Muhammad Abdullah Anwar: Management Assignment - Functions & History

This assignment provides a detailed overview of management, encompassing its core functions, levels, and historical development. It begins by defining management as the process of coordinating and administering organizational affairs to achieve objectives efficiently and effectively. The assignment then explores the five key functions of management: planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling, explaining the role of each in achieving organizational goals. It also outlines the three primary levels of management: top-level, middle-level, and lower-level, and the responsibilities associated with each. Furthermore, the assignment traces the history of management, highlighting its evolution from ancient times through the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries, noting the influence of industrialization, the emergence of large corporations, and the rise of formal management education. The assignment also discusses the contributions of various fields such as psychology and sociology to management theory. This resource is available on Desklib, a platform offering students access to study tools like past papers and solved assignments.

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Introduction to
Management
2021
Assignment 1
Muhammad Abdullah Anwar
343389 | BSCS 10-C

WHAT IS MANAGEMENT?
Management is the process of coordination, controlling & administering the
affairs of the organization, irrespective of its nature, type, structure, and size. It is
act of creating and maintaining such environment where members of the
organization can work together and achieve objectives efficiently and effectively.
All the activities and tasks undertaken for archiving goals by continuous
activities like; planning, organizing, leading and controlling is management.
Management acts as a guide to a group of people working in the organization and
coordinating their efforts, towards the attainment of the common objective.
FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT:
1-Planning: It is the first function of management, i.e., to decide
beforehand what is to be done in future. It encompasses formulating policies,
establishing targets, scheduling actions and so forth.
2-Organizing: Once the plans are formulated, the next step is to organize
the activities and resources, as in identifying the tasks, classifying them,
assigning duties to subordinates and allocating the resources.
3-Staffing: It involves hiring personnel for carrying out various activities
of the organization. It is to ensure that the right person is appointed to the
right job.
4-Directing: It is the task of the manager to guide, supervise, lead, and
motivate the subordinates, to ensure that they work in the right direction, so
far as the objectives of the organization are concerned.

5-Controlling: The controlling function of management involves several
steps to be taken to make sure that the performance of the employees is as
per the plans. It involves establishing performance standards and comparing
them with the actual performance.
LEVELS OF MANAGEMENT:
1-Top-Level Management:
Highest level in the organizational hierarchy, which includes directors &
executives. They are responsible for defining the objectives, formulating plans,
strategies, and policies.
2-Middle-Level Management:
Second level in the corporate ladder. It creates a link between the top and
lower-level management. It includes departmental heads & managers who are
responsible for implementing and controlling plans and strategies.
3-Lower-Level Management:
It includes first-line managers, foreman, supervisors. Directly interacts with
the workers, it plays a crucial role in the organization because it helps in
reducing wastage and idle time of the workers, improving the quality and
quantity of output.
History of Management:
The concept of management is as old as humans itself. The concept of
‘family’ itself required that life be organized, and resources of food are
apportioned in a manner to maximize the utility of such resources.
Some forms of management have existed since the beginning of time.
Ever since one human tried to direct another, management thought has been
developing. The development of management as we know it is a relatively

modern concept. The age of industrialization in the nineteenth century and the
subsequent emergence of large corporate organizations called for new
approaches to management.
PRE 19TH CENTURY:
Management (according to some definitions) has existed for millennia,
and several writers have produced background works that have contributed to
modern management theories. Some theorists have cited ancient military
texts as providing lessons for civilian managers. Some honorable mentions
are:
1. THE ART OF WAR
2. THE WEALTH OF NATIONS
19TH CENTURY:
Salaried managers as an identifiable group first became prominent in
the late 19th century. As large corporations began to overshadow small family
businesses the need for personnel management positions became more
necessary. Businesses grew into large corporations and the need for clerks,
bookkeepers, secretaries, and managers expanded.
20TH CENTURY:
At the turn of the twentieth century the need for skilled and trained
managers had become increasingly apparent. The demand occurred as
personnel departments began to expand rapidly Formal management
education became standardized at colleges and universities. Colleges and
universities capitalized on the needs of corporations by forming business
schools and corporate placement departments. This shift toward formal
business education marked the creation of a corporate elite in the US.
Different people studied various branches of management and their relations.
Psychology and Sociology skills and theories were related with management.

21ST CENTURY:
In the 21st century observers find it increasingly difficult to subdivide
management into functional categories in this way. More and more processes
simultaneously involve several categories. Instead, one tends to think in terms
of the various processes, tasks, and objects subject to management.
Branches of management theory also exist relating to nonprofits and to
government: such as public administration, public management, and
educational management. Further, management programs related to civil-
society organizations have also spawned programs in nonprofit management
and social entrepreneurship.