Masters in IT - IoT for Independent Living of Older Generation

This report explores the application of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to facilitate independent living for the elderly population. It begins with an abstract highlighting the challenges faced by older adults and how IoT, particularly through wearable devices and mobile applications, can address these challenges. The introduction emphasizes the growing elderly population and the potential of IoT to assist with chronic illness management, communication, and safety. The literature review examines existing research on IoT solutions for senior care, including smart homes, health monitoring systems, and social networking tools. The report discusses the benefits of remote health monitoring, social networking and localization/navigation. The report also highlights the need for user-centered design and addresses challenges in IoT adoption among the elderly, such as the lack of a holistic approach. The research emphasizes the potential of IoT to improve the quality of life for older adults by offering support in various aspects of their daily lives. The study concludes by suggesting future research directions. The report also contains references and presentation details.

IoT for Independent Living of the Older Generation
Student Name – Student ID
Masters in IT – Networking
[e-mail]

ABSTRACT – For the older generation to live independently, some factors have to be put into consideration. It is not
just a matter of food and money in fact; there are several other challenges that the old generation has to face, such as
performing household jobs, health concerns, traveling and others. Healthcare is one of the most concerning factors out
of others, which causes most problems for the old persons and difficult to accomplish particularly being alone. The use
of IoT infrastructure in the healthcare industry has become a lifesaver for the older generation. Wearable devices for
real-time health tracking and mobile applications simplifies the job of monitoring their health and performing regular
checkups. The major advantage for the old people is to remain under the supervision of doctors even after discharge
from the hospitals with the use of IoT devices. This helps them during medical emergencies such as heart attacks,
strokes, and falls. Sometimes the old age people can overcome medical conditions on their own, such as using the mobile
applications to take the advised dose of medicine during an attack or raising alarm during a fall. This makes the mobile
applications an inevitable element for the older generations to include in their daily lives. The IoT enabled smart homes
additionally provides other support features for their living such as emergency alarm, communication, self-lightning,
and other household activities. A wide range of researchers and scientist are nowadays focusing on the development of
IoT devices that connect to the right people during emergencies, this would enable the old aged people to get desired
support and medication such as calling an ambulance at the time of serious injuries, fire brigade or police during other
mishap and so on. Many other studies are focusing on the home monitoring systems based on IoT that can prevent falls
and can predict the likelihood of falls by observing pressure distribution and movements.
1. INTRODUCTION (15 MARKS)
IoT or the internet of Things is one of the developing
phenomenon which is seen to be existing in the field of
technological advancements as well as in the research domain.
The main principle of the IoT is associated with including the
continuous monitoring as well as control of the everyday
objects or things over the internet. The things which are
existing in the IoT is seen to be having no limitation ns and
can be considered to be any object which is being used in our
day to day life.
More than 7% population of the world is seen to be over 65
years of age and this number is expected to be increasing by
20% by the year of 2050. The introduction of the IoT in the
life of the elderly people is having the capability of helping
the elderly people in monitoring their chronic illness along
with on-demand provisioning of fresh food, sending of alarms
and reminders and enabling of communication with family
and friends or with the healthcare providers and this has been
depicted in the figure provided below:
Besides this reminders related to on stones or iron along
with alerst for the front door left open or alerts related to
visitors or any kind of intruder and many more might be
associated with acting as very useful for the elderly peoples
who are physically or cognitively disabled. Our study would
focus on the existing approaches putting the requirements of
the elders at the centre. This would make way to enhance
current systems to enable improvement in the future systems
for the quality of elderly living.
Nevertheless, there is still a lack of research and study for
investigating the requirements of senior citizens from all
perspectives. In this research paper, we would research on the
available IoT enabled systems for handling the senior’s care
and monitoring them through elderly-centred approaches.
Other research utilizes IoT technologies such as smart-phones,
web-based applications, and wearables to solve problems
related to the senior members of our society
2. BACKGROUND/LITERATURE REVIEW (3 PAGES)
The rise of IoT technology has brought about a shift from
traditional model of living to the smart house era which
Rosslin et al refers to as “an amalgamation of technology and
services through networking of home infrastructure guarantees
the inhabitants a better life” Most of the research based on the
concept of IoT for the elderly provide a solution framework
based on patient needs, independent living, nutritional
requirements, emotional status, preventive care, etc.
According to an IBM study based on the UK back in 2016, the
UK was expected to experience a 23% rise in the number of
those aged 65+ between the years 2018. The projected
population was projected to grow to 16.9 Million from 11.9
million. This is just an overview of the need to utilize the full
potential of IoT to cherish the older generation in our society
today. Despite the effort in the implementation of IoT in
solving the problems related to the elderly, the adoption rate is

slow. The slow rate of IoT adoption among the old age is due
to the lack of a holistic approach toward its implementation.
Most of the available research mainly concentrates on the
technology part neglecting the human characteristic and social
aspect which is a vital determinant toward the implementation
of IoT. IoT is growing at a very fast rate, but the question
arises, who is there to implement this rapid-growing
technology? According to J. F. Coughlin, L. A. D’Ambrosio,
B. Reimer, and M. R. Pratt (2007) he smart home concept and
monitoring systems is new and the adaption of these systems
by the elderly is a complication. The other problem in relation
to the utilization of IoT for the old is that the existing
literature focuses on IoT based care to provide the essential
needs for the elderly. Despite the efforts, it is clear that the
variety of the monitoring systems are not in standards, putting
into consideration that the research on the area is very limited
and some key challenges facing the elderly have not been
tacked properly, if not fully explored.
There are seen to be existing various efforts related to the
utilization of the IoT-based systems for having elderly
monitoring and care amongst which most of the devices are
targeted only for certain aspects of the elderly requirements
from a limited point of view. By taking in to consideration of
the significance of the remote elderly monitoring along with
the variety of potential services that such systems are capable
of offering , there is seen to be existing a lack of a proper user
centred study. A user-centred design is generally associated
with eth utilization of the multiple sources for the purpose of
introducing a particular system which would be focusing upon
the capabilities as well as upon the requirements and abilities
of the users. Form this it becomes very essential to consider
the monitoring systems which are existing for the senior
adults from a user-centred perspective along with discussing
the challenges which are faced by the deployment process of
the monitoring systems.
Some of the existing works of literature have mainly based
on a sense that only address a limited portion of the problems
facing the elderly. For instance, a presentation by Lin et al
(2006) on the care system of dementia, the sensor-based water
monitoring systems and home monitoring systems by utilizing
android phones capabilities by Tsukiyama (2015). These are
just but a tip of the iceberg when it comes to developments
that aim at utilizing IoT to redeem the elderly from their
health, emotional and psychological needs. As it is evident in
the literature review, there is a need to do an in-depth study
and analysis of the existing IoT systems and how they can be
effective in helping the elderly.
2.1. IoT and The Elderly
The social circle and communication frequency of people
decreases as people get older. There are a lot of reasons that
can lead to this including diminished eyesight and hearing,
loss of family members and friends, memory loss, cognitive
impairment among many other reasons (TouhyandJett, 2013).
As a result of the loss of cognitive and physical abilities, there
daily routine and activities are affected immensely, hence a
need to get as much help as they can get. The implementation
of IOT in daily routines of the elderly may help in activities
such as the provision of fresh food, the setting off alarms and
reminders, monitoring of chronic diseases, and facilitating the
communication between them, friends, family and medical
professionals (Doherty.,2010). Some reminders such as
electric gadgets such as running iron boxes and gas cookers
left on, visitor alert systems or intruders at home among other
systems running on IoT technology may be very effective to
the elderly. A caretaker with intensive knowledge will also be
of great help by assisting the elderly maintain their privacy
and safety through remote monitoring (Firouzian et al., 2015)
Apart from remote monitoring, another aspect that will be
featured in my research is health monitoring and safety
monitoring. Other points of interest in relation to the
implementation of IoT is social networks and
Localization/navigation. Since the main objective of my
research provides an understanding on the available
information in terms of the elderly and IoT, I will provide an
overview of how each of the mentioned functionalities is
applicable through the implementation of IoT. In relation to
health, remote monitoring is a very important component of
IoT since there has been an increased fragility and
susceptibility to different diseases by the aged including acute
and chronic diseases. The most important aspect of remote
monitoring is not only reducing the cost margins but also
increase the quality of life lived by elderly people through
providing healthy practices and contacting the caretakers in
case an emergency is detected.
Innovative technologies which are seen to be associated
with supporting as well as improving the quality of life of the
elderly peoples are associated with the exploitation of the
emerging technologies and one such technology is the IoT.
And the reason behind this is that the IoT paradigms are
associated with offering numerous opportunities. Despite of
all this there exists the need of analysing the comprehensive
behaviour of the elderly people and for this one of the
fundamental aspect is associated with including the usage of
the innovative solutions which are seen to be based upon the
usage of IoT. In addition to this the IoT paradigms are also
associated with posing some major challenges which most
importantly is faced by the designers.
In the case of social networking, it is very important to
promote the social lives of the elderly since most of them have
inadequate interaction with others mainly family and friends.
As a result, to the loneliness, this may bring about mental
related illness such as stress and depression. It is, therefore,
necessary to explore solutions in IoT that address the social
life of the elderly eg the solution provided by the vAssist
project (Caon et al. 2011) which involved the use of wearables
and fixed devices (eg fall detection systems, tablets, iPads and
smartphones) that utilized multilingual natural speech
interactions along with simplified interfaces. This is just an
example of how far research should explore in making the
social lives of the elderly easier through the use of IoT.
Currently one of the major challenge which is being faced
by the IoT system designers is related to the designing of the
system which are capable of helping the elderly people in their

everyday activities along with being associated with supported
by the healthcare providers. This rapid shift in the need related
to medical services for the in-house care is associated with
providing the developers of the IoT based applications a new
as well as productive area for dealing with. In addition to this
it would also be associated with enhancing the daily
monitoring by the IoT which thus in turn being associated
with increasing the quality of life and health of the elderly
peoples.
2.2. Annotated Bibliography
The paper “Remote Assistance Using Visual Prompts for
Demented Elderly in Cooking” by “Sei Ikeda, Jaakko Hyry
and Antti Pitkanen” is associated with presenting forward of a
smart kitchen concept which helps in supporting the demented
elderly in cooking. The system demonstrated in this paper is
associated with providing the users with a verbal along with a
visual prompting in a manual manner. This paper is associated
with presenting forward of the IoT enabled technology so as
to help in understanding how this technology is associated
with playing a vital role in helping the elderly peoples. The
system uses a prompting method which is one of the priority
as it is associated with enabling of the direct pointing of the
targets in a real scenario.
The paper ”Internet of Things for Medication Control: E-
Health Architecture and Service Implementation” by “Isabel
Laranjo, Joaquim Macedo and Alexandre Santos” is
associated with putting forward of the concept of RFID or the
radio frequency identification technology which is associated
with helping the healthcare providers in providing care to the
elderly peoples. The IoT technology is incorporated with the
RFID so as to track the medical conditions of the elderly
peoples. The e-health system presented in the paper is
associated with putting forward of the usage of Electronic
Product codes and the RFID tags so as to get established in an
ubiquitous way of medication care system for the elderly
peoples.
The paper “A Comprehensive Cloud-based IoT Software
Infrastructure for Ambient Assisted Living” by “Berto Gomes,
Luiz Muniz, Francisco Jos´e da Silva e Silva, Luis Eduardo
Talavera R´ıos, and Markus Endler ” is associated presenting
the AAL or Ambient Assisted Living which is a research field
having an objective of developing health monitoring systems.
This in turn can be used by the elderly peoples present in their
own house. The paper have been associated with presenting a
comprehensive cloud enabled IoT software infrastructure so
as to assist in having an Ambient Assisted Living. The
software presented in associated with including a M-Hub and
the SDDL middleware. Preliminary results of this paper is
associated with depicting the fact that the architecture
proposed is having the potential of being applied in different
scenarios of health monitoring.
The paper “Design and Implementation of a Connected
Farm for Smart Farming System” by “Minwoo Ryu, Jaeseok
Yun, Ting Miao, Il-Yeup Ahn, Sung-Chan Choi, and Jaeho
Kim” has been associated with depicting the usage of the IoT
technology for smart farming. This paper is mainly selected
only for depicting the benefits that are provided by the IoT
technology in different fields. This paper is associated with
depicting a connected farm based upon the usage of the IoT
technology which is mainly aimed at providing of a smart
farming system for the end users. The paper is also associated
with depicting a detailed design and implementation of the
connected farms along with the advantages have also been
explained in this paper with respect to the previous existing
solutions.
The paper “Smart Homes for Elderly Healthcare—Recent
Advances and Research Challenges” by “Sumit Majumder,
Emad Aghayi, Moein Noferesti, Hamidreza Memarzadeh-
Tehran, Tapas Mondal, Zhibo Pang and M. Jamal Deen” is
associated with depicting the fact that the advancements in the
medical science and technology have been coupled with the
public health. The paper is associated with presenting the
comprehensive review of the state-of-art research and the
development regarding the smart home based remote
healthcare technologies for the elderly peoples. The main
reason behind this study is aimed at coping up with the
growing needs of the elderly peoples related to the healthcare
services. One such innovation associated with helping the
elderly peoples is associated with including the smart home
which allows the elderly people to live comfortably inside
their homes instead of the healthcare facilities so as to receive
treatment.
The paper “Integration of Smart Home Technologies in a
Health Monitoring System for the Elderly” by “Amaya
Arcelus, Megan Howell Jones, Rafik Goubran and Frank
Knoefel”, is another study based upon the usage of the smart
homes so as to facilitate the lives of the elderly peoples. This
paper has been associated with presenting a smart home
system which is designed for the elderly peoples by the
TAFETA group or the Technology Assisted Friendly
Environment for the Third age group. This in turn is
associated with introducing the sensor technologies which are
integrated with the system is associated with development of a
framework so as to process and communicate the information
which has been extracted. Besides this the paper has also been
associated with considering the acceptability and the
implication of the IoT technology from the perspective of the
potential occupants.
The paper “Charlie Wilsona, Tom Hargreavesb, and
Richard Hauxwell-Baldwinb” by “Benefits and risks of smart
home technologies” is another paper which has been selected
for presenting the benefits of IoT technology. In this paper the
smart home technology has been presented which is one of the
major example of IoT usage. Besides this the paper has
conducted a survey on UK homeowners so as to depict the
level of acceptance of this technology. Besides this from this
paper it can be concluded that the IoT enabled smart homes is
one of the priority area of the energy planning and the national
policies.
The paper “Older Adult Perceptions of Smart Home
Technologies: Implications for Research, Policy & Market
Innovations in Healthcare” by “J.F Coughlin, L.A.
D’Ambrosio, B. Reimer, and M.R.Pratt ” is associated with
depicted the advances in the information communication

technology and the related computational power which are
associated with providing of a wide array related services and
systems. This in turn are associated with forming the basis of
the smart home technologies which are responsible for
supporting the health along with the safety and the
independence of the elderly peoples. The paper has been
associated with conducting a survey amongst the elderly
people so as to have a better understanding of the perceptions
of the elderly people related to the technology.
The paper “Social barriers to the adoption of smart homes”
by “NazmiyeBalta-Ozkan, RosemaryDavidson, MarthaBicket,
and LorraineWhitmarsh” aimed at exploring the social
barriers related to the adaptation of the IoT enabled solutions.
The paper has mainly aimed at exploring the smart homes
enabled for the elderly peoples so as to improve the comfort,
convenience and the safety of the households so as to allow
them in use the energy in an efficient ways and for coping up
with the increased costs. This research paper have been
associated with highlighting the importance of the barriers like
the controlling, security, and cost associated with providing of
insights related to the policymakers and for the smart-home
designers and developers so as to be addressed.
The paper “Market adoption barriers of multi-stakeholder
technology: Smart homes for the aging population” by
“Michel Ehrenhard, Bjorn Kijl, and Lambert Nieuwenhuis”
associated with IoT enabled smart homes which is associated
with making promises for offering a better quality of life by
means of connecting the in-house devices and by monitoring
of the usage. This type of platform based configurable
technology is associated with demonstrating the potential
related to making improvements in the comfort healthcare,
safety and the security or the elderly people. The paper has
been associated with conducting an analysis which has helped
in the development of the generic value network for the smart
homes along with puspoes opportunities so as to improve the
market adaptation of the IoT technologies.
3. SOLUTIONS/FINDINGS/RECOMMENDATIONS
This section of the report gives details of the methodology
used when performing the study. I settled for the Systematic
Literature Review (SLR) because of the nature of the study
involved in my research, along with the problem statement.
This research methodology is fit for the study since it
incorporates the process of identifying, evaluating, and
interpreting all research materials available on the point of
interest of study. Another reason to go with this approach is
that it can be utilized in the clarification of contradicting
research hypothesis and give rise to new research Biolchini et
al. (2005), which is the core of my main objective. I utilized
the steps stressed by (Kitchenham, 2004, which involved the
formation of the research protocol. This is the first step, which
involves the selection of the research topic. Mirroring,
(Kitchenham, 2004; Biolchini et al., 2005), the next step is the
formulation of review protocol which consists of research
questions, quality assessment criteria, keywords utilized in
when doing research on literature and finally the designated
speculation of the results
For this study two questions were selected which are:
1. What is the state of the implementation of IoT in
relation to the elderly?
2. What are the available researches and IoT
technologies that can be leveraged in the use of IoT to
provide for the needs of the elderly?
3.1. Findings
The amount of papers related to the matter was estimated to
be about 200 located in different databases including Scopus,
Web Science, Science Direct and ProQuest. Using the above-
mentioned steps in the methodology as guide, 20 were
identified and selected for the main study. Among the 20
studies, 9 were conference proceedings, 6 are journal articles
and 3 were demo graphs. Each study took a different approach
to explain and analyze IoT applications that were used to help
the elderly in different contexts including health, security, and
social interactions. The table below shows the areas of
concern that the studies mainly concentrated on.
Areas of Interest Number of
Sources
Living room 2
Dining room 4
Health Care 2
Kitchen 1
Bathroom 1
Bedroom 1
Social connection 1
Shopping 2
Security 2
Job Search 1
Training and
gatherings
1
Study room 1
Exploration 1
3.2. Visualization
According to Ikeda et al, (2011), caretakers may tend to
misunderstand the elderly environment. properly. Through the
visualization of IOT objects, a caretaker is able to track
objects and determine any changes in the state of objects on
events triggered by the elderly. IoT objects as mentioned in
the research papers include objects such as ACs, PSs, noise
sensors, infrared sensors, humidity sensors, temperature
sensors, cameras, tablets, medicine cabinets, lights, etc. With
such visualizations, the presence of a camera is a roadblock
for acceptance of the technology since the elderly consider it
an invasion of privacy. Visualization refers to knowledge
inference by utilizing collected information to attain a detailed
interest space (Arcelus et al., 2007). The examples of home
objects given above were thus used to create a visualization to
determine the routine of the elderly person in different parts of
the house. I, therefore, minimized the main areas of interest in
elderly people to a bedroom, dining room kitchen, living
room, and bathroom. This concept can be utilized in creating
application in the future, not just in the healthcare context but
other areas such as security can be incorporated in existing
systems. Through the visualization concept, it is possible for

the caretaker to monitor medicine intake by the individuals by
checking the weight of medicine bottle thereby providing
notifications of necessary dosage or any relevant info via the
TV or smartphones. The use of wearable sensors will also
make it possible to monitor health changes in the individual’s
body.
4. Future Research
The main limitation of this study is that the research mainly
concentrated inside the house. The research did not explore
outside their home, which is a loophole that should be filled
by conducting more research on how IoT can be utilized in
helping the elderly outside their homes. The research
conducted on previous researches indicates that the most
explored area in relation to the matter is healthcare. There is a
need to focus on other aspects of IoT involvement in the lives
of the elderly such as security and social life. My visualization
idea and the data collected from the SLR can be used in
creating a simulation of a friendly environment for the elderly.
Another drawback of my research is that I mainly used
research papers and journals in my research leaving out other
sources of information such as newspapers, archives and other
sources. I hereby encourage that the upcoming researchers
extend their sources to accommodate more sources.
5. Conclusion (5 marks)
The world is associated with embracing an unprecedented
technological trend for the purpose of connecting billions of
devices. The Internet of Things is considered to be the new
paradigm which is associated with enriching the everyday life
and is associated with making promises for driving a
significant changes and for causing a huge impact upon the
modern healthcare by means of enabling of more personalized
as well as preventive and collaborative form of the care. In
recent years there has been a rapid and considerable growth in
the number of aged peoples which in turn has been associated
with giving rise to an increased need of healthcare services.
The IoT has been associated with starting its journey in
enabling the key technologies for a wide range of healthcare
applications which are associated with supporting the elderly
peoples, it is believed by everyone that by empowering the
elderly people in living in an independent way instead of
using the healthcare facilities is associated with proving of
cost saving along with providing of relief for the family
members as well.
There have been a lot of approaches that have been
suggested an implemented to address problems that the elderly
face in their daily life. The literature available is however
biased and has a lot of controversies. Throughout the paper,
we have outlined a few edge-cutting IoT technologies that can
be utilized to make the lives of elderly people easier. In
addition, we utilized the concept of visualization to explain
how IoT can be more efficient. Moreover, our research
develops a sophisticated perspective of the topic, provides
basic knowledge of the existing solutions and provided
objectives of what IoT will be able to achieve in the future for
the elderly. Despite of the fact that the IoT solutions are
associated with enhancing the quality of life of the elderly
peoples the amount of data which are seen to be collected
from the IoT enabled solutions have seen to have increased a
lot and has excelled the expectations. This paper has firstly
been associated with reviewing the existing state-of-art IoT
solutions along with the approaches which are proposed and
designed for the elderly peoples. Followed by this the paper
has been associated with investigating the different prospects
and challenges which are faced by the IoT enabled devices.
6. References and Presentation
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