Comprehensive Review of Internet Technology: Standards and Layers

This assignment provides a comprehensive overview of internet technology, starting with the definition of the internet and its key features. It explains how IP addresses work, detailing their structure and function in identifying devices on a network. The assignment also covers network protocols, client-server networks, and the differences between thick and thin clients. Furthermore, it delves into multi-tier architecture, the relationship between TCP/IP and OSI layers, and the role of DNS in translating website names to IP addresses. The document concludes with an explanation of web development standards and provides an example of one, offering a holistic understanding of essential internet technology concepts. Desklib provides access to similar solved assignments and past papers for students.

Running head: INTERNET TECHNOLOGY
Internet Technology
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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1. Define the word internet?
The word internet can be explained as the connection of networks. Thus it can be said
as the global interconnected network which provides a variety of info and e-mail facilities,
consisting of connected computer which uses the standard communication protocols. It uses
the technique of internet protocol suite in order to link the devices worldwide. The internet
consist of varied and vast amount of information resources which can be obtained from all
over the internet (Dillman, Smyth and Christian 2014). The concept of the internet first
generated in the year of the 1960’s by the ARPANET. It uses the method of the WWW. The
internet is one of the most cost efficient and effective communication method which provides
these services instantly with the click of mouse:
 Electronic mail services.
 Social networking
 Data transferring.
 Online shopping
 Online gaming and movie services.
 Internet enabled audio or video conferencing services
 Instant messaging or IMA
 Financial services.
These are some of the basic features that one is able to access to with the introduction of
the internet. In the modern generation without the internet no work is possible. Every
other sector in the world is getting developed with the help of the internet services. The

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future of the internet is more interesting with the introduction of the Internet Of things or
the IOTs.
2. Explain how IP addresses work?
An IP address or the internet protocol address is a distinctive identification number or
identity which every single machine using the internet has. This identifiers are written as a
string of numbers which are separated by periods. This helps the www to identify a specific
machine. In other words it can said as Internet Protocol address which is generally known as
the IP address is a arithmetic tag which is assigned to a device that is connected to a
computer network which uses the Internet Protocol for communication. The Information
protocol system aids two major functions: that are hosting or the network interface
identification and the location addressing. When one configures a TCP/IP protocol on any
system, the basic needs are a subnet mask, Tcp IP configuration network. An Ip address is a
32bit number that uniquely identifies a host system on a TCP network (Goralski 2017). As an
example, IP address 192.168.123.132 is the 32 bit number
110000000101000111101110000100. The Ip is divide into two further segments the IPV4
and the IPV6. The ipv4 is the older version which consist of the 32bits addresses whereas the
ipv6 has 64bits of the alphanumeric identity number. Therefore the IP is one of the most
important thing this has tpo be used with the internet connections.
3. Explain what are protocols?
A network protocol can be defined as the rule and convention for the purpose of the
communication between the network devices The network protocols includes the mechanism
for the devises to identify and make the connections with the interconnected devices The
formatting rules are also specified how the data’s are packed into and the messages are sent

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and received. Alternatively there are additional protocols such as the hypertext (Sethi and
Sarangi 2017).The TCP follows the rules and the regulations of the OSI model of the internet.
Also the internet protocol helps in the process of sending data form one machine to other
machines. When any user sends or receives any data form the internet, the message gets
divided in data packets which contains both the senders and the receivers IP address. These
packets are at first send to the gateway. The work of the gateway is to read the receivers
address and forwards it to the same. As the messages are divided in packages, when one
receives the message it is the work of another protocol named as the TCP to put the messages
in order. Thus it can be said that the work of the internet protocol is sent the files from one
place to another digitally.
4. What is a client server network?
A client server network can be explained as a computer network system in which
there is one centralized and very powerful system which is also known as a server works as a
hub to many multi connected lesser powerful systems called as work stations. The clients or
the work stations runs programs and access the data’s that are stored in the servers. One of
the major example of this is the cloud system (Ellis et al. 2016). The client servers are
specifically designed for the end users which are known as the clients. The sole and only
purpose of the servers are to serve the clients. The client ranges from the pc, smartphones,
and laptops among the others. In case of the cloud systems, suppose the Google cloud. There
is one centralized data centre which acts as the cloud servers for the clients. The clients are
anyone who are using the servers for the purpose of the storing the data in the cloud using the
data from the networks of the systems. The client server network is one of the most popular
system that is been developing in the past years. Thus it can be said that the clients are the
one which requests for data’s and the servers are the ones which stores the data and sends the
data’s to clients when requested.

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5. What is the difference between thick and thin clients?
A thin client can be designed to especially small so that there is a bulk of data
processing at the server. The thin clients are also known as the lean clients. Often the work
thin client are referred as to the software of a computer system but are increasingly used in
the computer networks. A thin client can also be called as a machine without any storage
space, that it works as a simple terminal to the server. These are the low cost endpoint
computing device that heavily relies on a specific servers. This is one of the most commonly
used server.
Whereas the thick client can be explained as the can be explained as the client or flat
client does the work of the bulk processing using the computer server applications (Hung et
al. 2014). With the induction of the thick client there is not any need of the continuous server
communications as the system works with the data storage archives. The thick clients are
completely functional without nay internet connection. This helps the users in sending and
storing files using the local server. When a thick client is disconnected from any network it is
commonly known as the work station.
6. What is a multi-tier architecture?
A multi-tier architecture in software engineering can be explained as the client server
architecture in which application processing, presentation, and data supervision functions are
physically separated. It helps in the process of the providing models by which developers can
create flexible and re- usable applications. The multi-tier system consists of the presentation
tier, the domain tier and the data storage tier (Takahashi, Tanaka and Kawamura 2015).
These advantages of the to the user of better maintainability of the servers. Other major
application help that the multi-tier architecture provides is providing something more than a
simple client server database layer. The multi-tier architecture also sometimes known as the n

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tier architecture. The architecture helps in reducing the development time, reducing the code
complexity of a certain program and providing better optimization of the programs that are
developed. Some of the major disadvantages of the multi-tier architecture is the increase in
the efforts and the increase in the complexity. But other than the disadvantages due to its
various advantages the multi pier architecture. The n-tier architecture supports to accomplish
all the components of any business layer or presentation layer and the database layer of any
application. Applications that the uses less amount of users on a confined area network can
benefited from n-tier architecture.
7. What is the relationship between TCP/IP and OSI layers? Briefly describe the
Similarities and differences.
The open system interconnection model which is also known as the OSI model, is a
conceptual model that helps in the characterizing and the standardizing communication
functions. Whereas the TCP TP helps in the regulating the rules and regulation of the internet
in a computer system (Ali 2017). The OSI model is divided in the 7layers, the function of
each layer is different.
OSI Layers
i. Physical layer. - This layer helps in the process of the defining the logic layers,
data rates and others.
ii. Data link layer. - Helps in the process of unpacking a data in frames.
iii. Network layer- Helps in controlling the packets using the logic addresses.
iv. Transport layer. - Helps in maintaining and ensuring the completeness of any data.
v. Session layer. Helps in the process of the security that is the authentication and the
authoring factors.

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vi. Presentation layer. - This layer helps in the ensuring the compatibility of the data
with the communication devises.
vii. Application layer. This layer works with the presentation software to provide
better communication functions as required.
The TCP/IP is also a layered protocol but unlike the osi layer does not have 7 layers
but instead have 4 layers which are similar to the OSi models (Johnson 2015). These layers
are namely as,
I. Application layer- The application layer works similar to the OSI application
layer and corresponds to the application software.
II. Transport layer- This layer helps in the transmission of the packets and
security of the data.
III. Internet layer- This layer helps in the transportation of the data form the
sources to the destination.
IV. Network access layer- Helps in the process of the regulation of the sources9 of
the data.
8. DNS is used for,
• Translating a website name to an IP address.
The Domain name system or the DNS is used for the purpose of converting
the human readable website names to the machines understandable IP addresses. It was first
introduced in the year of the 1980 for the better use of the internet.
When any user types the name of any website, as an example of www.google.com,
the machine connects it to the DNS servers and check for the associated with the domain
name and connects to the IP address of the same (Sanoja and Gançarski 2017). This is one of

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the most important system in the computer network system. DNS can also be explained as the
phone book of an internet system. The basic steps that needed to be followed are:
Step-1: The process begins by resolving the host name of the IP by checking the DNS
cache of the system. If not found it checks the for the same in the DNS servers.
Step 2: When the servers don’t get the Ip from the local cache files, it searchers for
the same in the internet DNS servers.
Step 3: In this process the DNS server is obtained and the TLD server of the same is
obtained and is provided to the user.
9. Explain what web development standards are and provide an example of one?
The web development standards are the rules regulations and guidelines that are
developed and maintained by the www or the World Wide Web Consortium which is also
known as the W3C developed to endorse uniformity in the enterprise code which makes up
a web page (Rao 2017). The W3C standards define an open web platform for the process of
the web application development. The World Wide Web helps in developing technical
specifications and other guidelines though the process about the content of the high end
technical editorial quality. Some of the examples web designing is one of the prime example
of the week done by the WWW. Other than this web architectures, XML technologies are
some of the major features of the www. Some of the web development rules are
1: The website must be thoroughly tested and working support all the browsers that
are available in the market.
2: Discrepancies in layout and the functionality on any legacy browsers that does not
support the HTML5 should be negligible.

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3: Features that does not have any support or partial support in browsers must be
avoided.
10. Define what a tag is?
A HTML tag can be defined as the as a code which is used to define the
structure of every code which includes the placement of the text files, the images
(Saggar et al. 2018). The tags begins with a < sign and ends with a > sign and every
other element is inside these tags. Some of the major html tags that are very
commonly used in the web development are:
1. <form> This tag Define an HTML form for user input.
2. <input> This tag helps in defining an input control.
3. <textarea> This tag define a multiline input control (text area)
4. <button> This tag define a clickable button
5. <select> This tag define a drop-down list
6. <optgroup> This tag define a group of related options in a drop-
down list
7. <option> This tag define an option in a drop-down list
8. <label> This tag define a label for an <input> element
9. <fieldset> This tag groups related elements in a form
10. <legend> This tag define a caption for a <fieldset> element
11. <datalist> This tag specifies a list of pre-defined options for input
controls
12. <output> This tag define the result of a calculation.
11. Design a simple webpage with 1 image, 1 url and 1 heading?
<!DOCTYPE HTML>// The use of the doctype is to ensure the HTML5 coding.

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<HTML> // Basic HTML tag.
<HEAD>// Heading of the website to be created.
<Title>THE Football WORLD CUP 2018</Title>// Title of the website to be
created.
</HEAD>// Head tag is closed
<BODY>// The body of the HTML is started.
<h1>The Fifa World Cup 2018</h1>// H1 tag is used for the heading purpose.
<img src="fifa.jpg" alt="FIFA wc">// Img tag is sued for the purpose of
inserting images.
<br><a href="https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/">Visit the official website</a>//
BR tag is used for the purpose of breaking the lines.
</BODY>// Closing of the body of the code.
</HTML>// Closing the html site.
12. What is the difference between html4 and html5?

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The HTML 4 can be said as the older generation of the HTML5. The HTML 4 consist
of very loose syntaxes, often it can be seen that the closing tags are optional. Due to its very
loose syntaxes options it became one of the most used languages by the armatures for the
purpose of developing webpages. The Html 4 had many of the backlogs that have been
improved in the newer version of the HTML5.
The HTML 5 is the new generation of the HTML technology, which is still under
development (Murray 2017). It provides some of the most new and important functionality
that is used for the development purpose. Some of the most new and existing features that are
invented are the Video embodiment, geo location. The HTML5 document starts with the tag
DOCTYPE HTML which indicated that the file is written in the html 5 document. Other than
this there are several other ways. Further many of the HTML4 components are removed in
the the HTML5. Some of the major changes are:
1. <acronym> Instead <ABBR is used>
2. <applet> Instead< Object is used>
3. <Base font> Instead CSS used.
4. <big> Instead CSS used.
5. <center> Instead CSS used.
13. Provide an example of a div tag?
In HTML the div tag can be called as the nothing more than a container unit that is
used for the encapsulating other pages and also for dividing an html pages into segments.
<!DOCTYPE html> // This is used for to ensure the
<html>// starting of the html file
<body>// the main body part of the html

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<p>This is some text.</p>.// paragraph tag is used for changing paragraps
<div style="background-color:lightblue">// used for the changing of the bqackground.
<h3>This is a heading in a div element Tag</h3>// the heading tag
<p>This is some text in a div element.</p>
</div>
<p>This is some text.</p>
</body>// body closing
</html>// html closing
This is some text.
This is a heading in a div element
This is some text in a div element.
This is some text