An Investigation into Transport Emission in the United Kingdom

This report provides an in-depth analysis of transport emissions in the United Kingdom, focusing on the challenges and issues within the transport sector. It examines the background of the research, highlighting the government's concerns about greenhouse gas emissions and the sector's slow progress in reducing them, despite overall emission reductions. The report explores the rationale behind the research, the objectives, and the research questions. It includes a literature review that discusses the impact of the transport sector, oil prices, and government policies like ULEZ on emission levels. The methodology section outlines the research approach, design, data collection, and ethical considerations. Finally, the report provides a time and cost frame for the study and references relevant sources. The report emphasizes the need for a permanent solution to address the UK's transport emission crisis and calls for further research to develop comprehensive strategies.

Running head: MANAGEMENT
Management
Name of the student
Name of the university
Author

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Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction..........................................................................................................................2
1.1 Background of the research..................................................................................................2
1.2 Rationale..............................................................................................................................3
1.3 Research objectives..............................................................................................................3
1.4 Research questions...............................................................................................................4
1.5 Research scope.....................................................................................................................4
2.0 Literature review..................................................................................................................4
Expanding gases.....................................................................................................................7
Tax rates for vehicles.............................................................................................................8
3.0 Research methodology.........................................................................................................9
3.1 Research philosophy............................................................................................................9
3.2 Research approach.............................................................................................................10
3.3 Research design..................................................................................................................10
3.4 Data collection and Analysis..............................................................................................11
3.5 Sampling technique............................................................................................................11
3.6 Reliability and Validity......................................................................................................12
3.7 Ethical consideration..........................................................................................................12
4.0 Time and cost frame...........................................................................................................12
References................................................................................................................................14

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Topic: An investigation into the transport emission in United Kingdom
1.0 Introduction
This research will propose to examine the transport emission in United Kingdom.
Greenhouse emission is one of the major concerns for the government in United Kingdom as
it hampers the future sustainability of the society and the surrounding which has suffered due
to the industrial activities since the past centuries. Even though, firms and society has become
aware of the harmful impacts of carbon emission but there has not been significant reduction
in carbon emission in the transportation sector and other sectors related to it. This research
will perform in depth analysis of the available literature to understand the current scenario of
transport emission and the future trends.
1.1 Background of the research
The government figures show that majority of the emission in United Kingdom is
emitted from the transport sector. The emission of greenhouse gases decreased in United
Kingdom fell by 5 percent in 2016 (Gabbatiss 2018). The reduction in use of coal for
electricity generation was one of the main contributors in reducing the carbon emission. Even
though has been successful in achieving their target greenhouse emission goals on the second
carbon budget but the majority of critics have blamed the transport sector for failing to
contribute effectively to curb emission. Even though energy supplies were considered the
major contributor to the carbon emission but transport sector has outdone the energy sector
by 1% and contributes to 26% of the emission in United Kingdom (Gabbatiss 2018). The
major source of these emissions are petrol and diesel cars. Since the year of 1990, the
greenhouse emission in United Kingdom has fallen by more than 40 percent (Gabbatiss
2018).
However, the comparison between the reduction in emission between the transport
sector and the energy suppliers shows that energy supplies have reduced their emission by
57% when compared to the 2% of the transport sector within the same time period (Gabbatiss
2018). This clearly shows that the transport sector is the worst performing sector in terms of
contributing the sustainability of the society and the environment. The government in United
Kingdom has announced that they have aimed to stop the sales of conventional diesel and
petrol cars by the end of 2040. The committee on climatic change (CCC) has advised in in
order to reach the long term climatic targets, it is key for the transport industry to reduce their
carbon emission by 44 percent by the end of 2030 (Gabbatiss 2018). In order to achieve, the

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committee has called for the development of vehicles with ultra-low emission and make the
existing conventional cars cleaner.
Recently, London has launched the ultra-low emission zone which is imposing £
12.50 a day charge to travel to the central London except for the cars and vans that are clean.
This measure taken by the mayor is expected to reduce the emission by 45 percent (Topham
2019). This charge has been levied within the congestion zone and vehicles taking polluted
cars will have to pay £24 to travel to central London between 7am to 6 pm (Topham 2019).
This rule apply to all the diesel vehicles that do not comply with the Euro 6 standard and
petrol cars that are older than 14 years. However, in order to cover a larger area a zone has
been proposed which covers all the extended areas within North and South circular roads.
However, ULEZ has been widely criticised as it is expected to harm the small scale business
with very limited improvement in air quality (commercialfleet.org 2019).
1.2 Rationale
The study has chosen this topic for investigation as it presents an opportunity to
evaluate a genuine problem affecting the society and the environment. Sustainability in
business is one of the key aspects in the modern world and customers also wants to be
associated with companies contributing to the society as respectable social citizen. This
research will investigate the past and current problems in the UK transportation industry to
develop in depth data that can be used for further analysis. The research will evaluate the
facts and observations in detail to increase the awareness of the government, society and the
companies in the transport sector. ULEZ has been considered as a solution but the contrition
of these policy is limited so United Kingdom requires a permanent solution to this issue. This
research will not develop the solution but will investigate into the data to provide broad
understanding of the issues so that further conclusive research can be performed. This
research has chosen a broader context to define the research problem effectively.
1.3 Research objectives
The objective of the research are as follows:
 To critically evaluate the transport emission in United Kingdom
 To highlight the key issues and challenges in reducing carbon emission in transport
industry
 To examine the contribution of the complementary sectors to this transport emission

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 To evaluate the role of government in containing the greenhouse gas emission in
United Kingdom
1.4 Research questions
What are the key challenge and issues in reducing transport emission in transportation
industry in United Kingdom?
What is the contribution of the different types of transportation mediums on greenhouse gas
emission in United Kingdom?
What is the role of complementary sectors in reducing the transport emission in United
Kingdom?
How does the government help in curbing the emission in United Kingdom?
1.5 Research scope
The main scope of the research to evaluate current emission crisis in the transport
sector. This research will only focus on secondary data and will evaluate the data available on
various websites and journals to develop tentative hypothesis. The research will not focus on
the conclusion but will facilitate in understanding the possible measures that could be taken.
However, these measures may not hold true as there is lack of academic research on the given
topic. Moreover, the results will reflect only the situation in United Kingdom and will not
hold true for other countries in Europe.
2.0 Literature review
The development of the transport sector is dependent on the energy industry and has a
special strategic position in the industry. In the current era, various scholars have used
forecasting models and methods to predict and study the energy consumptions and emission
of greenhouse gases in transportation. On the contrary, other scholars have developed
variable scenarios influencing carbon emission and energy consumption to unfold carbon
emission and energy consumption. It is necessary to conduct a study to evaluate the oil
prices on the carbon emission in the transport industry along with the emission reduction
plan. The study of oil prices both international and domestic has provided the opportunity to
evaluate the double mechanism.
The green house emission in United Kingdom fell by 2.7 in the year of 2017 but there
is no significant progress for the transport industry in United Kingdom (Hausfather 2019).

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The transport industry is still stuck in the slow lane and even though the greenhouse emission
has gone down in the past years, the transport sector in United Kingdom is not getting any
greener. Since the efforts taken in the 1990, UK has witnessed 42.1 percent dip in the
greenhouse emission. The climate change act requires UK to reduce their carbon emission by
80 percent by the year of 2050 (Hausfather 2019). Even though the country has met their
second budget goals, the contribution of the transportation industry is minimal. The
government claimed that there has been significant progress in cleaning up the waste and
power sector by scaling up the low-carbon electricity to an exponential growth. This can be
denoted by the 7.6 percent decrease in the greenhouse emission resulting in only 24 percent
emission from the energy sector.
Clean electricity contributed to the 50 percent of the power mix consisting of 30
percent renewables resulting in slumping of coal power by 27 percent. However, the most
shocking fact is that there is no change in emission in the transport sector between the year of
2016 and 2017. Moreover, it remained the largest contributor to greenhouse emission for the
consecutive year contributing to 27 percent of the emission (Hausfather 2019). However,
even though the emission has decreased considerably but United Kingdom is still the largest
contributor to greenhouse emission in United Kingdom. The report published in the year of
2018 has shown that there is drop in the greenhouse emission in United Kingdom for the
sixth consecutive year (Hausfather 2019). However, the majority of the decrease is due to the
contribution of the energy sector especially coal. However, there is no significant change in
the oil and gas sector. Predictions state that there is are possible chances that this reduction
may stop due to the significance decrease in margin of reduction in emission.
The measurement of carbon dioxide emission in United Kingdom has shown possible
reduction in the past century. The graph shows that 1.5% decrease in the CO2 emission in
the past year is the smallest decline in the last 6 years which means that companies cannot
take it for granted that there is significant decrease in emission (Hausfather 2019). The
carbon analysis stated that reduction in CO2 emission is dependent on the reduction in energy
demand and move to a cleaner electricity sources. The government in United Kingdom has
announced that they have aimed to stop the sales of conventional diesel and petrol cars by the
end of 2040. The committee on climatic change (CCC) has advised in in order to reach the
long term climatic targets, it is key for the transport industry to reduce their carbon emission
by 44 percent by the end of 2030. Even though energy supplies were considered the major

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contributor to the carbon emission but transport sector has outdone the energy sector by 1%
and contributes to 26% of the emission in United Kingdom.
Figure 1: Carbon dioxide emission in the past century
Source: (Hausfather 2019)
Moreover, there has been drastic decrease in the use of coal in the last five and contributed to
the 97% decrease in the emission of the coal. This figure shows that there has been a steep
decrease in the CO2 emission due to the reduction in the use of coal. Moreover, the coal used
is having low carbon content which has also contributed to the reduction.
Figure 2: Coal emission
Source: (Hausfather 2019)

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Expanding gases
There has been large changes in the use of fossil fuel due to the changes in the
demand for coal. The use of coal has been decreased by 16 percent in the last year which
matched up to the record low in the year of 1850. This major reason for this was the
significant reduction in the use of coal in the power sector. The emission of CO2 from coal
use have decreased by more than 80% in the past five years along with the decrease in
emission from oil production (Hausfather 2019). This is due to the decrease in demand for oil
products and gas industry is now the major contributor the CO2 emission in United Kingdom.
The figure below shows that there is steep decrease in emission of CO2 from coal and oil has
also decreased significantly due to the decrease in demand. However, the blue line shows that
gas is the major contributor to CO2 emission in United Kingdom. The demand for gas was
upto 8% in the first quarter in the fiscal year of 2018 but there was 0.5% flat increase in
demand of gas as the generation of electricity decreased by 4% from fuel.
Figure 2: Comparison between oil, gas and coal
Source: (Hausfather 2019)
The demand for oil remain unchanged in the year of 2018 where there was 1% annual decline
in the demand for petrol and diesel. On the contrary, the demand of aviation fuel increased by
2% annually. This has majorly contributed to the minimum changes to the emission in the
transport sector. This shows that transportation is the fastest growing contributor to the
changes in global climatic conditions as nothing has been done to regulate the cars and other
vehicles.

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Figure 3: Comparison between different sectors in terms of greenhouse emission change
Source: (Hausfather 2019)
Tax rates for vehicles
This shows that vehicle owners have been paying taxes based on the carbon emission
level of the product. This means that the vehicles emitting more greenhouse gases will have
to pay more to the government.
O2emissions
(g/km)
Diesel cars (TC49) that meet
the RDE2standard and petrol cars
(TC48)
All other
diesel cars
(TC49)
Alternative fuel
cars (TC59)
0 £0 £0 £0
1 – 50 £10 £25 £0
51 – 75 £25 £110 £15
76 – 90 £110 £130 £100
91 – 100 £130 £150 £120
101 – 110 £150 £170 £140
111 – 130 £170 £210 £160
131 – 150 £210 £530 £200
151 – 170 £530 £855 £520
171 – 190 £855 £1,280 £845
191 – 225 £1,280 £1,815 £1,270
226 – 255 £1,815 £2,135 £1,805
Over 255 £2,135 £2,135 £2,125
Table 1: Tax rates
Source: (Gov.uk 2019)
Fuel type Single 12
month
payment
Single 12
month
payment by
Direct Debit
Total of 12
monthly
payments by
Direct Debit
Single 6
month
payment
Single 6
month
payment by
Direct Debit
Petrol or £145 £145 £152.25 £79.75 £76.13

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diesel
Electric £0 N/A N/A £0 N/A
Alternati
ve
£135 £135 £141.75 £74.25 £70.88
Table 2: Tax rates
Source: (Gov.uk 2019)
The literature review section clearly shows that United Kingdom is moving towards
achieving better greenhouse gas emission but the transport sector has made it difficult to
achieve their sustainability goals. ULEZ has been considered as a solution but the contrition
of these policy is limited to London so United Kingdom requires a permanent solution to this
issue (Transport for London 2019). This research will not develop the solution but will
investigate into the data to provide broad understanding of the issues so that further
conclusive research can be performed.
3.0 Research methodology
Research methodology is the process of choosing effective research methods,
instruments and frameworks essential for collecting data and analysing it effectively. It will
provide valid justification for choosing each of the approaches in the research along with the
advantages and disadvantages of using each of the approaches. Research methodology
consists of philosophical framework which forms the foundation of the study. This research
has followed the methodology by the Saunders research onion (Mackey and Gass 2015). The
research will uncover the methods used in each stage with appropriate justifications. The
research methodology is chosen based on the objective of the research where description of
behaviour, cause and effect relationship and prediction are the primary objectives. In this
study, the major objective of the research is description of behaviour so the research has
chosen a case study method where a particular case will be evaluated. This research will use
a single research design and will be completely based on qualitative data.
3.1 Research philosophy
Research philosophy consists of the assumptions and beliefs critical for the
development of knowledge. Researchers make assumptions at every stage in a research and
this assumptions shape the way the research questions are being perceived in the study.
There are mainly three types of assumptions, epistemological assumptions, ontological
assumptions and axiological assumptions. Epistemology deals with the assumptions and
sources required for development of knowledge. Logical knowledge will be incorporated in

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this research which will result in development of new knowledge through reasoning (Taylor,
Bogdan and DeVault 2015). On the contrary, axiology is the philosophy which deals with
the judgment about values which means it assesses the role of the researcher in different
stages of the research process. Ontology is completely different from epistemology which
deals with the nature of reality which means it defines whether the social should be perceived
or viewed as subjective or objective. There are manly four types of research philosophies,
realism, interpretivism, positivism and pragmatism. In this research, interpretivism has been
chosen as the philosophy as it integrates human elements into the research. Interpretivist
assumes that realities can only be addressed through social construction. This philosophy
focuses on using qualitative analysis and rejects the object view.
3.2 Research approach
Research approach consists of two aspects collection of data and reasoning for
analysis. There are two research approaches, deductive and inductive approach. The
difference between the deductive and the inductive approach depends on the relevance of the
hypothesis in the research. Deductive approach deals with the generation of hypothesis based
on the existing theories in the research and then developing a strategy to test the given
hypothesis. Deductive approach focuses to develop general findings from particular results.
This means that it is focused on generating conclusions from premises or propositions (Flick
2015). On the contrary, inductive approach is used for developing new theories and
generalisations. It starts with observations and then using reasons to develop tentative
hypothesis which may or may not hold true. The inductive approach searches for patterns
within the data and provides a flexible research design. This study will choose inductive
approach to facilitate in performing qualitative data analysis and it can alter the direction of
the research based on the data collected. However, inductive approach does not restrict from
using existing theories to develop research questions.
3.3 Research design
Research design has been defined variedly by diverse authors where some considers it
as the choice between the quantitative and qualitative data collection method. On the other
hand, others considers it as the method of choosing appropriate instruments for collecting and
analysing data. There are three types of research design, exploratory, explanatory and
descriptive research design. The descriptive research design can be used to perform both
qualitative and quantitative data analysis where study focuses on description of behaviour and

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prediction of one variable to a different variable. Explanatory research design is used for
measuring the casual relationship between tow variables in the research (Quinlan et al.
2019).However, in this study exploratory research design has been chosen and as the name
suggests the design is focused on exploring the available to formulate the research problem
effectively. Exploratory research forms the basis for conducting further conclusive research.
It will focus on the nature of the problem to provide better understanding. Exploratory
research will evaluate the data collected at varying levels of depth and it facilitates in
handling new problem with little previous academic research on it.
3.4 Data collection and Analysis
There are mainly two types of data collection techniques, primary and secondary data
collection. In this research, secondary data will be collected from peer reviewed journals,
articles and web articles. The data will be collected from authentic sites to ensure high
quality. The data collected will be analysed using coding and thematic analysis where the
data collected will be developed into different themes (Palinkas et al. 2015). These themes
will be used to shape the data for analysis as per the research question. Coding will consisting
of evaluating the data collected by understanding the pattern and extracting key codes. Open
coding will be used to extract the codes from the data and axial coding will be used to link
the data to develop new theories or connect it with existing theories. This will facilitate in
understanding the research problem more effectively and develop tentative theories that may
facilitated in addressing research problem.
3.5 Sampling technique
Sampling is the method of choosing sample elements from the whole population. It is
a process used to reduce the sample size in case of large target population so as to reduce the
cost and complexity of the study. There are two types of sampling methods, probabilistic and
non-probabilistic sampling. Probabilistic sampling can be divided into cluster sampling,
simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and systematic sampling, On the contrary, non-
probabilistic sampling can be divided into haphazard sampling, quota sampling, purposive
sampling and snowball sampling (Etikan, Alkassim and Abubakar 2016). The major
difference between these two sampling techniques is the fact that one uses randomization as
the method of choosing the sample and the other does not. This is a secondary research so
convenience sampling will be used to gather data that is relevant to the research. It will
facilitate in developing data which is responsible for improving the quality of the research.

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3.6 Reliability and Validity
Reliability is the ability of the research to replicate the results using similar data and
same instruments. This measures whether the research design is consistent and stable or not.
The reliability of the data will be maintained by collecting and cross checking the data
collected several times to authenticate the results (Heale and Twycross 2015). On the
contrary, validity measures the appropriateness of the research instruments. In this scenario,
internal validity of the data will be measured to check how the data matches reality and
external validity will be used to check whether the data findings can be replicated.
3.7 Ethical consideration
The research will adhere to the ethical guidelines prescribed in the research. This
research will use authentic journals and articles to develop significant findings in the
research. The study will maintain the highest level of subjectivity in the research. The
research will not use any plagiarised content and the authors will be given credit for
contributing to the research. None of the collected data will be fabricated or falsified which
means that the research will not manipulate the collected data and there will not be over
exaggeration of the results (Wallace. and Sheldon 2015). The research will not use language
which is abusive or discriminatory in research. Moreover, the secondary data collected will
consist of journal of highest quality to avoid any false claims and direction towards the
research.
4.0 Time and cost frame
The time and cost frame has been developed based on approximation and it is
expected to take almost two months to complete the project. The overall cost of the project is
£240.00 and cost incurred in this research is due to the access to relevant data available on
premium websites.
Task Name Duration Start Finish Cost
research plan 1 51 days Mon 29-04-
19
Mon 08-07-
19 £240.00
Selecting the Topic 5 days Mon 29-04-19 Fri 03-05-19 £0.00
Research suitable project
topics 2 days Mon 29-04-19 Tue 30-04-19 £0.00
Discussion with professor 2 days Wed 01-05-19 Thu 02-05-19 £0.00
topic finalization 1 day Fri 03-05-19 Fri 03-05-19 £0.00
Milestone 1: Topic Chosen 0 days Fri 03-05-19 Fri 03-05-19 £0.00
Secondary data collection 8 days Mon 06-05-19 Wed 15-05-19 £60.00

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Search for articles, peer
reviewed journals and web
articles
3 days Mon 06-05-19 Wed 08-05-19 £0.00
choose the sources that are
relevant 3 days Thu 09-05-19 Mon 13-05-19 £60.00
research layout designing 2 days Tue 14-05-19 Wed 15-05-19 £0.00
Milestone 2: Secondary data
collected 0 days Wed 15-05-19 Wed 15-05-19 £0.00
Literature review 8 days Thu 16-05-19 Mon 27-05-19 £0.00
Critical examination of data
collected 3 days Thu 16-05-19 Mon 20-05-19 £0.00
annotated bibliography
preparation 3 days Tue 21-05-19 Thu 23-05-19 £0.00
preliminary literature review
development 2 days Fri 24-05-19 Mon 27-05-19 £0.00
Milestone 3: Literature review
completed 0 days Mon 27-05-19 Mon 27-05-19 £0.00
Research methodology
and Analysis 5 days Tue 28-05-19 Mon 03-06-19 £0.00
Selection of the
Appropriate Research
Techniques
2 days Tue 28-05-19 Wed 29-05-19 £0.00
Validate the methods 2 days Thu 30-05-19 Fri 31-05-19 £0.00
Check for reliability 1 day Mon 03-06-19 Mon 03-06-19 £0.00
Milestone 4: Research
methods selected 0 days Mon 03-06-19 Mon 03-06-19 £0.00
Data collection from
secondary sources 13 days Tue 04-06-19 Thu 20-06-19 £180.00
Identify data sets 5 days Tue 04-06-19 Mon 10-06-19 £0.00
Sampling to select data 2 days Tue 11-06-19 Wed 12-06-19 £150.00
Data analysis using coding 6 days Thu 13-06-19 Thu 20-06-19 £30.00
Milestone 5: secondary data
collected and analysed 0 days Thu 20-06-19 Thu 20-06-19 £0.00
Conclusion of the Study 12 days Fri 21-06-19 Mon 08-07-19 £0.00
Formation of Rough Draft 5 days Fri 21-06-19 Thu 27-06-19 £0.00
Discuss with the lecturer 4 days Fri 28-06-19 Wed 03-07-19 £0.00
Submission of Final
Work 3 days Thu 04-07-19 Mon 08-07-19 £0.00
Milestone 5: Project
concluded 0 days Mon 08-07-19 Mon 08-07-19 £0.00

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References
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[online] Commercialfleet.org. Available at: https://www.commercialfleet.org/news/van-
news/2019/01/14/effectiveness-of-london-s-ultra-low-emission-zone-questioned [Accessed
29 Apr. 2019].
Etikan, I., Alkassim, R. and Abubakar, S., 2016. Comparision of snowball sampling and
sequential sampling technique. Biometrics and Biostatistics International Journal, 3(1), p.55.
Flick, U., 2015. Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research
project. Sage.
Gabbatiss, J. 2018. Transport is UK's most polluting sector as greenhouse gas emissions fall.
[online] The Independent. Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/air-
pollution-uk-transport-most-polluting-sector-greenhouse-gas-emissions-drop-carbon-dioxide-
a8196866.html [Accessed 29 Apr. 2019].
Gov.uk 2019. Vehicle tax rates. [online] GOV.UK. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/vehicle-
tax-rate-tables [Accessed 29 Apr. 2019].
Hausfather, Z. 2019. Analysis: Why the UK’s CO2 emissions have fallen 38% since 1990 |
Carbon Brief. [online] Carbon Brief. Available at: https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-
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Heale, R. and Twycross, A., 2015. Validity and reliability in quantitative studies. Evidence-
based nursing, 18(3), pp.66-67.
Mackey, A. and Gass, S.M., 2015. Second language research: Methodology and design.
Routledge.
Palinkas, L.A., Horwitz, S.M., Green, C.A., Wisdom, J.P., Duan, N. and Hoagwood, K.,
2015. Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method
implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health
Services Research, 42(5), pp.533-544.
Quinlan, C., Babin, B., Carr, J. and Griffin, M., 2019. Business research methods. South
Western Cengage.

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Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R. and DeVault, M., 2015. Introduction to qualitative research
methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley & Sons.
Topham, G. 2019. London prepares for launch of ultra-low emissions zone. [online] the
Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/apr/06/london-prepares-
for-launch-of-ultra-low-emissions-zone [Accessed 29 Apr. 2019].
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Available at: https://tfl.gov.uk/modes/driving/ultra-low-emission-zone [Accessed 29 Apr.
2019].
Wallace, M. and Sheldon, N., 2015. Business research ethics: Participant observer
perspectives. Journal of Business Ethics, 128(2), pp.267-277.

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