Intracellular Parasites: Survival, Replication, and Human Impact

This report provides a comprehensive overview of intracellular parasites, differentiating between facultative and obligate types, and exploring their survival and replication strategies within host cells. It delves into the mechanisms parasites employ to evade host defenses, including the manipulation of host cell compartments. The report examines various human parasites like Acanthamoebiasis, Babesiosis, Balantidiasis, Blastocystosis, and Coccidiosis, detailing their impact and modes of transmission. It also discusses the symptoms associated with parasitic infections, emphasizing the importance of understanding the host-parasite relationship and the diseases caused by these microorganisms. The report also provides insights into the factors that influence the replication of intracellular parasites, the challenges they face, and the diseases they cause. It highlights the need for in-depth understanding of the host cell environment and the importance of studying the molecular pathways that ensure parasite survival, replication, and differentiation within the host cell.

Survival of intracellular
parasites

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY ..................................................................................................................................1
Overview of the intracellular parasite ...................................................................................1
Replication of intracellular parasite........................................................................................2
Human parasite.......................................................................................................................4
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................6
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................7

INTRODUCTION
The intracellular parasite is defined as the micro parasite that are used to capable of
growing and reproducing inside the cell of the host. As per past, the development of many
intracellular pathogen which is specifically called as virus and bacteria which has been
unequivocally established the various study (Muñiz-Hernández and et. al., 2021). As per this, the
most of the disease are caused by pathogen. In context with this, there are several of organisms
which they don't have developed the effective way in which they are used to create the factor of
host molecule.
As per this, they are used to modified these compartment to escape and authenticate from
the destruction. Along with all, the molecular pathway are used in order to ensure their survival,
that is also associated with the proper differentiation and replication of host cell. In this, the host
cell requirement in their life cycle of protozoan parasite are being survive by using the proper
replication in the human being and sometime they are use make infected number of host. As per
this, the various step are being involved the host are being infected by the intracellular pathogen
and they are required to completed by various resources.
In context with this, the importance of the detailed of the understanding of the host cell
environment has must be acknowledge by analysing the function of protozoan parasite. There are
two type of intracellular parasite which named was facultative and obligate intracellular. As per
this, the facultative intracellular parasite have ability to live and reproduce in the form of outside
of host cell. There are number of intracellular parasite which must need to taken to create the
need a host cell for their proper living and replication. They usually reproduce and enhance their
number and this is based on their survival. The main aim of this is provide the insight
manipulation of the host cell by parasite through discussing the various hurdle that is faced by
host during infection is caused.
MAIN BODY
Overview of the intracellular parasite
According to the Reyes-Cortes. R. (2021), the intracellular pathogen are organism which
have ability to create the growing and reproducing their number of cell in the factor of host cell.
The intracellular parasite require the internal environment to grow and replicate their organism in
the human body or host body for the proper replication. The parasite can survive and they
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replicate in a level of vacuole or phagolysosome inside the cell. These pathogen can be divided
into the facultative type of intracellular and second type of the intracellular parasite. There are
number of intracellular microorganism which play the vital role in this because they are usually
used to cause number of disease in the human body (Bactericidal Effects Against Intracellular
Bacteria, 2021). The intracellular parasite are taking survival by using the proper replication or
reproduction in the core of host body. Usually this help to provide the haemostasis for the
growing and help in the replication of parasite in the human body (Novaes and et. al., 2017). As
per this, some of the example are used to taken in control factor of the infectious disease of the
global importance which is usually caused to create intracellular microorganism which is include
various disease such as tuberculosis, leprosy, typhoid. Listeriosis, malaria and many more.
As per this, some of the disease are also associated with the chagas and toxplasmosis.
The course of infection is used frequently for the longer period of time. There are some kind of
facultative intracellular parasite are used in order to take. For example such as Francisella
tularensis, Listeria monocytogene, salmonella typhi, mycobacterim sapp., and Neisseria
meningtidis these all are the causative agent or called as pathogen which is used to reproduce
either in the inside and outside of the cell. As per this, they are used to take the vacuole
compartment that is used to form during parasite entry has an acidic environment, which is poor
in nutrient and undergo progressive and used to adopt the fusion with the factor of early
endosome, late endosome and lysosome. Obligate intracellular parasite cannot used to reproduce
in the section of host cell. In context with this they used to reproduce only in the host cell
because they need proper environment to grow their cell number.
The obligate intracellular parasite are used to infect the human body and create the
number of complication. At this some of the certain bacteria include the chlamydia and
Rickettsia. They are type of protozoa such as Trypanosoma and plasmodium and toxoplasma and
various species of fungi. The facultative intracellular bacteria invade number of survive within
the rationale of eukaryote cell which is used to provide the shield form the antibodies which
formulated inside the body or provided by the external sources.
Replication of intracellular parasite
According to the vision of Coppens. I. (2021), the bacteria need some of the fragment
for their survival in order to this they must use proper mechanism to protect them from the
unconditional environment of the lysosomal enzyme which used to encounter the cell within the
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host body. For example, include the bacteria Legionella Penumophila which is prefer to the
intracellular environment of the macrophages for the growth so it such as own the uptake and
usually inhibit the lysosomal fusion. The mechanism of the inhibition of the fusion is not
appropriate which is used to create the undefined mechanism and pathway. Rickettsia is type of
bacteria or say that causative agent which use to destroy the membrane which is associated with
the lysosome fuse and other. In other hand, salmonella and Mycobacterium which is relatable
linked with the killing by phagocytic and other cell for the growth of nature and this is sued to
create the enteroinvasive Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogen and Neisseria spp (Taubert and
et. al., 2018).
There are various bacteria which is associated with the intracellular bacteria and this type
of bacteria can not live outside the host cell. As per this, there are number of chlamydial cell
which is more and therefore are entirely depend on the human body or say that the host body.
Usually they used to supply with the ATP which is called as the Adenosine triphosphate and
other intermediate molecules. The obligate intracellular bacteria can not be grown up to the
outside from the host body because they do not survive in the rise of temperature or much cold
state. They are grown by using the artificial media such as agar plate are broth and incubated for
the longer period of time. For this the proper precaution and laboratory is needed (Savio and et.
al., 2019). conversely, there are some parasite which is used to survive even in this they are
might depend on the harsh acidic environment of the phagolysosome. As per this, they used to
provide the various factor of pathogen which is relatability depend on the pathogen which is
must clarified. The factor which is access in the Leishmania Donovani in an interesting example.
This is derived that the intracellular is an organism which is used to live in another
organism which is called as the host and this can often harm the host. This is totally depend on
the host for survival for the reproduction and replication. As per this, they are being the
intracellular parasite don't even spread their offspring perform the function of replication without
any host. They can not live, grow and multiply, the most of the host are killed but they have
potential to spread their disease and some of these may be fatal during performing the activity
(Thabet and et al., 2018). In context with this, the parasite are like predator and they are usually
much smaller than than their host and they used to reproduce at the faster rate. In this, some of
the essentials fact which is mentioned below are Parasite live on the age of other organism and
this can to be the detriment of their host or human body where they choose for their replication,
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There are various factor which is used by intracellular parasite to affect the human body, they
used to pass the various disease such as malaria and trichomoniasis, As per this, they are used to
food their cook by using the insect repellent and following good hand hygiene is need which help
to reduce the risk of getting parasite.
According to the Panek. J. (2020), Some of the symptoms which is associated with the
intracellular parasite are which used to include are Skin bumps and rashes which is occur due the
intracellular parasite, Weight loss which is used to enhance the appetite or both, Abdominal pain,
diarrhoea and vomiting and this can enhance the complication of the individual (Kannan and et
al., 2021), These are all after a time while used to create the factor of sleeping issues (Cell
invasion by intracellular parasites – the many roads to infection, 2020). As per this, they are
getting more timer and timer and create the issue of anaemia, Development of pain and aches,
Allergies, They feel weakness and general feeling unwell. There are several number of aspect
which is accessed in order to create the new aspect of development of replication scenario. As
per this, they are used to identify various aspect of growth fraction which is identified and used
to replication. Also as per this, the mild fever is also observed (Melnikov and et al., 2018). The
parasite which is used in wide variety of condition which have to develop with no symptoms are
hard to predict. As per this, the infection are used to held. In this, the symptoms are observed
after a longer period of time. But the total infection can still be transmitted to another person and
this may be used to develop the symptoms.
Human parasite
According to the Andrade. L. (2015), There are various type of parasite which affect the
human. They are totally based on disease which they can cause various complication. Acanthamoebiasis: This is tiny amoeba which may affect the eyes, the skin and the
brain. This all exist in over the world in water and soil. They have higher number of
intracellular parasite. As per this, the individual are become infected if they clean contact
lenses with the tap water. Babesiosis: This is a kind of disease which is usually caused by the parasite that are
spread by ticks. This may affect the red blood. There are number of risk which is highest
in the core of summer in the northeaster and upper Midwest of the united state. Balantidiasis: The main causative agent of this disease are Balatidium coli. There are
single cell parasite which is usually used to infect the pigs but they can chosen by the rare
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cases. They used to cause intestinal infection which is caused in host. This can be spread
through the direct contact with pigs which is usually going with the contaminated water,
generally they are arises from the tropical region (Rayamajhee and et al., 2021). Blastocystosis: As per this, they affect the intestine. In context with this, the blastocystis
enter in the human through the faecal oral route of this is taken from the oral route.
Overall, the person can get this disease by eating or drinking contaminated with human or
animal faeces. Moreover, there are various type of parasite are present in this cause issue
which is related with this. Coccidiosis: This disease is also affect the intestine. As per this, the coccidia is initially
started from the faecal route or by oral route. This causative agent are used to affect the
life of dogs and cat also. This parasite is rare in nature but as per various research this is
well identified that. Dogs, cat and human can not normally infect each other. Amoebiasis: This is caused by the intracellular Entamoeba histolytica. This affect the
various of intestine. This is more likely in tropical regions and in areas with enhancement
with high population density and unhygienic condition. This is usually transmitted
through the faecal and oral route. Giardiasis: This is also called as the beaver fever which usually help to affect the lumen
of the small intestine. As per this, the individual ingest food or water which is
contaminated in the nature. This all are contaminated by the faeces, dormant cyst while
which may infect the body. Isosporiasis or cystosporiasis: This is usually caused by the Cystoisospora belli. In
context with this, they are previously known as Isospora belli. This disease may affect the
cell which is epithelial of the small intestine. This all exist in the world wide and both
treatable and prevented by the special causative agent. This all are passed through the
faecal and oral route. Leishmaniasis: This disease is caused by the parasite of the Leishmania family. As per
this, they affect the skin which is related with the viscera or the mucous membrane of the
nose and also some of the part associated with this such as mouth and throat. The
individual may feel high risk of complication such as create the condition of fatal. This
parasite is usually transmitted by the various type of sandflies (Tiwari and et al., 2021).
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 Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis: This is enter though the free living amoeba
which is called as Naegleria fowleri. In the relation with host, they may affect the
function of brain and this is associated with the central nervous system.
Mechanisms used by intracellular pathogen for obtaining iron
According to the viewpoint of Schmid. M. (2015), During infection the pathogen are use
to capable of altering the field to enhance the abundance of potential iron sources. As per this,
the bacteria which is cytotoxin in nature and damage the host cell which is leading in order to
create the iron. In this, the hemolytic toxin is attained from bacteria which help to create the lyse
and this called as erythrocytes. Moreover, the inflammatory response include the release of Lf
from the granule which is contained with the polymorphonuclear leukocytes (Strategies of
Intracellular Pathogens for Obtaining Iron from the Environment, 2015). Overall, the pathogen
are used to diverse the iron which is elaboration of the variety of the iron system which is based
on the acquisition. In this, the case of the extracellular pathogen or bacteria are used to acquire
the iron in order to recognise of Tf, Lf and haemoglobin. Analogously, they used to release
hemophores in this the heme is removed from the Hb or hemopexin and this is usually help to
deliver heme to bacteria cell which create the binding with the proper remove from hemephore.
They usually contain number of receptor and in this some of the receptor are use to follow this
and completed the section of iron for enhancing their immune protein (Martynowicz and et al.,
2019).
CONCLUSION
As per the above discussion, this is well identified that the intracellular parasite usually
survive inside the host because there are various factor which my kill the parasite when it is
outside from the body. In context with this, there are various mechanisms which is usually
follow by number of parasite in order to create the mode of survival. The intracellular parasite
usually use those environment in which they can grow effectively and and replicate their number
of cell. They have tendency to reproduce faster and faster while taking the haemostasis. Then
they grow rapidly and increase their number.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Kannan and et al., 2021. Acquisition of Host Cytosolic Protein by Toxoplasma gondii
Bradyzoites. Msphere, 6(1).
Martynowicz and et al., 2019. Guanabenz reverses a key behavioral change caused by latent
toxoplasmosis in mice by reducing neuroinflammation. MBio, 10(2).
Melnikov and et al., 2018. Muller’s ratchet and ribosome degeneration in the obligate
intracellular parasites microsporidia. International journal of molecular sciences,
19(12), p.4125.
Muñiz-Hernández and et. al., 2021. Dehydroepiandrosterone Effect on Toxoplasma gondii:
Molecular Mechanisms Associated to Parasite Death. Microorganisms, 9(3), p.513.
Novaes and et. al., 2017. Parasite control and skeletal myositis in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected
and exercised rats. Acta tropica, 170, pp.8-15.
Rayamajhee and et al., 2021. A Systematic Review of Intracellular Microorganisms within
Acanthamoeba to Understand Potential Impact for Infection. Pathogens, 10(2), p.225.
Savio and et. al., 2019. Immunomodulatory effects of P2X7 receptor in intracellular parasite
infections. Current opinion in pharmacology, 47, pp.53-58.
Taubert and et. al., 2018. Modulation of cholesterol-related sterols during Eimeria bovis
macromeront formation and impact of selected oxysterols on parasite development.
Molecular and biochemical parasitology, 223, pp.1-12.
Thabet and et al., 2018. Resistance towards monensin is proposed to be acquired in a
Toxoplasma gondii model by reduced invasion and egress activities, in addition to
increased intracellular replication. Parasitology, 145(3), p.313.
Online
An Emerging Approach for Parallel Quantification of Intracellular Protozoan Parasites and Host
Cell Characterization Using TissueFAXS Cytometry, 2015. [Online] Available through
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Bactericidal Effects Against Intracellular Bacteria, 2021. [Online] Available through
<https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/intracellular-
parasite>
Cell invasion by intracellular parasites – the many roads to infection, 2020. [Online] Available
through <https://jcs.biologists.org/content/133/4/jcs232488>
Strategies of Intracellular Pathogens for Obtaining Iron from the Environment, 2015. [Online]
Available through <https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2015/476534/>
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