South Africa's Stance on Basel and Bamako Conventions: An Analysis

This memorandum analyzes the Basel Convention and the Bamako Convention, focusing on hazardous waste management and international environmental law. It discusses the objectives, scope, and differences between the two conventions, including the Basel Ban Amendment. The report examines the Canada-Philippines dispute and the implications for South Africa. It also assesses the benefits and risks of South Africa acceding to the Bamako Convention, considering the country's stance on hazardous waste import and transboundary movement. The analysis highlights the importance of environmentally sound waste management and the challenges faced by developing countries in managing hazardous waste from developed nations. The report also references a case where Australia exported hazardous waste to South Africa, violating several international resolutions and conventions. Finally, the report concludes with a discussion on the importance of the Bamako and Basel Conventions.

Running head: INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT LAW
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT LAW
Name of the student:
Name of the Institution:
Author’s note:

Running Head: INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT LAW
MEMORANDUM
TO: Minister of Department of Environmental Affairs
FROM: Legal Advisor
DATE: October 4, 2019
SUBJECT: Position to be taken and arguments to be pursued at the Fifteenth
Conference of the Parties for the Basel Convention
In this memorandum, position to be taken and arguments to be pursued at the
Fifteenth Conference of the Parties (COP) for the Basel Convention are to be
discussed1. This COP is scheduled to take place on April 2020. Here, in this Memo, the
steps and measures that can be taken in order to strengthen the Basel Convention will
be analyzed. Moreover, it will also be enumerated whether the Bamako Convention
should acceded by South Africa2. The memorandum begins with the brief discussion of
the Basel Convention, the Basel Ban Amendment together with the Bamako convention
along with their scopes and objectives3. Then the differences among these will be
precisely analyzed. In addition to these, whether the Basel Convention was adequate
and whether any material amendments should be proposed by South Africa will be
referred also. Finally discussion will be made on the benefits as well as risks that can be
incurred by South Africa in case it does not become party to the Bamako Convention4.
A waste refers to any substance that must be disposed of or which has been
disposed of already5. Waste can be of many types like domestic, hospital, commercial
or industrial. A waste is considered as hazardous when it imposes threat on the human
health or on the environment6. The wastes must not be released into the environment or
environment or disposed of in the landfills. In Africa, high level of hazardous wastes are
generated from industry mining, agriculture and even household activities. The
hazardous wastes management has been on the agenda in the field of international
1Raju, M. S. P., and A. Prem Anandh. "Sustainability in Ship Recycling Process." Available at SSRN
3355188 (2019).
2 Kohler, Juliette Voinov. The Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of
Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes within Africa 1991. Edward Elgar Publishing
Limited, 2017.
3 Lucier, Cristina A., and Brian J. Gareau. "Obstacles to preserving precaution and equity in global hazardous waste
regulation: an analysis of contested knowledge in the Basel Convention." International Environmental Agreements:
Politics, Law and Economics 16.4 (2016): 493-508.
4 Kohler, Juliette Voïnov. "A paradigm shift under the Basel Convention on Hazardous Wastes." Waste Management
and the Green Economy. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2016.
5 Blackman Jr, William C. Basic hazardous waste management. Crc Press, 2016.
6 Grasso, Domenic. Hazardous Waste Site Remediation. Routledge, 2017.

Running Head: INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT LAW
environment field since early 1980 after it has been included as one of the priority
concerns in the first Montevideo Programme on Environmental Law of United Nations
Environment Programme in the year 19817. After this the Basel Convention or the Basel
Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and
Their Disposal was designed for reducing the movement and transport of hazardous
waste between the nations8. Transboundary movement of these hazardous wastes
means translocation of these from one nation to other by water, air, space or even
transportation9. This international treaty also aimed to prohibit the transfer and
movement of hazardous wastes from the developed countries to the less developed
countries (LDC). However this does not deal with radioactive wastes. The aim of the
convention is to minimize the quantity as well as toxicity of the wastes formed thereby
ensuring environmentally sound control and management of wastes. It was opened on
March 22nd of 1989 and came into effect on May 5th of 1992. After this convention was
initially adopted, some of the environmental organizations along with least developed
countries argued that the Basel convention was not successful as it was unable to give
desired impacts10. It was further argued by many NGOs and nations that the shipment
of hazardous wastes to the LDCs must be absolutely banned. For this Basel Ban
Amendment turns into law which prohibits the export of all kinds of hazardous wastes
from the twenty nine wealthiest countries to non- Organization of Economic Cooperation
and Development countries from the OECD11. However it had come to stand still due to
the uncertainty that appeared when it was subjected to interpretation. On the other
hand, Bamako Convention is a treaty entered into by the African nations that prohibits
the import of the any kind of hazardous wastes to them. This Convention was entered
after negotiations made by 12 African nations and it came into force on 1998. The
failure of the Basel Convention led to this Convention. The Basel Convention could not
prevent the trading of hazardous wastes from being exported to the LDCs12.
An important issue upon which light must be thrown upon is the current dispute
between Canada and Philippines13. It arises when a mislabeled Canadian garbage was
shipped to Mania by a recycling company. The shipping containers which left from
7 Ramcharan, Bertrand G. "Protection of the Earth and the Environment." United Nations Protection of Humanity
and Its Habitat. Brill Nijhoff, 2016. 150-166.
8 Yang, Shiming. "Trade for the Environment: Transboundary Hazardous Waste Movements after the Basel
Convention." Available at SSRN 3386820 (2019).
9 Yang, Tseming, and C. Scott Fulton. "Breach Avoidance or Treaty Avoidance?: The Problem of Over-compliance
and US Ratification of the Basel Convention on Hazardous Wastes." (2015).
10 Saleh, Ponsah, and Nanyen Mannok Abene. "Africa and the problem of transboundary movement of hazardous
waste: An assessment of Bamako Convention of 1991." JL Pol'y & Globalization 48 (2016): 47.
11 Mishra, Sapna, B. R. Shamanna, and Srinivasan Kannan. "Exploring the awareness regarding e-waste and its
health hazards among the informal handlers in musheerabad area of Hyderabad." Indian journal of occupational and
environmental medicine 21.3 (2017): 143.
12 Tan, Quanyin, and Jinhui Li. "Sustainable development: Manage chemicals and waste globally." Nature 547.7662
(2017): 162.
13 Roberts, Sarah T. "Digital refuse: Canadian garbage, commercial content moderation and the global circulation of
social media’s waste." Wi: journal of mobile media (2016).

Running Head: INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT LAW
Vancouver were labeled as the recyclable plastics but it was containing household
waste. The company who made the main mistake was the Chronic Plastics who was
accused of violating the Basel Convention pertaining to the Control of Trans- boundary
Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. Canada and Philippines are both
the signatories. As per the treaty the exporting country is bound to take back the waste
materials in case it had been refused by the exporting country to accept it. Canada
stated that the garbage was not hazardous but municipal waste14. It was moreover
confirmed by the Geri Geronimo Sañez of Hazardous Waste Management Section
Chief belonging to Philippine Department of Environment and Natural Resources. More
than about 60 containers containing rubbish from Canada was returned back to it after
the issue remain unresolved for about 6 years resulting into a diplomatic row. Thus the
company which actually sent the shipment to Philippines for the purpose of recycling in
2013 gave rise to a diplomatic issue. The environmental activists who made protest
against the sending of rubbish to Asia by the wealthier nations cheered when the vessel
left the port. This marks the end of the ‘sordid chapter’ when the trash was finally sent
back to Canada. This ever running saga depicts the frustrations that every Asian
country has received non- recyclable trash. It was accused by the Philippine
government that Canada was deliberately missing deadlines to receive back the
wastes.
All these issues must also be considered by you for determining what position is
to be taken by the South African Department of Environmental Affairs. Controlling or
managing the transboundary movement of the wastes that are hazardous is presently a
global challenge15. These hazardous wastes have been generated by the industries of
the developed states. These industries have the obligations to dispose these wastes in
an environment friendly manner. These developed states target the developing
countries located particularly in Africa to dump their wastes. The African states do not
state strict enforcing laws for protecting environment16. This has been taken as
opportunity by the developed states to dump their wastes here. Basel convention
regulates the movement of these wastes across boundaries in an international level.
The African states must seek for total ban on movement of these wastes on their
territories from the developed countries. On the other hand the movement of these
wastes has been precluded by the Bamako convention on the African continent from
other developed states. However although South Africa is a part of the Basel convention
but it has not taken part in Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and
14 Quintos, Patrick (16 January 2019). "Why Canada garbage still in PH after 5 years while Korean trash is going
back". Manila: ABS-CBN. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2019. 'Canada refused
to take responsibility over trash.
15 Burnett, M. Troy. "trade In hazardous Waste Promote stabIlIty or ConflICt?." Natural Resource Conflicts: From
Blood Diamonds to Rainforest Destruction [2 volumes]: From Blood Diamonds to Rainforest Destruction (2016):
130.
16 Kanamugire, Jean Chrysostome. "African Response to Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes." Acta U.
Danubius Jur. (2017): 121.

Running Head: INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT LAW
the Control of Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes within
Africa, 1991 (Bamako Convention). This Convention prevents Africa from being a
dumping ground for depositing toxic wastes by other countries17.
Taking into consideration the connection between the Bamako and Basel
Conventions, a comparative analysis is given here18. Both the Conventions suggest
decrease of the amount of wastes that have been generated so that human health
along with environment can be protected. Both of them put the obligations of disposing
the wastes and their consequences on the generator. Both of them encourage
disposition of the wastes within the state where it is generated by methods which is
environmentally sound. But in case where the hazardous wastes cannot be disposed of
in an environment friendly manner then safe transportation of such wastes is allowed. It
is required by both the Conventions that within 6 months after becoming a party to the
Conventions, the Secretariats must be informed of the wastes that can be considered
as hazardous under the national enactment in this regard of the state. Both the
Conventions allows and controls the transboundary movement of these wastes among
the state parties. They even provide that such movement shall not be covered by any
guarantee, bond or insurance as required by the state transporting or in transit being
party to the Convention. Both even make similar provisions regarding the amendment of
the Protocol, regarding the amendment and adoption of the Annexes, for settling the
disputes along with provisions regarding the declarations and reservations.
However, in spite of having so many similarities, there are some dissimilarities
too that are now discussed. The scope of hazardous wastes covered by Bamako
Convention is much wider that those covered under the Basel Convention19. The
Bamako convention incorporates in its definition pertaining to hazardous wastes any
substance or waste which has been banned, refused or cancelled registration by the
government or which has been withdrawn voluntarily prior to be registered in the
manufacturing country for environmental or human health reasons. This has been
included in the definition of hazardous wastes in the Basel Convention20.
Another important difference is that total ban is being imposed by the Bamako
Convention on the import of nuclear as well as hazardous wastes into African territories.
It allows all the parties to take adequate administrative, legal and other steps in order to
prevent inflow of these wastes from non- participating countries and all such import will
17 Yang, Shiming. "Trade for the Environment: Transboundary Hazardous Waste Movements after the Basel
Convention." Available at SSRN 3386820 (2019).
18 Faga, Elena, J. L. Reynolds, and Ms M. Jafroudi. "The Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes: a
Comparison between the Basel and the Bamako Conventions." (2016).
19 Lucier, Cristina A., and Brian J. Gareau. "Obstacles to preserving precaution and equity in global hazardous waste
regulation: an analysis of contested knowledge in the Basel Convention." International Environmental Agreements:
Politics, Law and Economics 16.4 (2016): 493-508.
20 Kohler, Juliette Voinov. The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes
and their Disposal 1989. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2017.

Running Head: INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT LAW
be considered illegal and will amount to criminal acts. On the other hand, the Basel
convention does not prevent but it regulates and controls the movement of these wastes
across the boundaries from one nation to other21. It does not prevent the incineration or
dumping of the wastes in the inland water bodies like internal waterways, waters as well
as on high seas22.
Another significant difference is that unlike the Bamako Convention, the Basel
Convention allows the states exporting wastes to proceed with it through the transition
states in case no response is received by the exporting state within 60 days of the
receiving the notification from the State of transit23. The Bamako Convention imposes
tighter control on its members when compared with the other convention. Moreover the
Basel Convention enjoins the importing state to assure that the wastes must be
disposed of in an environment friendly manner by using importer or disposer within thirty
days from the notification of the illegal traffic has come into notice. In the same situation,
the Bamako convention enjoins the importing state to assure that the hazardous wastes
shall be returned back by the importer to the exporter and proper legal proceedings
must be taken against the one who contravenes the Convention.
In this regard I would like to remind you the incident of export of hazardous waste
of Australia to South Africa which revealed that the government is totally ignorant of the
environment and people of South Africa24. In 1994 Australia mainly due to the strong
push given by the African nations Australia ratified it and also assured to abide by it. In
1995 when the Basel Ban tried to move one step further by amending it, like other Basel
parties, South Africa also honoured the decisions taken in the said Convention25. Similar
to South Africa, Australia also honoured the said Convention and its amendment too26.
When 60 tonnes of wastes was imported from Australia it infringed various other
resolutions of Organization of African Unity (OAU) along with Bamako convention of
OAU27. All these banned importing of hazardous wastes into African continent. However
21 Nemeth, Patricia K. The Basel Convention and the transboundary movements of hazardous waste to the
developing world: a study of regulatory violations and the problem of legal compliance. Diss. Rutgers University-
Graduate School-Newark, 2015.
22 Kohler, Juliette Voinov. The Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of
Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes within Africa 1991. Edward Elgar Publishing
Limited, 2017.
23 Thomas, Vanessa. "Negotiating and engaging with environmental public policy at different scales." Digital
Technology and Sustainability. Vol. 140. No. 153. ROUTLEDGE in association with GSE Research, 2018. 140-153.
24 KHOEINI, GHAFUR, SHAHRZAD OUNAGH, and HARANDI MAHSHID JAFARI. "Civil Liability of
transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal within the frameworks of Iranian Law and the
1999 Protocol To Basel Convention." (2015): 67-100.
25 Rucevska, Ieva, et al. "Waste Crime: Low Risks-High Profits. Gaps in Meeting the Global Waste Challenge. A
Rapid Reponse Assessment." UNEP Rapid Response Assessment (2015).
26 Viljoen, Frans. "Africa’s Contribution to the Development of International Human Rights and Humanitarian
Law." Human Rights in Africa. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2019. 203-229.
27 Saleh, Ponsah, and Nanyen Mannok Abene. "Africa and the problem of transboundary movement of hazardous
waste: An assessment of Bamako Convention of 1991." JL Pol'y & Globalization 48 (2016): 47.

Running Head: INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT LAW
it is worth mentioning here that South Africa has not ratified the Bamako Convention28.
For the first time the Dumping Ban decision of Basel Convention of 1994 was
intentionally violated by Australia and South Africa even it is for the first time in history
an African country (South Africa) has imported toxic waste into it intentionally since the
year of 199429. The arrogance of these two countries mocks the international
agreements. ‘Paragoethite’, a toxic waste that originated in the mining and smelting
giant Pasminco containing very high level arsenic and lead was sent to Mintek, a South
African firm where it was supposed to be used for research regarding recycling. It was
approved by the government of South Africa which further assured that after the
research was complete the residue would be sent back to Australia. However the fate of
the wastes, its contamination in the soil and the effect of the exposure of such wastes to
the workers were unknown.
It is known to everyone that nerves, skin, stomach and intestines are severely
damages by arsenic30. In fact breathing such inorganic element increases lung cancer
risks and its ingestion increases the chance of skin cancer. Moreover arsenic can even
cause tumors in the kidney, bladder, lung and liver. Apart from arsenic, another toxic
element is lead that can damage every organ as well as systems of human body31.
Getting exposed to lead is more dangerous and risky for younger and unborn children.
The harmful effects of lead includes smaller babies, premature births, retarded mental
development in infant, learning difficulties and even retarded growth and development in
the young children. The other African nations have unanimously and unequivocally
stated that no toxic wastes to be dumped on Africa. Hence such act of South Africa has
not been accepted by any African nation and it shall never allow it again. Hence it is the
high time you consider this and must take measures to respect, ratify as well as
implement the Bamako convention as well as the Basel Ban Amendment as soon as
possible32.
Once South Africa ratifies the Bamako convention, it will be having some general
obligations33. Like every other country party to the Convention, it should also stop the
import of radio-active as well as hazardous wastes long with any type of ocean disposal.
In case of intra- African trading of wastes, it must reduce the transboundary waste
28 Kohler, Juliette Voïnov. "A paradigm shift under the Basel Convention on Hazardous Wastes." Waste
Management and the Green Economy. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2016.
29 Kanamugire, Jean Chrysostome. "African Response to Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes." Acta U.
Danubius Jur. (2017): 121.
30 Maji, S., et al. "Recurrent arsenic induced cancers over 20 years: a surgeon's nightmare!." Sri Lanka Journal of
Surgery 34.4 (2016).
31 Sankhla, Mahipal Singh, et al. "Heavy metals contamination in water and their hazardous effect on human health
—a review." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 5.10 (2016): 759-766.
32 Goyal, Sakshi. "BASEL BAN AMENDMENT: A PROTOCOL TO SAFEGUARD THE WORLD." SUPREMO
AMICUS ISSN 2456-9704 (2018): 248.
33 Snyman, J., K. Vorster, and S. Jacobs. "Towards sustainable e-waste management in South Africa." Conference
Presentation 5thAnnual Conference on Sustainable Waste Management, June. 2016.

Running Head: INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT LAW
movement and it is permitted only with the prior approval and consent of the transit as
well as importing states. Moreover, after ratifying it, South Africa is required to minimize
producing hazardous wastes and it must cooperate in order to ensure that the wastes
generated by it must undergo proper treatment and then it must be disposed of in a
manner which is environmentally sound and friendly. Although Bamako convention
follows a language and format which quite similar to those of the Basel Convention, but
the former is much stronger in prohibiting import of the hazardous wastes. Similarly
unlike Basel Convention it does not make any exceptions regarding some hazardous
wastes like the radioactive materials as made under the provisions of the Basel
Convention. Thus prior to taking part in Fifteenth Conference of the Parties (COP) to the
Basel Convention due on April 2020, the South African government must take
necessary measures to ratify the Bamako Convention and be a party to it.
The objective of the Basel convention has been developed by implementation of
the Bamako Convention34. Most of the African states have adopted the Bamako
Convention in order to stop the cross border transport of hazardous materials. The main
objective behind the Convention is protecting human health by limiting the
environmental danger imposed due to manhandling of the hazardous material. The aim
of implementing the Convention is to restrict the import of hazardous or radioactive
wastes into Africa, controlling the inter-state movement of the same within the continent,
prohibit the incineration or dumping of hazardous materials in the ocean, sea and inland
water, encouraging proper disposal way of wastes and production of safer and cleaner
waste emissions. In case South Africa does not ratify or approve the Bamako
Convention, it can be a dumping ground for all other non-African countries. Since it has
not approved it, other countries can easily dump their hazardous wastes into South
Africa and it cannot stop it as it cannot seek for any legal remedy. Many USA
companies have tried seeking approval and ratification from the USA Environmental
Protection Agency for shipping toxic wastes to the developing countries of Africa35. In
this regard, since all other African countries have taken part in Bamako Convention
already other than South Africa, South Africa can be their dumping in case they are able
to seek the required approval. Thus this is the high time for South Africa to ratify and
sign it.
Another important aspect of the Convention as it helps in sustainable
development36. This provision as not included in the Basel Convention. Sustainable
development meets the requirements of the present generation without making any
compromise with the future generations in order to meet own needs. It usually places
34 Saleh, Ponsah, and Nanyen Mannok Abene. "Africa and the problem of transboundary movement of hazardous
waste: An assessment of Bamako Convention of 1991." JL Pol'y & Globalization 48 (2016): 47.
35 Canter, Larry W. Environmental impact of agricultural production activities. CRC Press, 2018.
36 Cobbinah, Patrick Brandful, Michael Odei Erdiaw-Kwasie, and Paul Amoateng. "Africa’s urbanisation:
Implications for sustainable development." Cities 47 (2015): 62-72.

Running Head: INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT LAW
the human beings and its needs above everything. Agenda 21 of the Rio Conference
addresses the sustainable development issue37. Considering these, ratifying the
Convention is not only needed the main focus of South Africa should be securing the
sustainable development for its people and environment.
In case, South Africa plans to ratify the Bamako Convention, some solutions to
amend the Bamako Convention for its better effect can be proposed. The solutions can
be enumerated below;
a. Establishing national platforms to involve all the relevant stakeholders in order to
develop the convention: In order to set out the good governance principles,
transparent approaches must be made to implement the national Bamako
Convention strategy. Moreover, the issues of hazardous waste must be
integrated into the relevant plans to serve as an effective framework for
implementing the Convention provisions.
b. Developing technical expertise to strengthen its implementation: African
countries often faces capacity constraints while implementing the Bamako
obligations at both regional and national level. Thus in order to implement it
effectively, it must collect adequate funds.
c. Sharing best lessons and practices that are learned within countries of Africa:
The states can share experiences, breakthroughs gathered out of research, safe
usage as well as disposal of the hazardous wastes can be highlighted so that
other countries can adopt them, get motivated.
d. Building capacity: in order to implement the convention, financial, scientific,
technological and technical capacities must be developed.
e. Making aware of the social, economic and environmental impacts: by conducting
a research, the roles and obligations of different stakeholders for the
management of wastes can be determined.
f. Developing private- public partnership: initiatives regarding interdisciplinary
actions which combine training, research and technological transfers which form
the limelight of the Convention can engage stakeholders that include affected or
marginal groups.
Apart from these, some proposals can be recommended which can be adopted by
the states and the parties in order to give an effect to the objective of the Bamako
Convention. Those recommendations are listed below;
 Recommendations for the parties:
1. The parties can domesticate the Bamako Convention on the Ban of the
Import into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movement and
Management of Hazardous Wastes within Africa,
37 Dodds, Felix, ed. The way forward: beyond Agenda 21. Vol. 3. Routledge, 2019.

Running Head: INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT LAW
2. They can develop policies or strategies, action plans and frameworks at a
national level in order to implement the Convention. These strategies or plans
must provide a national, political as well as legal context in order to develop
as well as implement the hazardous waste policy. In addition to these, they
must raise awareness regarding the main issues as well as build capacity
together with community based processes which will facilitate new debates
involving the issues of hazardous wastes,
3. The participating states must try to increase or develop the awareness and
consciousness of the policy makers regarding social, environmental and
economic development for the purpose of increasing investments that can be
made in the management of these wastes,
4. They must try to strengthen the research and training programmes as well as
technological transfers that are related directly to prevent and mitigate the
hazardous wastes by means of better investments from both the private and
public sectors,
5. They must try to build awareness regarding the health and environmental
benefits for complying with the provisions pertaining to the Bamako
Convention. Moreover, they must try to build awareness regarding practical
opportunities that can be effectively created in all the countries of Africa and
disseminate the proper relevant information to the stakeholders by organizing
exchange visits, restitution workshops, platforms and others.
The following recommendations are for the Secretariats and those
recommendations are listed below;
1. The secretariat must seek comments from parties and others on areas where
legal clarity can be improvised in order to develop the implementation of the
said Convention and on the basis of those comments a repot can be prepared
and report must contain the recommendations so that these can be
considered as well as adopted by the Conference of the parties at the next
proposed meeting of April 2020.
2. The parties must be provided with the technical along with legal advice on the
matter related to the enforcement and implementation of the provisions that
are contained in the Bamako Convention. Such advice can include updating
and developing the national legislation or taking measures in this regard.
3. Instances of the integration of the Bamako Convention provisions into the
national legal frameworks can be developed. Moreover training activities can
be organized conditional on the availability of the resources together with
collaboration of the partners in order to assist the Parties for the development
of the national legislation. Apart from these, other measures can be
implement to enforce the provision contained in the Bamako Convention.

Running Head: INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT LAW
Hence, South African Ministry can try to endorse the provisions of the said
Convention for its effective adoption and implementation so as to make pollution free
South Africa. In order to gain its acceptance among the common people along with
other political parties the policy makers can be made aware regarding the critical impact
of the hazardous wastes to the social, economic and environmental development. It
cannot be forgotten that South Africa is the only country that has not yet ratified the
Convention. All other countries must have found some important factors that led them to
be its signatories. South African government cannot play with the lives of its present as
well as future generations.
Thanking you,
Legal advisor.

Running Head: INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT LAW
Bibliography:
Books and Journals:
Blackman Jr, William C. Basic hazardous waste management. Crc Press, 2016.
Burnett, M. Troy. "trade In hazardous Waste Promote stabIlIty or ConflICt?." Natural
Resource Conflicts: From Blood Diamonds to Rainforest Destruction [2 volumes]: From
Blood Diamonds to Rainforest Destruction (2016): 130.
Canter, Larry W. Environmental impact of agricultural production activities. CRC Press,
2018.
Cobbinah, Patrick Brandful, Michael Odei Erdiaw-Kwasie, and Paul Amoateng. "Africa’s
urbanisation: Implications for sustainable development." Cities 47 (2015): 62-72.
Dodds, Felix, ed. The way forward: beyond Agenda 21. Vol. 3. Routledge, 2019.
Faga, Elena, J. L. Reynolds, and Ms M. Jafroudi. "The Transboundary Movement of
Hazardous Wastes: a Comparison between the Basel and the Bamako Conventions."
(2016).
Goyal, Sakshi. "BASEL BAN AMENDMENT: A PROTOCOL TO SAFEGUARD THE
WORLD." SUPREMO AMICUS ISSN 2456-9704 (2018): 248.
Grasso, Domenic. Hazardous Waste Site Remediation. Routledge, 2017.
Kanamugire, Jean Chrysostome. "African Response to Transboundary Movement of
Hazardous Wastes." Acta U. Danubius Jur. (2017): 121.
KHOEINI, GHAFUR, SHAHRZAD OUNAGH, and HARANDI MAHSHID JAFARI. "Civil
Liability of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal within the
frameworks of Iranian Law and the 1999 Protocol To Basel Convention." (2015): 67-
100.
Kohler, Juliette Voïnov. "A paradigm shift under the Basel Convention on Hazardous
Wastes." Waste Management and the Green Economy. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2016.
Kohler, Juliette Voinov. The Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa
and the Control of Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes
within Africa 1991. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2017.