefully
displaced from home, from being separated from the family to being sexually
exploited and trafficked are the terrible realities which the children are put to go
through in armed conflict (Unicef.org 2019). With the growing population and
communities, the need and the reasons to protect such children are growing as
well.
Henrietta H. Fore, the executive director of UNICEF has called for the
end to such conflicts that put children in danger. As argued by Ms Fore, the
need to protect the children is important as they are the future citizens of the
world and therefore, they need to be protected to build a better tomorrow
(Unicef.org 2019).
5 Methodology
Research methodology is referred to as the strategies that the researcher
adopt to address the research statement and to achieve the research aim. In the
field of sociology, psychology, marketing, business analysis, science and
technology, economic and so on, there are two ways of conducting a research,

qualitative and quantitative research method. The qualitative research method
depends upon verbal narrative like written or spoken data, which analyses the
quality of the data that are collected for the research. While quantitative
research method uses statistical and logical interpretation for reaching a
conclusion. Qualitative researches analyses data based on the data collected by
the help of interviews, experiments, focus groups that helps to identify common
patterns out of the responses and other information collected by the researcher.
The researcher then critically analyses for meeting the framed research aims and
objectives. Quantitative researches critically analyses the collected numbers,
figures, statistical data for finding the rationale behind the information.
However, comparison of the findings of primary research with that of the
findings of the literature review is important for both qualitative and
quantitative research (Yilmaz 2013). Qualitative research, however, have
certain limitations like the bias that comes along with the perspective of
individual researchers. It is one of the objections regarding qualitative research
that the researcher tends to be bias with the research topic and hence often give
his own shape to the research (Mihas 2019). In addition, qualitative research is a
time consuming research and therefore researchers are often lost in its course
while trying to cover all the available data on the particular research topic.
For the purpose of this study, the researcher have adopted secondary
data collection method by which the relevant information and data will be
collected from reliable secondary sources like books, journals, official websites
of international, conventions and treaties, case studies, newspaper, et cetera
(Mackey and Gass 2015). In this way the research of would be able to contrast
and compare the already available information on the topic of children in armed
conflict in comparison to the important factors that are needed to be researched
on the same topic, in the future (Mackey and Gass 2015). Specifically, it helps
to find out the research gap that might be present in the research topic which
needs for the intervention and study
The researcher has adopted qualitative data analysis method that helps
to evaluate the quality and significance of the variables in question. By the help
of the qualitative research method the research of would be evaluating the
effectiveness of the conventions and international laws laid down by
international bodies in order to protect children in armed conflict (Taylor,
Bogdan and DeVault 2015). In addition, the researcher makes use of
descriptive research design in order to find out the lacuna or limitation that the
international laws and conventions face in order to prevent children from being
victims of armed conflict (Lewis 2015).
6 Ethical Consideration
To maintain the authenticity and genuineness of the research, the research
of would pay attention to the reliability of the sources from which the relevant

data are collected (Cacciattolo 2015). The researcher has tried the best to filter
and take the most relevant information out of the collected data to maintain the
specification and relevance of the research topic without wasting words on
irrelevant things. The researcher has strived to restrict data manipulation by
citing the sources of the collected data with the help of Harvard referencing
style. The researcher has made sure not to plagiarize the paper, by not copying
from the journals and articles directly that has been referred to as a vital source
of information for the proposal (Cacciattolo 2015). Lastly it is informed that the
data and information collected by the researcher for the purpose of this study
has been used for educational purpose only.
Researcher’s bias is a vital ethical consideration that often clouds the
vision of the researcher, thereby guiding him to follow his own perspective and
sentiments intertwined with the research topic, failing to analyze and observe
the actual outcome of the research (Lee 2013). It is the researcher that designs
the interview or survey questions, thus having the scope to shape the outcome of
the research, which tends to destroy the essence of an unbiased research. The
researcher has tried to avoid such biasness as much as possible in regard to this
research.
7 Policy Implications
The collective information in the literature review section gives a picture
of the regulations and policy frameworks of international bodies and relevant
international law that strive to protect children in armed conflict. Some of the
policies strive to protect children from armed conflict while some International
laws and treaties strive to protect them from being recruited as force labours,
being exploited sexually as well as being neglected in terms of health services,
education and rehabilitation if needed (Slone and Mann 2016). However there
are implications as to the insufficiency of such policies and regulatory
frameworks for failing to prevent the growing number of children in conflict
every year around the world. A possible research gap pertaining to this research
topic could be stated as the need for further research on the reasons behind the
failure of the policies and regulatory frameworks of international law in order to
prevent children from being a victim of armed conflict and political violence.

8 Bibliography
- American Declaration of Rights and Duties of Man Assembly, U.G., 1989.
Convention on the Rights of the Child. United Nations, Treaty Series, 1577(3).
- Cacciattolo, M., 2015. Ethical considerations in research. In The Praxis of
English Language Teaching and Learning (PELT) (pp. 55-73). Brill Sense.
- Childrenandarmedconflict.un.org (2019). Stop the Use and Abuse of Children
in and for Armed Conflict (UN). [online] United Nations Office of the Special
Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict | To
promote and protect the rights of all children affected by armed conflict.
Available at: https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/stop-the-use-and-abuse-
of-children-in-and-for-armed-conflict/ [Accessed 20 Aug. 2019].
- Clapham, A., Gaeta, P. and Haeck, T. eds., 2014. The Oxford handbook of
international law in armed conflict. Oxford University Press.
- Cohen, C.P., 2017. The Role of the United States in the Drafting of the
Convention on the Rights of the Child. In Children's Rights (pp. 75-88).
Routledge.
- Declaration of the Rights of the Child Educateachild.org (2019). Internally
Displaced Persons | Educate a Child. [online] Educateachild.org. Available at:
https://educateachild.org/explore/barriers-to-education/fragile-and-conflict-
affected-situations/internally-displaced-persons [Accessed 20 Aug. 2019].
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(2019). Protecting children in armed conflict - ICRC. [online] Icrc.org.
https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/resources/documents/interview/children-interview-
101207.htm [Accessed 20 Aug. 2019.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights International
Labour Organization
- Lasley, T. and Thyne, C., 2015. Secession, legitimacy and the use of child
soldiers. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 32(3), pp.289-308.
- Lee, C.J., Sugimoto, C.R., Zhang, G. and Cronin, B., 2013. Bias in peer
review. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and
Technology, 64(1), pp.2-17.
- Lewis, S., 2015. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five
approaches. Health promotion practice, 16(4), pp.473-475.
- Mackey, A. and Gass, S.M., 2015. Second language research: Methodology
and design. Routledge.
- Mihas, P., 2019. Qualitative data analysis. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of
Education.

- NATO (2019). Protection of children in armed conflict. [online] NATO.
Available at: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_156399.htm#
[Accessed 20 Aug. 2019].
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization QC, S.F., 2018. Protecting Children in
Armed Conflict. Bloomsbury Publishing.
- Slone, M. and Mann, S., 2016. Effects of war, terrorism and armed conflict on
young children: a systematic review. Child Psychiatry & Human
Development, 47(6), pp.950-965.
- Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R. and DeVault, M., 2015. Introduction to qualitative
research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley & Sons.
- The Declaration on children's Rights - Unicef.org (2019). Fighting for the
rights of children in armed conflict. [online] Unicef.org. Available at:
https://www.unicef.org/stories/fighting-rights-children-armed-conflict
[Accessed 20 Aug. 2019]. United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation
Administration. Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- Yilmaz, K., 2013. Comparison of quantitative and qualitative research
traditions: Epistemological, theoretical, and methodological
differences. European Journal of Education, 48(2), pp.311-325.