Literature Review: International Students and Australian Residency

This report is a literature review focusing on the benefits of Australian residency for international students, and the evolving requirements for obtaining permanent residency (PR). The review explores the advantages students anticipate, such as global academic recognition, access to high-quality educational programs, and opportunities to broaden their learning. It also examines the nature of changes to Australian government policies concerning PR applications, including age limits, language proficiency tests, and skilled occupation lists. Furthermore, the review investigates how changes to PR requirements influence international students' study and work behaviors, including visa options, work rights, and the importance of skill assessment tests. The analysis draws on various scholarly articles, journals, and books to provide a comprehensive overview of the topic, discussing the impact of these policies on international students' decisions and experiences.

Project Research

Table of Contents
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................2
2.1. Introduction...........................................................................................................................2
2.1.1 To determine the benefits which international students expect from getting Australian
residency......................................................................................................................................2
2.2 nature of changes to Australian government’s requirement of foreign individuals seeking
PR and explore the reasons for this change.................................................................................3
Data Analysis...................................................................................................................................6
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Introduction
The literature review is a survey of all the scholarly articles and Journals, books which
are used in order to answer the research questions. Further, the literature review section is
consider one of the most important part of the thesis and dissertation which in turn help to raise
the existing knowledge of the researcher.
2.1.1 To determine the benefits which international students expect from getting Australian
residency
In the view of Tran (2016) there is an increased demand of the study in Australia and
that is why, students hold primary visas. On the other hand, there are different advantage which
International students expect from getting Australian residency such that they gain global
academic recognition. In order to support the same, Tan and Hugo (2017) stated that Australia is
a well-known home for best research institution on Earth. That is why, it provide best and high
quality of programs in science field i.e. nursing and healthcare, chemistry, biology, zoology etc.

So, Ng and et.al., (2017) stated that study in this country will provide a valuable addition to
every student’s professional resume.
On the other side, Blackmore, Gribble and Rahimi (2017) argued that Australia also
provide a wide choice of subjects because there are around 40 Universities in Australia and each
of them are offering a vast and varied opportunities in order to study in different subjects. Ku and
Ha (2017) stated that International students actually prefer Australian study instead of American
University because it provide 750 courses combustion in a single University which none other
provide. So student, not only study but they also broaden their spectrum of learning which is not
possible to get the same from local institution.
In the same way, Alsahafi and Shin (2019) also supported by stating that If a student
prefer to study at International level, they also work while they study and this helps to increase
their professional and personal skills. Such that in Australia, international students can work
part- time while on a student visa, that is also help to knock down the prices of studying Abroad.
This further help to drive down the cost of the education as well as living expenses. Hundt
(2019) present their views that As the minimum wage in Australia is 17 dollars per hour and if
the student work for 4-5 hours then they earn a good amount through which they cover a good
chunk of their expenses which is associated with rent, groceries etc.
Kaneko (2020) also explain in their study that most of the students are also prefer to
study in Australia because there is no language barrier because study in this country means there
English is not a primary language and as a result, most of the student prefer to stay there and
enjoy their daily work. For instance, for every task, directions are made through which a person
may easily reside. Also, the simple sorted life keep attracting range of new people to stay here
and enjoy the lifestyle. Also, if the student gets a residency of Australia then they will easily
doing job and settle down their entire life in that country without any issue. On the other hand,
Rubino and et.al., (2020) also argued that getting a PR of Australia will also help a right to live
in Australia for indefinitely time and also cover full working rights as well. Moreover, a person
also sponsor family members and get many social security benefits as well.

2.2 nature of changes to Australian government’s requirement of foreign individuals seeking PR
and explore the reasons for this change.
In the opinion of Brown and et.al., (2019) Australian government’s requirement is keep
changes as per the Individual who seek PR and it is done by analyzing the need of the local of
people . Such that the government of Australia changes the age limit of PR people. Like,
Cunningham, Ledger and Regan (2018) stated that as per the Department of Immigration and
Border Protection, the maximum age to apply for PR in Australia is 45 at the time of Application
lodgment and it is applicable from March 2017. While on the other side, Rade and et.al., (2018)
stated that from March 2019, the age is changes and it is comes under 45 years. Thus,
government keep adding new test in their program in order to make sure that the candidate is
eligible for the country or not. That is why, Crawford and et.al., (2016) present their views that
IELTS and TOEFL are some language proficiency test that are take by the International students.
On the other side, also present their views and stated that Loh, Robinson and Muller-
Townsend (2020) proper criteria are decided for international student and if they did not passed
in General Skilled Migration Visa then they are eligible only for temporary visa and this is valid
for 19 months and also provide the student to collect professional experience letter related to it,
in order to convert the same in to in General Skilled Migration Visa. Further, Tan and Hugo
(2017) evaluated that the government of Australia is also removed the Occupations from the
short term skill occupational list and also state that the people who are applying for thee PR
must have a three year working experience in a particular occupation from March 2018. Hussain,
Wark and Ryan (2018) also present that this shows that government keep changes their rules and
policies in order to make sure that all the people got a chance but it does not mean that people
who are not eligible are also got entry.
Further, Tran (2016) explain in their study that after the 1998, the policy is changes
which actually favored in the International students and capable skilled workers are easily apply
for the PR so that they will easily meet their dreams. Also, it is analyzed by Gray and et.al.,
(2019) that if the government make changes in the PR policy then it is only for the residents
security so that they will freely enjoy their life in Australia without any issues and challenges.
That is why, it is stated by Kunde and et.al., (2017) that the nature of policy is completely

depend upon the people’s requirement and their demand or purpose to settle down in specific
country.
To determine whether international students change their study or work behaviors in response
to changes to PR requirements.
Gomes, (2015) sought to determine the fact that, only those people or citizens who have
permanent resident in Australia can apply for universities as well as any job opportunities. The
individual people are entitled to minimum paid rates which are paid to the people. Permanent
residence of Australia can be applied by granting permanent set a visa which allows any
individual to live in Australia indefinitely. Cao, and Tran, (2015) said that, The permanent visa is
given to the individuals who have skilled work, and also family visa is given. In case the
individual has left for more than five years within the Australia can opt for permanent residency
visa. Normally it tends to take around 7 to 8 months in order to process the Australian permanent
resident visa. Permanent residents of the Australia tends to have full working rights and I
allowed to work with no restrictions. Only the residents of the Australia can apply for these jobs
who fall under armed force or public services. The permanent resident must be highly qualified
to apply to the Australian citizenship if the individual has left more than four years lawfully
within Australia. Tran, (2016) established is view points by stating that, the permanent residents
are given complete right to choose any set of occupation who are interested and allowed to work
with no set of restrictions. There are various international student students to apply for the
permanent resident after the completion of the graduation. They have been given skilled visa by
the Australian Department. The skilled independent visa under subclass 189 is considered to be a
point tested these are very skilled workers who are aged between 80 to 49 years who in turn has
not been sponsored by the family or employer or nominated by the territory of state government.
This visa is considered to be very useful for the individual to work and live within Australia as a
permanent resident. Moreover, Geddie, (2015) examined the fact that, individual has to undergo
skill assessment test while applying for the skilled independent visa. It is very crucial for the
students to gain appropriate language skills and Appropriate work experience, completing more
advanced qualifications, Skilled employment, English language ability, Australian study, partner
skills, etc. which helps in gaining high degree of permanent resident within Australia.

Moreover, Sá, and Sabzalieva, (2018) examined the fact that, there could be adverse
effects if an international student or working professional doesn’t get the permanent residence in
Australia. Student would be having students visa (subclass 500) while studying in any
school/institute and due to this they will have limited rights staying there. For Example, they will
be allowed to work at max 20 hours per week or fortnightly and they can start part time work
only once their course has been started. With this kind of Visa at max you can stay for 5 years in
Australia. After that you need to find an employer who will sponsor and provide them with
working visa. Universities within Australia and each of them are offering a vast and varied
opportunities in order to study in different subjects. Subsequently, Gribble, Blackmore, and
Rahimi, (2015) argued that, the students tends to prefer to study in Australia because there is no
language barrier because study in this country means there English is not a primary language and
as a result, most of the student prefer to stay there and enjoy their daily work. International
students can work part- time while on a student visa, that is also help to knock down the prices of
studying Abroad.
Baas, (2015) established his view points by stating that, the minimum wage in Australia is $17
per hour and also if the student work for around more than 5 hours then they earn a good amount
through which they cover a good chunk of their expenses related with rent, groceries, travelling,
etc. The student needs to have an IELTS score of around 6 which is an appropriate score with
specified English language ability score. It is very crucial for the students to meet the Australian
study requirement in order to obtain permanent residency of Australia. Ziguras and Gribble,
(2015) examined that, Complete skill assessment which is highly linked with the skilled
occupational list helps in meeting the key criteria of permanent residence within Australia. It is
very crucial for the student to plan the qualification matter which has been building the
knowledge and skills with more advanced qualification. This in turn helps in gaining high degree
of professional job which increases the possibility of permanent residence within Australia. Song
and McCarthy, (2018) stated that, Development of the English language skills and also gaining
meaningful employment within Australia. This in turn helps in gaining temporary graduate visa
which comes under subclass 485. This helps individual student opportunity to earn high degree
of the employment experience within Australia. This is considered to be very useful for the
student to complete the professional your program with higher degree of knowledge and skills
which in turn gain valuable workplace experience and also helps in attaining permanent

residence within Australia. Tran and Vu, (2016) states, Australia considered to be a home for
best research institution on Earth. That is why, it provide best and high quality of programs in
science field i.e. nursing and healthcare, zoology, chemistry, biology, etc. Moreover, Wadhwa,
(2016) examined the fact that, Study and career of the foreign individual and student who are
willing to take Permanent residency in Australia in coming time. Australia in turn tends to
provide high degree of appropriate study which in turn helps in the attainment of the higher
operational goals. They also focus on providing various set of studies which helps in increasing
the learning and knowledge of the individual person. Hence, the working behaviour of the
Australia in very appropriate. International students must attain appropriate level of skills and
learning which eventually leads to permanents residence within Australia.
Data Analysis
In order to determine the point of view of selected sample size, interview method is used
that helps to meet the define aim. Thus, the transcript of interview is as mention below:
Question 1: Do you think study in the Australia is better option?
Student 1: Yes, because there is a huge demand of students to study in Australia and it is a best
known country for research
Student 2: It provide a wide choice of study because of 40 Universities are present in Australia
Student 3: Student may enjoy their personal and professional life because side by side, student
can do part- time.
Interpretation: From the above, it is discussed that all the interviewee are completely agree and
present their views. Such that study in Australia provide them an opportunity to explore new
skills and enhance their knowledge. As it is the only country who has 40 research universities
and that is why, it provide a better option for the students through which they get best career
option. On the other side, one of the interviewee also stated that they get two in option in
Australia, if they get PR such that they can also earn by doing part- time job through which they
enhance their personal as well as professional knowledge. Thus, through an interview question, it
is analyzed that most of the students feel happy when they get a chance to study in Australia, as

international education is also consider a primary source of information which further transform
the economy and that is why, it is best preferable option for international students.
Question 2: What are the benefits do you expect from getting Australian residency?
Student 1: The country does not have any language barrier and people just enjoy their work.
Student 2: The lifestyle and work of Australia is quite simple and this further attracts more
people towards it.
Student 3: if I get PR, then I will definitely settled down here because there are lot of
opportunities which makes me better person.
Interpretation: as per the above transcript, it is analyzed that there are many benefits which the
selected respondents are looking for. Such that one of them state that the simplicity of the
country will always attract the people the most and on the other side, due to not having any
language barrier which also attract range of people towards it. As the country provide range of
new opportunity to the public and students, most of the people wants to take an advantage and
settle down in Australia only. Thus, it is clearly analyzed that the simple sorted life of Australian
people attract range of people towards it so that they will also enjoy the place and fulfill their
dreams as well. This is also examine that providing the range of opportunity, students start part-
time job which will further help to drive down the cost of education and living expenses.
Question 3: Why do you think these benefits are beneficial for students?
Student 1: Study in Australia will help to determine the diversity of students which in turn help
to determine the importance of multi-culture.
Student 2: Provide wide option for subject chooses and range of activities which none other
university provide.
Student 3: Helps to global recognition through which student able to explore their skills in other
countries as well.

Interpretation: Through the above interview, it is analyzed from all the three interviewee that if
a student prefer to study in Australia, then it will be beneficial for their society and for their own.
Such that one of the interviewee stated that study in different country will help to determine the
importance of diversity and this in turn assist to provide them opportunity to know other culture
and religion. On the other side, it is also stated that study in top University will also provide them
a chance to enhance their education level and also prepare them for the professionally. As it
conduct range of activities which in turn attract many students towards them. Thus, it can be
stated that study in Australian University will help to enhance the personal and professional
knowledge of the student which this in turn affect the overall students and provide them a global
recognition as well.
Question 4: What are the reasons of changing the Australian government’s requirement of
foreign individual who are seeking PR?
Student 1: I think that, when the local people demand changes, this is consider the reason off
changing the Australian government’s requirement.
Student 2: Government keep changing the criteria of PR in order to select the top students for
their country.
Student 3: I think that, changing PR rules will help to make sure that all the people got a chance
to be a resident of Australia,
Interpretation: In accordance with the above transcript, it is analyzed that the government keep
changing their criteria for those foreign students who are seeking for PR because it provide an
opportunity to all the students to study in Australia and also, meet the define aim and objectives
as well. such that from the 1st Interviewee, it is analyzed that the demand of local people changes
and this in turn affect the other students who are seeking for PR and this also affect the entire
procedure. Also, government keep adding new courses such that TOFEL in order to make sure
that the candidate is eligible to study in Australia and this turn helps to meet the define aim and
objectives. Further, it is also examine that if the government make changes in the PR policy then

it is only for the residents security so that they will freely enjoy their life in Australia without any
issues and challenges.
Question 5: Do you think getting PR in Australia is easy for international students?
Student 1: I think it is difficult for the student to get PR because of keep changing in the system
of policy of government
Student 2: It is easy to get Australian PR only when the student have 90+ and good in English
Student 3: It is easy to get Australian PR but the time duration is too long and range of success
criteria as well.
Interpretation: As per the above transcript, it is analyzed that if the student scores good marks
in their life, and have strong communication skills especially in English, then it will be easy for
any student to meet the success criteria. Further, it is also analyzed from another student that
country keep changes the PR policies and this will affect the success criteria for selection as
well. That is why, it is stated that if the policies are amend and student pass all the set criteria,
the n it will not be difficult for the students to get PR for Australia. However it is also critically
analyzed that the system of PR is not easy and it takes a long time to get it because, student
have to pass TOFEL and IELTS which determine the critical thinking abilities of the students
and then they are eligible for PR.
Question 6: what are your views of changing PR related policies in Australia?
Student 1: I am completely agree and satisfied with the changing PR policies.
Student 2: It is not good to make amendment in the PR is every five years because it divert the
mind of a student towards another country.
Student 3: I think that it is right decision to cope up with the world and make changes in policies
by determine the demand of public.

Interpretation: from the above, it is interpreted that majority of the sample size are completely
agree with the questions and they also stated that there must be alteration in the PR policies so
that it will keep attracting the range of public. On the other side, through another interviewee’s
point of view, it is also stated that government keep changing in the policies because it has to
meet the public demand in better manner and also. This in turn assist to determine the keep
attracting other international students in order to study in Australia. Thus, it is clearly analyzed
that changing in PR policies is the right decision by the government of Australia.
Question 7: After getting PR, do you think you will comfortable in Australia and settle
down there only?
Student 1: yes, I am completely comfortable when I get PR and try to learn new things as well.
Student 2: Yes…..I am more comfortable because it provide me an opportunity to learn new
things and apply in the future as well.
Student 3: I am absolutely agree with the statement and also settle my family as well.
Interpretation: After determine the views from all the selected sample size, I analyzed that most
of the students are comfortable and also seeking to settle their family in Australia only.
Therefore, it is a better option because they think, study in Australia provide them an opportunity
to learn new things and as the people are also workaholic and that is why, they live comfortably.
On the other side, it is also analyzed that there is no language barrier in Australia and that is why,
it is consider the best option for the students and they are even ready to get PR and also try to
settle down their family as well. Thus, it can be stated that most of the students are highly
recommended to settle in the Australia in order to grab many opportunities.
Question 8: Do you think that international students change their study or work behavior
response to change PR requirement?
Student 1: No, I don’t think that students have to change their study and work behavior in
response to PR requirement

Student 2: No, because PR holding students have a similar right which visa holders have.
Student 3: Yes, I think there is a need to change their study and work behavior to response the
PR requirement.
Interpretation: From the above, it is analyzed that most of the international students do not
change their study and work behavior in order to response to change PR requirement. Such that
they may enjoy all the facilities which the visa person enjoy just like the PR. Further, majority of
them are stated that PR takes enough time for processing and that is why, gain appropriate
language skills and Appropriate work experience, completing more advanced
qualifications, Skilled employment, English language ability, Australian study, partner skills,
etc. which helps in gaining high degree of permanent resident within Australia. Thus, it is
analyzed that it will help to make response the PR requirement.

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