Global Supply Chain Ethical Issues Analysis and Recommendations Report

This report provides an in-depth analysis of ethical challenges within international supply chains, focusing on three major global corporations: Nestle, KPR Mills, and Pfizer. The report begins with an overview of globalization and international supply chains, emphasizing the complexities and ethical considerations involved. Chapter One examines Nestle's supply chain, highlighting issues such as child labor in cocoa production, unethical marketing strategies, and deforestation related to palm oil plantations. Chapter Two shifts its focus to KPR Mills, exploring ethical issues within its supply chain, including environmental concerns, unethical workforce behavior, and company culture. Chapter Three delves into the ethical challenges faced by Pfizer Pharmaceutical, discussing unethical approval procedures for clinical trials, unethical withdrawal from patent agreements, and overpricing of drugs. The report concludes with a discussion of the findings, offering recommendations for each company to improve its ethical practices and enhance its global supply chain management.

Cover Page

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report is aimed to discuss the importance of effective supply chain management and
strategies to manage the effective distribution of the products in present challenging
environment. Globalization has affected every kind of business and an organization performing
the global level operation have to manage sustainable supply chain management activities in
international supply chain. This report will discuss examples of practical issues faced by the
three global level operating organizations naming Nestle, KPR Mill, and Pfizer Pharmaceutical.
Each of these organizations have effective global image and focused to manage the supply chain
meeting the stakeholders’ satisfaction.
Nestle acquire large segment of food and nutrition market, this report will evaluate the issues this
organization faced as child labour in Cocoa production that affected the ethical image of the
organization and will discuss the other issues raising the challenges as deforestation and negative
environment al impact and hoe the organization manage these in global world.
Another organization in this report discussed is KPR Mills, engaged in the clothing production
and manufacturing. This report will evaluate the attached issues of the unethical employee
behavior and other environmental issues affected the global supply chain operations.
Third organization in this context is Pfizer pharmaceutical one of the world largest healthcare
products making organization also had issues in its ethical supply chain and global contracts
management activities. Deeply this report will discuss major issue unethical withdraw from
agreement and its impact over the organization.
At the end this report will present recommendations in different section for each economy and
impact of these over the international supply chain management.

Table of Contents
Executive Summary 1
Introduction 2
International Supply Chain 3
Chapter One 4
Nestle Supply Chain 1
1. Background of the company
1.2 Nestle Ethical Challenges 2
1.2.1 Child Labour In Cocoa Production 3
1.2.2 Unethical Marketing Strategies 3
1.2.3 Deforestation For Palm Oil Plantation 3
Chapter Two 4
Supply Chain at KPR Mill 4
2. Background of the company 5
2.1 Ethical Issues at KPR Supply Chain 6
2.1.1 Environmental issues 3
2.1.2 Unethical behaviour with workforce 3
2.1.3 unethical culture 3
Chapter Three
Supply Chain at Pfizer Pharmaceutical 1
3. Background of the comapny 2
3.1 Ethical issues at Pfizer Pharmaceutical Company 3
3.1.1 Clinical Trials Unethical Approval procedures 3
3.1.2 Unethical withdrawal from Patent Agreement 3
3.1.3 Over pricing Drugs 3
Chapter Four
Discussions of the Findings
4. Discussions 4
4.1 Recommendations 5
4.1.1 Nestle Recommendations 3
4.1.2 KPR Mills Recommendations 3
4.1.3 Pfizer Recommendations 3
4.2 Conclusions 6
References 4

Table of figures
Figure 1. Child labour image…………………………………………………………………………………….
Figure 2. Baby food advert image……………………………………………………………………………
INTRODUCTION

Globalization simply put is the interdependence and interconnectivity of human activities and
interactions (trade, services, goods, culture, technology etc) across borders. One may ask why
businesses decide to go across borders. The driving force that make businesses decide in favour
to establish abroad is among other reasons, business expansion at affordable cost. The effect of
globalization is that a company can afford to develop, source raw material, manufacture and sell
its products in different countries of the world. Today, with the increase in globalization, the big
players at the international arena would have to coordinate and integrate business operations, the
entire supply chain to function almost seamlessly. Globalization despites its advantages, is seen
to have contributed towards difficulties faced in international supply chain apparently due to
macro environmental factors.
INTERNATIONAL SUPPLY CHAIN
International supply chain has developed over the years due to globalization. The intricacies and
complexities associated with international supply chain have made possible for a unit having to
control a section of production in a particular location and so on. It often times has certain supply
chain activities located at different countries in attempt to ease the complex processes, achieve
cost effective and meet incessant demands. It is widely known that supply chain functions on the
coordinated activities of the suppliers, producers, transporters and finally the distributors who
delivers to the end users.
Existing literatures have shown this possess is a major challenge for the global players to
maintain a responsible and sustainable supply chain. To achieve this, each party in the entire
setup must understand the importance of its role, know how actions and inactions impact and
ultimately adhere to the set standards diligently.

Moreover, the pressure from consumers in recent times, demanding to know the activities
involve in the production of products they purchase on daily basis including, how raw materials
are sourced and the impact on the environment, has made it imperatives for companies to see the
need to act responsibly in their supply chain operations, in order to protect their reputation. The
challenge here is to put in place ethics of the profession to ensure valuable contribution towards
achieving sustainable supply chain. Yusuf et al. (2014) posit that, “Ethical responsibility and its
impact on supply chain performance has therefore become a prominent issue within business
studies and practice (Jonathan D. Rockoff, 2020)”.
In this group assignment, efforts have been made to identify and discuss ethical issues as they
related to international supply chain of three different companies in their various industries.

CHAPTER ONE
Nestle Supply Chain
1. Background of the company
Nestle is the leading global food and beverage company founded in 1866 in Swiss by Henri
Nestle. Operating in over 86 countries, it controls numerous brands covering Baby food, Bottle
water, Cereals, Chocolates and Confectionaries, Coffee, Diary, Drinks Food service, Culinary,
chilled and frozen foods, Healthcare nutrition, Ice cream and Petcare (www.nestle.com). As it is
expected a company with a global presence involving complex international supply chain and
big reputation to operate without ethical issues or media scandals, Nestle has had its own share
of accusations associated with its unethical sourcing practices. Below were discussed some
ethical issues identified at Nestles international supply chain according to the existing literature
(Andrei, 2020).
1.2 Nestle ethical challenges.
1.2.1 Child Labour In Cocoa Production
An ethical issue associated with violation of child labour and human trafficking laws was found
in the company’s cocoa supply chain. Nestle had been accused of using child labour at its cocoa
production line which was seen as a threat to hard labour and low wage. In 2005, there was a
lawsuit against some big companies, which involved Nestle by International Labour Right Fund
on behalf of kids from MIlian. It was alleged these children were trafficked to Côte d’Ivoire to
work on Cocoa plantation. Responding to the above allegation, Nestle’s Executive Vice
President for Operations, Jose Lopez said, “the use of child labour in our cocoa supply chain
goes against everything we stand for,” adding, no company sourcing cocoa from the Ivory Coast
can guarantee that it doesn’t happen, but we can say that tackling child labour is a top priority for
our company (Arshed, 2017).”

Furthermore, the suit was dismissed in 2010 by the US district of California which determined
Corporations cannot be held liable for violations of international law. Although these
Corporations including Nestle were not legally implicated for such magnitude of exploitations,
they were morally culpable (Clinton, 2020).
Again, in an article, “Why Nestle is one of the most hated companies in the world” by Mihia
Andria, it noted a 2010 documentary, “the dark side of chocolate” where it was discovered the
use of children between 12-15 years of age in an Ivorian plantation that Nestle was linked to.
Figure 1: Child labour image. Image via Crossing Guard Consulting
According to Niggl (2015), there was another lawsuit filed against Nestle in Thailand, by Pet
Food Buyers alleging that its Fancy Feast Cat Food was a product of slave labour. Furthermore, a
state-own laboratory in India reported a brand of pasta owned by Nestle allegedly failed food
safety tests for excessive lead content (Anon, 2020).

1.2.2 Unethical Marketing Strategies
Nestle was alleged to have carried out an aggressive push for its baby formula in the less
economically developed countries specifically targeting the poor. The marketing strategy
according to the report was seen to be highly unethical because it was presented as though their
infant formula was nearly better than breastmilk itself.
Figure 2: Baby food advert. Source: Feature Post Science.
Besides, the call for infant formula necessitated the use of water to mix it. This apparently put at
risks, lives of infants due to unclean nature of water in the region. The low literacy of these
mothers worsen the situation, as they were not boiling water before using it for formula mix.
This had the potential to cause infant mortality as the UNICEF posits, “exclusively breastfed
children are less susceptible to diarrhea and pneumonia and are 14 times more likely to survive
than non-breastfed children”. Nestle’s unethical push of its baby food could be seen to
undermined UNICEF emphases on how critical optimal and exclusive breastfeeding (no
additional foods or liquids, including water) in developing countries is for the first 6 months of
life and continued breastfeeding until age 2 or longer. Therefore, to International Baby Food

Action Network (IBFAN), Nestle used unethical method to promote their infant formulas to
mothers in the developing countries (Andrei, 2020).
1.2.3 Deforestation for Palm oil Plantation
Rainforest Action Network (RAN) and Greenpeace researchers found that Nestle and other
world’s largest brands were linked to the allegation of sourcing Palm oil from Palm oil groups
that were involved in destroying forest in Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, thereby
endangering Orangutans. These reports also raised issues associated with labour exploitation,
social conflicts, unlicensed development as well as land clearing and burning especially in a
carbon rich peats soil.
Nevertheless, despite the allegations of unethical practices against the world’s giant food and
Beverage Company, Nestle was willing to address unethical issues raised in its supply chain. It
was reported the company carried out an investigation in Thailand that included interview with
100 workers in the seafood industry and made public its findings. In its findings, it noted slavery
was a huge problem in the industry that has the possibility of affecting other brands’ suppliers in
the region. That been said, Nestle reinstated its readiness to address these challenges in its supply
chain. In a statement by the Executive Vice President in charge of operations, “Nestlé is
committed to eliminating forced labor in our seafood supply chain in Thailand, working
alongside other stakeholders to tackle this serious and complex issue" (Niggl, 2015).
It was encouraging to see the willingness from this corporation to face its unethical challenges
head-on by showing ethical responsibility is a priority to them. Reassuring the firm’s
commitment to ethical practices, the company’s Regional Responsible Sourcing Manager, Taylor
Miller, confirmed the firm is readiness towards using only “certified sustainable palm oil” and
tasked its CSR team with putting together a responsible sourcing programme (Clinton, 2019).

CHAPTER TWO
Supply Chain at KPR Mills
2. Background of KPR Mills
KPR Mills was founded in 1984. At the moment, it is one of the largest companies in the
Clothing industry. It is a supplier of many European clothing industry companies, In its portfolio,
it has about 1,000 regular domestic customers that purchase yarns and fabrics. In the clothing
sector, however, the company has about 20 international clients, including well-known brands
such as M&S, CA, H&M, and Decathlon. KPR Mills has a production capacity of 5000 tons per
day. Textile production plants are located in 8 locations in Tamil Nadu, and the production plant
is located in Karnataka. KPR Mills ethical challenges were discussed below.
2.1 Ethical Issues at KPR Supply Chain
It has long been established that the employer is responsible for the welfare of the employees;
they should respect their rights and take care of their interests. For these reasons, there is talk of
ethical and unethical behaviour in business. The pace of changes associated with globalization
and the emergence of new markets, which clearly indicate the future places of production and
sales development. In this way, they create new challenges for supply chain participants. KPR
managers face certain ethical challenges during the management of the global supply chain. As
the main goal of clothing companies is, therefore, to meet changing fashion trends and customer
preferences. An additional difficulty is the complex supply chain within the clothing industry.

Widespread outsourcing of clothing production means that it takes place in various countries and
factories, the importance of geographically distant from the markets (Kruczek, 2011).
Managers are required to ensure that ethical decisions are taken so that effectiveness can be
achieved within the organisation as well as within the activities linked to the international supply
chain of the enterprise. The organisation also deals at an international level including European
clothing concerns that place huge orders at the KPR Mill textile factories in India. Their
enormous purchasing power allows them negotiate very good contract conditions - very low
wholesale prices with very short delivery times. As a result, there are various ethical issues
which arise within the working of the organisation (Coninck, et al., 2011).
2.1.1 Environmental Issues
The organisation ethical decisions are also required to link with maintaining the environmental
factors so that the corporate social responsibility of the entity can be fulfilled. The company
poisons the environment through massive and huge productions. The largest polluters in the
Durban and Johannesburg region. Many toxic waste dumps are located in the immediate vicinity
of the black suburbs. Also, the activities or the strategy developed does not follow effective
employee right policies. Employees do not have employment contracts and often have to leave
before 3 years, so they do not receive the promised money (Rutkowski, 2007).
2.1.2 Unethical behaviour with workforce
The ethical issue at KPR also involves the unethical behaviour with the employees within the
organisation and a culture that is focused on the profitability of the organisation rather than
focusing on the stakeholders within the industry. The company employs 5,000 workers at its
largest factory in Coimbatore of girls between 13 and 15 years old. The girls are imprisoned for

three years in 12-person cells. They only get permission to leave the factory a few times a year.
Employees earn 10-15 euros per month for 12 hours of work 6 days a week, while the statutory
minimum is 57.5 euros for 40 hours of work. Health and safety conditions are tragic.
2.1.3 Unethical Culture
The management at KPR mills focus on meeting the industry needs and demands and
accordingly manipulate the available resources so that the profitability can be achieved and
retained. Such practices within the organisation results in promoting a culture of unethical
behaviour, and in the long run, such practices result in negative impact over the organisation
performance and developing an image of the unethical organisation that does not focus on the
corporate social responsibilities and such organisations are not accepted by the customers within
the society (Collewaert and Fassin , 2013).

CHAPTER THREE
Supply chain at Pfizer Pharmaceutical
Pfizer
3. Background OF THE COMPANY
Pfizer founded by Charles Pfizer and Charles Erhart in the year of 1849. During the period of
1980 and 1990 company underwent a period of growth. Pfizer is a global biopharmaceutical
company and it is one of the world largest pharmaceutical companies. The Pfizer produce and
develop many healthcare products, including vaccines for cardiology, oncology, neurology,
immunology and endocrinology. Pfizer has four divisions which includes Human Health,
Corporate groups, Consumer healthcare and Animal Health. And this Company discovers and
manufactures medicines to prevent and treat diseases and improve people’s health all over the
globe. Pharmaceutical industry value chain consist of four segments: Discovery, Development of
product, Research and Development, Manufacturing of ingredients, Formulation of drug, Sales
and marketing and other business functions (Jose, 2010). Pfizer had in the past, been accused
with the following ethical issues such as; clinical trial unethical approval procedure, unethical
withdrawal from patent agreement, overpricing of drugs (Chatterjee and Srinivasan, 2013).
3.1 Ethical issues at Pfizer Pharmaceutical Company
3.1.1 Clinical Trials Unethical Approval procedures
In 2001, there was a lawsuit filed against Pfizer in the United State, for allegedly conducting a
clinical trial involving children between the ages of one to thirteen in Kano, Nigeria without
proper test approval. Pfizer developed Trovafloxacin Mesylate, an antibiotic known by a trade
name, Trovan. It was alleged that Pfizer conducted a test in Nigeria regardless of prior indication

after animal testing Trovan could have some serious side effects on Children such as: abnormal
cartilage growth, joint disease and liver problem (Jonathan D. Rockoff, 2020).
This testing took place when epidemic of bacteria Maningitis, measles and cholera occurred in
Kano. The children selected were said to have exhibited symptoms of neck stiffness, joint
stiffness, fever and headaches. Not only did Pfizer treated a section of these children with a drug
that was said to have not been approved in the United State for same purpose, but also low-dosed
some others with one third of recommended Ceftriaxone, a drug approved by FDA for effective
treatment of Meningitis. According to Pagnattaro (2005), It was reported 11 children, five of
whom were administered Trovan and six of whom where low-dosed died, while other had
paralysis, deafness and blindness. Pfizer was alleged to have left Kano without returning to carry
out a review. Furthermore, it was alleged the medical team Pfizer sent to the treatment center
during the trial, worked under an unpleasant work conditions lacking electricity and running
water.
3.1.2 Unethical withdrawal from Patent Agreement
Pfizer was accused of unethical practice by withdrawing from an agreement it inherited upon
merging with Pharmacia Corp. in 2003 without cogent reason. According to the report,
Pharmacia before merging with Pfizer agreed to give license for Rescriptor without restriction to
two nonprofit organizations; International Dispensary Association (IDA) and Concept
Foundation. Dutch and Thailand organizations respectively. It was for the two organization to
facilitate generic drug makers to produce Rescriptor- an antiretroviral for AIDS treatment and
supplies in the developing countries apparently at a reduced price. A move that was said to have
been applauded at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, because it was viewed to
help to solve incessant legal battles when licenses are granted countries as against the wishes of

patent holders. Again in 2016, according to Rockoff et al. (2016) in an article report by The
Wall Street Journal, Pfizer was also said to have walked away from a licensing deal with
Allergan Plc.
3.1.3 Overpricing of drugs
Pfizer began selling at exceptionally low costs in lower income markets have an enthusiasm for
moving into higher income markets, and items sold at low costs in low income nations will
normally will in the general stream into higher pay markets whether through real channels or
something else, as an example: Diflucan is a successful medicine for serious fungal opportunistic
contradictions related to HIV/AIDS. In South Africa, the group declared that the cost of Diflucan
medicine was $4.15 per tablet and in Kenya, the same tablet was $18.00 per pill and in Thailand,
it is $0.29 per pill (Maris, 2005). This shows how overpricing take place in different countries.
Furthermore, generics producers seeing chances to challenge licenses in created nations have a
motivator to direct their concentration toward those business sectors also. Both these powers take
steps to leave those with low earnings without the stockpile they need. The developing markets
to develop, they become significant markets and bigger and bigger fragments of their populaces
will have the ability to pay for imaginative drugs (Chirantan and Vasanthi, 2013).

CHAPTER FOUR
Discussions of the Findings
4. Discussions
It is important to note that the ethical abysmal as identified from the chosen companies supply
chain activities for the purpose of this assignment, are not by themselves exhaustive. However, it
represented relevant global ethical issues as faced by these companies.
Macro and micro environmental factors will be employed as the yard sticks to compare the
similarities and the differences of the ethical challenges highlighted above. Although, the three
companies are selected from different industries, they have more similarities than differences in
the issues identified. They all can be considered micro-environment issues. These issues are
influenced by internal factors and can be addressed inwardly (Anne Pagnattaro, 2005).
On the other hands, the issue of child labour and deforestation at Nestle, can be perceived as
external environmental influence. The reason in not far-fetched. Advancement of globalization
has made companies outsource parts of their supply chain activities to second and third tier
suppliers, which has increased difficulty in tracing and monitoring sustainability of these
activities. This further shows Nestle not having direct control over these issues as the company
may possibly not know where and how these products are being sourced. This however, is not an
excuse. As companies should be mindful of how their decisions and actions affect not only their
customers but other habitants and environment itself.
KPR Mill was seen as the highest polluters in Durban and Johannesburg. The quest to meet with
high demands as was discussed put the company in a compromising ethical position of
environmental issue which impacts negatively through its huge production. It is therefore,
pertinent for these companies to take seriously ethical practices in their entire supply chain.

Applying ethical theory of utilitarianism to explain the activities of these companies identified
above, it can be said they have not acted in the interest of common good. Utilitarian ethical
theory is after consequences of an action than the act itself. It is based on absolute moral
principle. Here, end result determines if an act was ethical or not. In other words if an act causes
harm to the society, it is unethical. The popular saying, “the end justifies the means” can be used
to explain this theory. Applying this theory, to the identified ethical issues of these selected
companies, it can be said they all acted unethical as non of the end results brought happiness or
public good.
Again, applying deontology ethical theory, this theory is based on the golden rule of do unto
others as you want them do unto you. All the three companies are also ethically liable. For
example, Pfizer conducted Trovan clinical trial on children even before it was certified safe for
human.
4.1 Recommendations
The distance in time and space and other complexity that may exist in the supply chain of global
conglomerates such as Nestle, Pfizer and KPR Mills, it may be unrealistic to imply monitoring
entire supply chain is going to be easy. Nevertheless, following recommendation can guide these
companies to a sustainable future.
4.1.1 Nestle Recommendations
Nestle’s supply chain errors have allegedly linked to lack of transparency (Niggl, 2015),
apparently in its suppliers selection processes auditing. Howbeit, the company should:

 Apply due diligence to examine and scrutinize each of its suppliers in the entire supply
chain thoroughly before integrating them into their supply chain. Lists of suppliers can be
make available on their website for customers (Suryana, Sudirman and Rusliati, 2017).
 Suppliers must be meant to understand what Nestle stands for in terms of standards and
expectations.
 Constant audits of major suppliers via independent auditors to ensure ethical practices are
adhered to.
 Establish an internal Laboratory tasting that can identify food safety substandard before
such error is discovered by a third-party testing.
 Strictly adhere to strong national policies and legislation of World Health
Organization/UNICEF such as, the “International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk
Substitutes” (World Health Organization 1981), to avoid aggressive and unethical
marketing tactics.
4.1.2 Recommendations for KPR Mills
The only way to avoid unethical actions by KPR Mill in the future is to force them to change.
 It should be ensured that European companies are legally responsible for activities not
only within the European Union but also outside of it.
 Parent companies must be directly legally responsible for the activities of their
subsidiaries.
 The KPR Mill business must be transparent and information about its activities as relate
to supply chain. It is important to ensure that non-EU nationals who suffer as a result of
European businesses are guaranteed access to justice within the EU.

 The management should focus on developing laws to protect the needs and rights of the
employees and workers, so that managers can be provided with a way in which they are
required to conduct their activities along with ensuring the employee protection within
the organisation (AA, 2018).
4.1.3 Recommendations at Pfizer
Clinical trials should take place while establishing the efficacy and safety of medicines intended
for use on people. Pfizer should consider the following recommendations;
 Employer is saddled with the duty of care to its employees which include, provision of
basic social amenities of electricity and running water. This Pfizer should have in mind
next time while setting up a make shift clinic trial Centre.
 It is important Pfizer follow due process to obtain clearance or approval from the
appropriate authorities to conduct clinical testing.
 Pfizer should properly educate the participants or their parents using the local language
they understand better; let them know testing is experimental, know their right to refusal
to participate and be aware of other universally acknowledged treatment if any. This will
enable participants make informed decision.
 Pfizer should be consistency in its global practices including drug testing, as such that
when a drug is not approved yet for human testing in the developed country, same should
be applicable in the developing countries.
 Pfizer should consider engaging in a transparent dialogue with its licensing partners to
achieve a win-win situation.
 Reduced pricing policy can implement for a longer period because the unit cost is
covered by company.

 To increase the ethical marketing side of Pfizer, they should restrict their company to
discourage unethical practices ask by the healthcare professional and focus on ethical
marketing offers.
4.2 Conclusions
In this work, efforts have been made to identify ethical challenges at supply chain of three
different companies; Nestle, KPR Mills and Pfizer. Viable options were recommended for the
possible solving these issues in the supply chain. It is therefore important that companies take
seriously ethical practices, corporate social responsibility, environmental sustainability, quality,
employment contracts, safety standards etc, despite the forces driving globalization, as
negligence to these could be detrimental to their relationships with customers and companies
profitability.

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