Internet of Things (IoT) Report: Applications, Security, and Analysis

This report provides a comprehensive overview of the Internet of Things (IoT), examining its various aspects. It begins by discussing the concept of a "best interface" and its implications, followed by a comparison of different cable specifications, including twisted-pair, coaxial, and fiber-optic cables. The report then delves into the advantages, disadvantages, and applications of IoT devices, such as sensors, RFID, and video tracking. It addresses critical security and privacy issues associated with IoT, highlighting potential vulnerabilities and risks. Furthermore, the report explores different communication paradigms, including blocking mode, publish/subscribe, and command/response, analyzing their functionalities and time-saving potential. Finally, it discusses Nelson's Law, its implications for IoT, and its relation to Moore's Law. The report concludes with a comprehensive list of references to support the discussed concepts.

Running head: INTERNET OF THINGS
Internet of Things
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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Table of Contents
Answer 1:.........................................................................................................................................2
Answer 2:.........................................................................................................................................2
Answer 3:.........................................................................................................................................3
Answer 4:.........................................................................................................................................3
Answer 5:.........................................................................................................................................4
Answer 6:.........................................................................................................................................4
References:......................................................................................................................................6

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Answer 1:
The statement “best interface for a system is no user interface” can be stated as elimination of the
user interface system at the moment of slapping the application in a technology, which can be
very much beneficial in saving time for a user and end the work in very less time. This
implication helps in eliminating various steps that are involved in the duration while user
interfacing with that technology. This elimination will help to buy time for the user, who wants
to use latest and advanced technology in way that is more efficient. Following examples can
throw more light on this topic:
Example 1: implementation of door opening system in cars using mobile application: For
this implementation, latest technologies are being programed using user interface system to
complete the work. In this case, many steps involve user interface system (Miller, 2015). A user
will have to first take out his or her phone, and then turn it on if it’s off, after that he/she will
have to unlock the phone, as everyone keep their phone locked. Then he/she will have to search
that certain application from the sea of applications and then he/she will be open the door of the
car. Much time can be saved in this whole process by eliminating the user interface steps by
installing sensor in the key; it will let the user to unlock the door whenever it reaches in the
range. Therefore, without user interface system, there will be only one-step to open the door of
car, just reach near the car and gates will be open for the user who has the key.
Example 2: Merchant payment system by smart phone application: In this case, there are
also various time-consuming steps for the user interface system. These steps can be listed as;
first, the user enters the restaurant, ordered food or anything else (Vermesan & Friess, 2013). For
payment, he has to follow the steps that are stated in above case and in addition he will have to

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enter card number then payment will be made. Without user interface, he would have just
ordered and left the restaurant and the payment would have made automatically. This would
have made the technology time-saver and much more efficient.
Answer 2:
Specifications of Cables:
Cable types Bandwidth Distance Interference
rating
Cost Security
Twisted-Pair
Cables
1 MHz 100 m Interference in
this cable is
susceptible to
interference
which is limited
to a distance
(Santo Peluso,
2012).
Cheapest
with respect
to the rest of
the types of
cable
Not much
secured with
respect to the
other cable
types
Co-axial
Cables
1 GHz 500 m These cables
have least
interference
with respect to
other cable
types (Rusek et
al., 2013).
Expensive
than Twisted-
Pair cables
but cheaper
than Fibre-
optics
Breach-able
security but
safer than
twisted pair
cables
Fibre-Optic
Cables
75 THz 2km - 10km Not susceptible
to the
Electromagnetic
Interference
(EMI)
(MacAskill et
al., 2013)
Much
expensive
than Co-axial
and Twisted-
Pair cable
types
Much secure
with respect
to rest of the
cable types
Categories of Cables
Twisted Pair Cable:
A Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) has following categories:
First type: Features 22-AWG two pairs.

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Second type: Inherit type 1 with four telephone pairs.
Third type: Features two pairs of shielded 26-AWG.
Unprotected Twisted-Pair (UTP):
First type: UTP is used in low speed data cable and telephone lines.
Second type: These can support four MPs implementation (Lee et al., 2013).
Third type: These cables support maximum 16 MPs, but commonly used in 10 MPs.
Co-Axial cable:
First type: 50-Ohm RG-7 or RG-11, applicable with thick Ethernet.
Second type: 50-Ohm RG-58, applicable with thin Ethernet (Ha et al., 2013).
Third type: 75-Ohm RG-59, applicable with cable television.
Answer 3:
Summarized Table of Advantages, Disadvantages and Application of IoT
Devices Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Sensors  Smart washing machine
 Weather monitoring
 Smart internet mirror
 Smart sleep system
 Blood pressure
monitoring (Tozlu,
2012).
 More range of sensing
distance as compared to
any capacitive or
conductive sensor
 With proper power
supply, it will work
adversely
 Atmospheric dust, rain,
or any other
environmental oxidizing
agent cannot affect it
 Cannot reflect
signals from
curved surfaces
and through
many thin layers
and soft objects
too.

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RFID  Highly used in tracking
objects, items or
products in a store.
 Airline baggage’s are
also implemented with
RFID
 Pharmaceutical tracking
is another application of
RFID
 Even jwellery shops are
using this technology to
track jewels in the store.
 Available in variety of
sizes, various of types
and several materials
 RFID used in Tag code
is completely secured
which cannot be
duplicated
 Tags can be used, as
many times as an
individual want to use.
 No physical contact is
needed between the data
carrier and the
communicating device
(Gubbi et al., 2013).
 Much expensive
is one of the
disadvantages of
RFID
 A user cannot be
completely rely
on this
technology,
because it is hard
to understand
 There are very
few applications
rather than
tagging
 Generally longer
than barcodes
Video
Tracking
 Interaction between
human and computer is
one of the best
application of video
tracking
 Medical imaging is the
another application of
video tracking
 Augmentation of reality
 Video-communication
 Automation and controls
one of the advantage of
video tracking which
makes it much popular
nowadays.
 Monitoring on others, for
federals it can be used to
catch criminals
 Communication between
two devices like video
conferencing
 Improve the quality of
livelihood
 This technology
is based on much
more complex
system
 Not any unique
standard for the
equipment that
can be used for
video monitoring
 Application of
Internet of
Things can result
in various
security and
privacy issues for
an individual.
Answer 4:
Security Issues:
There are several security issues to an individual by the application of internet of things.
Among them following are the main security issues that can harm an individual: it can be used as

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a bridge between two devices by unwanted individuals (hackers) to access the data or any
personal information that can be much sensitive to expose. Another security issue related to the
use of Internet of Things is related to the safety risk of an individual, as it not much safe to be
relied on any AI (Jing et al., 2014). They are vulnerable to attacks and mistakes by very few
human errors.
Privacy Issues:
In general, application of Internet of Things involves personal sensitive information,
which an individual may not want to expose. This sensitive information may be related to bank
accounts, medical information and physical location (Da, He & Li, 2014). Using this technology
may result in the expose of personal information, which includes habits, locations and physical
conditions of an individual.
Answer 5:
Blocking mode:
In this mode, the operating request results in an endpoint generation. This endpoint has to
wait to receive a response of the request made by the originated point. This process takes place
after the requested operation has been finished. This process may take very long time, more than
expectation and waiting timing may be unknown from the originator side. This is a synchronous
case, and in synchronous case, there is not any facility to receive the asynchronous message by
the originator side. This results in the exchange of signals from both side receiver and the
originator, which will be performed by the Originator itself.

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Publish/Subscribe Paradigm:
Publish/subscribe or pub/sub which helps in enabling communication of unidirectional
signals to several subscribers from the publisher side. After getting declaration from the
subscriber side on the category or class of the data asked to the publisher. After the clarification
of that data about the availability of new data, publisher pushes the new data message towards
the interested subscribers. It can be better understood by following figure:
End point A Endpoint B
Subscribe
Publish New data
Publish New data
Figure 1: Pub/sub diagram
(Source: created by author)
Command/Response Paradigm:
Response/command response become suboptimal because of the over heading of the
unread messages which are travelling in the reverse direction (Borgain, Kumar & Sanjay, 2015).
Following is a figure depicting the working mechanism of command/response paradigm:

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Endpoint A Endpoint B
1 Request 2 Processing
3 Response
Figure: Command/response paradigm
(Source: Created by author)
These paradigms can help in calculating the time saved. 6 ms + 1ms (Propagation delay
elimination + elimination of 1 ms in receiving the message) which equals 7ms.
Answer 6:
Nielson’s Law
Based on the data of internet users between the years 1983 and 2016 Nelson defined Nelson’s
Law, which stated that the rate of the growth of user’s bandwidth is drastically increasing with
the fraction of 1/2 (50%) per year. “A high-end user’s collection speed grows by 50% per year”
is the statement given by Nelson Law (Nielson, 2014). Following graph has been proposed for
the Nelson’s Law

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Figure 3: Graph population v/s year (Nelson, 2016)
It can be seen that both Moore and Nelson had given the same thesis that user’s
bandwidth is increase day by day but Nelson was more accurate with full evidence. Moore stated
that “computer double in capabilities every 18 months” but as per the evidence provided by
Nelson, this seems less appropriate, as it says 60 % yearly.
Implication of Nelson’s law in IoT:
It is being expected that sensor technology will spread it wings in each corner of the
world and in 2024, trillion in numbers is the expected amount of sensors being applicable for
various activities (Singh, Tripathi & jara, 2014). In future, it will be used in houses, cars, and
clothing and in many more areas.

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References:
Borgohain, T., Kumar, U., & Sanyal, S. (2015). Survey of security and privacy issues of Internet
of Things. arXiv preprint arXiv:1501.02211.
Da Xu, L., He, W., & Li, S. (2014). Internet of things in industries: A survey. IEEE Transactions
on industrial informatics, 10(4), 2233-2243.
Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S., & Palaniswami, M. (2013). Internet of Things (IoT): A vision,
architectural elements, and future directions. Future generation computer systems, 29(7),
1645-1660.
Jing, Q., Vasilakos, A. V., Wan, J., Lu, J., & Qiu, D. (2014). Security of the internet of things:
Perspectives and challenges. Wireless Networks, 20(8), 2481-2501.
MacAskill, E., Borger, J., Hopkins, N., Davies, N., & Ball, J. (2013). GCHQ taps fibre-optic
cables for secret access to world’s communications. The Guardian, 21, 2013.
Miller, M. (2015). The Internet of things: How smart TVs, smart cars, smart homes, and smart
cities are changing the world. Pearson Education.
Nielsen, J. (2014). Nielsen’s Law of Internet Bandwidth, 1998.
Rusek, F., Persson, D., Lau, B. K., Larsson, E. G., Marzetta, T. L., Edfors, O., & Tufvesson, F.
(2013). Scaling up MIMO: Opportunities and challenges with very large arrays. IEEE
Signal Processing Magazine, 30(1), 40-60.

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Santo Peluso, M. (2012). An Analysis Of The Strengths Of Twisted Pair For Current And Future
Broadband Deployments (Doctoral dissertation, North Carolina Agricultural and
Technical State University).
Singh, D., Tripathi, G., & Jara, A. J. (2014, March). A survey of Internet-of-Things: Future
vision, architecture, challenges and services. In Internet of things (WF-IoT), 2014 IEEE
world forum on (pp. 287-292). IEEE.
Tozlu, S., Senel, M., Mao, W., & Keshavarzian, A. (2012). Wi-Fi enabled sensors for internet of
things: A practical approach. IEEE Communications Magazine, 50(6).
Vermesan, O., & Friess, P. (Eds.). (2013). Internet of things: converging technologies for smart
environments and integrated ecosystems. River Publishers.