Analyzing International Human Rights: Focus on Human Trafficking

This essay explores the intricate relationship between international human rights and the pervasive issues of human trafficking, forced labor, and exploitation. It begins by defining key terms such as forced labor and human trafficking, highlighting their inherent violation of fundamental human rights as recognized by international law. The discussion delves into the International Labour Organization (ILO) conventions and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), outlining specific articles that address these violations. Cultural factors, unemployment, and poverty are identified as significant contributors to human trafficking. The essay concludes with recommendations for improvement, focusing on investigation, law, prosecution, prevention, assistance, and protection measures, emphasizing the need for international cooperation and the implementation of effective strategies to combat these abuses and protect vulnerable populations. Desklib offers a platform for students to access similar solved assignments and study resources.

Running head: INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS
International Human Rights
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................2
Discussion........................................................................................................................................2
Recommendations............................................................................................................................6
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................8
References........................................................................................................................................9

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Introduction
The issues of forced labour, exploitations and trafficking of human have been on an
increase with the recognition of modern slavery. The very terms, forced and exploitation
conjures up towards the image of workers bonded under inhuman working conditions. Human
trafficking, on the other hand, refers to the procedure through which individuals are maintained
in a situation with a high level of exploitation for the economic gain (Campana, Paolo and
Federico 101). According to Universal Human Rights, human trafficking and the associated
practices like the exploitation, slavery, forced labour, and debt bondage are the serious factors
that contribute towards the violation of the basic rights of the human beings and these are
prohibited under the international law of human rights. Despite of the existence and rigorous
implementation of the international framework of law, millions of human continues to be
exploited and trafficked for the purpose of bondage and forced labour. According to the
International Labour Organization, these form the most dangerous forms of abuses that affect the
entire humanity and raises question over the inalienable human rights of each and every
individual in the world (Chuang 610). The assignment focuses on the relationships among human
rights and the factors associated with human trafficking and how violation of human rights is an
important concept that needs to be addressed by each and every nation of the world.
Discussion
The ILO Forced Convention of 1930, number 29 defines the concept of forced labour as
the services and the work extracted from the person who is under the pressure or menace of any
bondage or penalty (Gallagher 12). The concept of forced labour includes the range of

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circumstances that are connected to an exploitation of the human together with the threaten and
bondage by the employer.
Figure 1; The process to force labour
Source: (Lewis et al. 585)
The figure above defines the continuous chain process of the formation of forced labour.
The process illustrates the procedure in between where the workers are subject to poor and
unhealthy working conditions and tremendous physical and mental exploitation. In case of the
children and the female bonded laborers, high chances of sexual exploitation among the
workplace which is a serious threat to the human rights and their norms (Hernandez, Diego and
Alexandra 125). The concept of forced labour and trafficking together with the exploitation
constitutes to the illegal under employment law and acts of serious crimes and ranks among the
most extreme form of the abuse of the workers.
The link among the human rights and the struggle against the trafficking and the forced
labour has been established from the past decades. The concept of human rights law as

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unequivocally proclaimed the unlawfulness and the basic immorality in the context of the legal
personality (Weitzer 235). The human rights law prohibits the discrimination on the basis of
sexual preferences and gender. The laws provide the status of equality and key rights for each
and every individual and outlaw the concept of the exploitation, forced labor, arbitrary detention,
debt bondage and exploitation of the children and the women.
The following are some of the relevant examples of rights that are violated within the
context of forced labour and human trafficking. These include the right towards the life, the
prohibition towards the discrimination under the category of sex, race, language, political,
property, national and social origin and another social status (Campana, Paolo and Federico 101),
the right towards security and liberty, the right to social security, the right to freedom of the
movement, the right to not be subjected to the torture, cruel, inhuman, treatment and degrading
punishment (Turner-Moss et al. 475), the right to freedom from gender violence, the right to an
adequate standard of livelihood and the right to favorable working conditions
Trafficking is a major violation of human rights. As stated above their lie various
practices that are associated with the human trafficking and exploitation that are clearly
prohibited under the international human right regulations and practices (Manning 150).
Both the universal declaration of human rights and the charter of the United Nations
illustrate and confirm that human rights are natural and inalienable in nature which is applicable
to everyone irrespective of any barriers and norms. The persons who are the victims of
exploitation, forced, and trafficking are also entitled to the full range of their basic human rights
regardless of their nationality or the citizenship.

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The articles classifying the violations of the human trafficking under the publication of the
Universal Declaration of the Human Rights (UDHR) are as follows:
Article 3 - All of the human beings have their right towards their life, liberty and the security
of the person.
Article 4 - No person shall be held in servitude or the slavery since the trafficking of the
human beings basically means trading of humans that needs to be prohibited.
Article 5 –No person should be put into torture or any of the cruel, inhuman and treatments
and the punishments that are degrading in nature.
Article 12 – No person shall be subjected to the hampering of the home, family, privacy and
any of the arbitrary attacks towards his or her responsibilities and honor (Sanghera 40). Each
and every person has their right to their property and the right for their protection of the law
against any such unwanted interferences and attacks.
Article 23 – Each and every person in this world has their right to choose their employment,
their right to work and the favorable working conditions and protection both in case of
employment and health opportunities against the unemployment (Shandro et al. 506).
Furthermore, each and every person has their right towards equal scale of pay, favorable
remunerations, workplace human dignity, and social protection. Apart from these, each and
every person has their own right towards joining of the trade unions and the protection of
their interest.

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Article 24 –Each and every person has the right to leisure, rest and work in reasonable
working hours. The victims are generally not allowed to take breaks and take food and work
under degrading and inhuman working conditions(Turner-Moss et al. 475).
Article 25 – Each and every human being has the right towards an adequate standard of
living doe a healthy lifestyle that includes medical care, food and required social services.
Apart from the exploitation and trafficking of the human for forced and bondage labour,
trafficking of the humans for the sexual exploitation has been an increasing concern in the recent
decade (Varma et al. 99). According to the report published by ILO, numerous women and
children are subjected to kidnapping, exploitation and are often trafficked for the sex trade by the
sex racket to the different parts of the world. Cultural factors, high rates of unemployment,
poverty are the main factors contributing to the increasing rate of human trafficking.
Recommendations
Violation of the human rights is a serious crime and the act of exploitation, forced labor,
and human trafficking contributes to the increasing inequality and the abuses towards the human
kind altogether. According to the UNESCO and ILO, there lie three main targeted categories that
need to be improved as the key factors of recommendations (Weitzer 10). These are first, proper
investigation, law, and the prosecution. Secondly, strategic measures towards the prevention of
the human trafficking. Thirdly, the assistance and the protection.
Recommendations in the field of investigation, law, and prosecution includes ensuring of the
legislation of the national crime on the human trafficking in case of the labour exploitation and
forced labour with the introduction of the trafficking protocols to implement measures for the
position of the vulnerability. Besides this, introduce of the legal provisions to criminalize the

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retention of the passports so that it can be detected if any of the human beings are being
trafficked to another country (Hernandez, Diego and Alexandra 125),strengthening of the
national and the international legal co-operation in the matters of crime and abuse for
identification and the enhancement of the proper investigation and the prosecution of the crimes
related to exploitation, bondage or forced labour and human trafficking.
Towards the prevention of the exploitation and the trafficking of the human beings, it is
recommended to recognize the role of the migrants labour together with the appropriate policies
of the laborer for diminishing exploitation and trafficking. Furthermore, engagement in the
awareness activities for altering the conception and the attitudes of the general public must be
ensured for enabling the protection of the rights and the freedom of the exploited human force
(Cho 9). Proper co-operation with the NGOs for the promotion of the fair policies of the trade,
prevention of the exploitation and the violation of the laws related to the labour force are some of
the strategic recommendations the nation and the world organization should follow to address the
issue of the violation of human rights.
In respect to the category of assistance and protection, it is important to rebalance and
reconstruct the focus towards the prevention of the labour exploitation and promotion of the
rights of the workers on the servitude (Hodge 116). Promotion and the co-operation of the civil
society together with ensuring the minimum standards of the laborer can furthermore serve as
actions against the inhuman practice and the abuse. It is thus important for each and every nation
and the international organization to initiate active efforts for the introduction and the
improvement of the scheme of compensation for the trafficked victims so that the victims can
exercise their labour and the civil rights without any sort of fear of their legal status.

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Conclusion
The exploitation of the human being in case profit has a really long history and the efforts
for addressing these issues can be traced back before the emergence of the modern system of the
human rights. The goal of the abolition and the eradication of all the forms of violation of human
rights related to exploitations, bondage or forced labour and human trafficking may present to be
a very daunting task but can be achievable with the effective utilization and following of the
above-stated recommendations. Human trafficking refers to the procedure through which
individuals are maintained in a situation with the high level of exploitation for the economic
gain. The well advanced universal ratifications are some of the best steps towards the abolition of
this inhuman practice in the current reality. However, with a lot of many people being the victim
of the violation and living as forced labour with regular exploitations, much more strategic
measures and actions needs to be taken against this practice.

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References
Campana, Paolo, and Federico Varese. "Exploitation in human trafficking and smuggling."
European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 22.1 (2016): 89-105.
Cho, Seo-Young. "Modelling for determinants of human trafficking." (2015).
Chuang, Janie A. "Exploitation creep and the unmaking of human trafficking law." American
Journal of International Law 108.4 (2014): 609-649.
Gallagher, Anne T. "Two cheers for the trafficking protocol." Anti-Trafficking Review 4 (2015).
Hernandez, Diego, and Alexandra Rudolph. "Modern day slavery: What drives human
trafficking in Europe?." European Journal of Political Economy 38 (2015): 118-139.
Hodge, David R. "Assisting victims of human trafficking: Strategies to facilitate identification,
exit from trafficking, and the restoration of wellness." Social work 59.2 (2014): 111-118.
Lewis, Hannah, et al. "Hyper-precarious lives: Migrants, work and forced labour in the Global
North." Progress in Human Geography 39.5 (2015): 580-600.
Manning, Patrick. Slave trades, 1500–1800: Globalization of forced labour. Routledge, 2016.
Sanghera, Jyoti. "Unpacking the trafficking discourse." Trafficking and prostitution
reconsidered. Routledge, 2017. 37-58.
Shandro, Jamie, et al. "Human trafficking: a guide to identification and approach for the
emergency physician." Annals of emergency medicine 68.4 (2016): 501-508.
Turner-Moss, Eleanor, et al. "Labour exploitation and health: a case series of men and women
seeking post-trafficking services." Journal of immigrant and minority health 16.3 (2014): 473-
480.

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Varma, Selina, et al. "Characteristics of child commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking
victims presenting for medical care in the United States." Child abuse & neglect 44 (2015): 98-
105.
Weitzer, Ronald. "Human trafficking and contemporary slavery." Annual review of sociology 41
(2015): 223-242.
Weitzer, Ronald. "New directions in research on human trafficking." The ANNALS of the
American Academy of Political and Social Science 653.1 (2014): 6-24.