Report on IOT in Smart Cities: Challenges and Solutions

This report examines the application of the Internet of Things (IOT) in the development of smart cities. It begins with an introduction to the concept, highlighting how IOT can address urban complexities through solutions like smart lighting, parking, waste management, and traffic systems. The report outlines the research aim and questions, followed by a literature review analyzing the benefits of IOT, such as improved resource management, reduced pollution, and enhanced security through surveillance systems and smart home integration. It delves into the technologies used in IOT smart cities, including home care networks, wide area networks, and various communication protocols. The report also addresses challenges like internet connectivity failures, high initial costs, and data security, proposing potential solutions to overcome these obstacles. The methodology section discusses both past and current approaches to analyzing urban problems and implementing IOT solutions, concluding with a focus on creating a sustainable and efficient urban environment.

Assignment on Internet of Things

Contents
Title: IOT in Smart Cities......................................................................................................................2
Introduction:..........................................................................................................................................2
Problem Domain....................................................................................................................................2
Research Aim........................................................................................................................................2
Research Questions...............................................................................................................................2
Literature Review..................................................................................................................................3
Requirement of My Project...................................................................................................................7
Modification in the problem statement:.................................................................................................8
Current and Past methodologies............................................................................................................8
Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................8
References.............................................................................................................................................9

Title: IOT in Smart Cities
Introduction:
The use of IOT in developing smart cities is helpful for resolving all the complexities
associated with the management of the cities. The deployment of IOT look towards the
inclusion of video solution, smart sensor lighting system, smart parking system, development
of environmental sensing mechanism, development of smart waste management system. It
helps in providing secure connectivity between the devices and platform for effective
management of on-road traffic system.
Problem Domain
The population explosion created a problematic living standard of the people. The
environment is full of waste production, high rate of on-road traffic, inefficiency in the
vehicle parking system, and others. The new system is required which is capable of
integrating all the inefficiency of the cities with the possible resolution and helps in
converting a city into the smart city. The IOT is the possible solution for developing a dream
smart city which is capable of providing video solution, smart sensor lighting system, smart
parking system, smart environmental sensing mechanism, smart waste management system,
smart water supply, smart electricity supply, smart vehicular network for traffic management
on the road, and others (Arasteh, Hosseinnezhad., Loia, and Siano, 2016).
Research Aim
The aim of the research is to focus on using the IOT in developing smart cities and
advantages and disadvantages of IoT in smart cities.
Research Questions
What is smart city?
How the complexities of the cities can be resolved with the use of IOT in developing smart
cities?
What is the use of IOT in the development of smart cities?

What are the advantages of using IOT in the development of smart cities?
What are the disadvantages of using IOT in the development of smart cities?
Literature Review
The literature review is analysed for visualizing the efficiency of IOT in developing the smart
cities according to the requirement of the residential people. The increasing growth of
population and industrialization have damage the environment to a high extent. The waste
production is the result of increasing urbanization and industrialization in the cities which
creates an environmental hazard. The environment is full of waste production, high rate of
on-road traffic, inefficiency in the vehicle parking system, and others (Choudhary, Sathe, and
Kachare, 2014). The technological advancement and innovation revolution helps in drawing
focus of the researchers to develop a smart cities with the use of IOT intelligent architecture
which is capable of providing intelligent facilities to the residing people and community
members such as video solution, smart sensor lighting system, smart parking system, smart
environmental sensing mechanism, smart waste management system, smart water supply,
smart electricity supply, smart vehicular network for traffic management on the road, and
others (Jain, 2013). The use of IOT in developing smart cities helps in developing sensor
based street and traffic light management system, smart transportation facilities, smart
parking system, smart infrastructure and accommodation, smart waste management system,
reducing air and water pollution level, reducing occurrence of crime, development of smart
architecture of the city, smart distribution of energy usage, instant management of vehicular
network, and smart sensor footpath for the pedestrians.
Development of smart water supply management system:
The application of IOT in development smart water supply management system helps in
improving the supply of water and its associated consumption in the effective manner with
the elimination of wasting water. The inclusion of sensors in the tap system helps in reducing
the wastage of water during daily curricular activities. The smart meters are used for
improving the water leakages and real time water consumption consumed by the individual
during a day.
Development of smart traffic management system:

The population explosion increases the traffic of the vehicles on the road which creates
congestion and inefficient traffic management system. The use of IOT helps in developing
smart vehicular network system which helps in reducing the chance of accidents. The sensors
in the car system help in analysing the presence of the nearby vehicles and send alert signals
for initializing secure driving. The new routes are provided to the car drivers for minimizing
the traffic congestion on the routes and also save time to reach to the destination.
Development of Smart transportation system:
The development of smart transportation system helps in secure transmission of the people by
analysing proactively bad weather climatic condition. The contingency plans are effectively
drawn for deploying safe and reliable public transportation facilities. The residential people
are provided with the smart transport facility which helps in providing quality of service
through the inclusion of integration of smart IOT devices. It helps in providing global
connectivity to the transportation services. The smart transportation system focuses on
monitoring with the camera system, scheduling of the travel plan, reduction in the traffic
jams, and minimizing the chance of risks.
Development of surveillance system:
The development of the surveillance system in the smart cities helps in minimizing the
occurrence of crimes due to the inclusion of CCTV cameras, violence detection system,
monitoring of the public places, object tracking system, and management of the traffic
police.
Development of smart parking system:
The use of IOT helps in providing cost effective solution for managing smart parking system
of the cars and other vehicle. It helps in minimizing 35% of the traffic congestion on the road.
The parking space can be optimised by effective management of traffic flow (MIjac,
Androcec, Picek, 2015). The parking space is checked on the entrance of cars in the parking
area. The drivers have to pay marginal amount of cost for parking it in the space. The
automatic parking system is based on the server centralization for managing parking slots in
the correspondent parking space. The sensors are used for navigating the drivers to place their
car in the nearest parking slot available in the parking space. The display devices are installed
for showing the available parking space in the parking area. The smart parking system is
capable of analysing the numbers of cars present, departure and arrivals of the car,

monitoring of the environment, mobile ticketing system, and controlling the congestion of the
traffic (Vida, 2014).
Development of smart waste management system:
The increasing growth of population and industrialization have damage the environment to a
high extent. The waste production is the result of increasing urbanization and
industrialization in the cities which creates an environmental hazard. The objectives of the
smart waste management system are to keep the environment clean and free from waste
accumulation procedures, monitoring of the waste disposition, development of smart bin, and
others (Ahlgren, Hidell, Ngai, 2014). The sensor used in the smart bins helps in sensing the
accumulation of waste in the nearby surroundings.
Development of the smart health care system:
The IOT based health care system which is used for providing instant medical facilities to the
patient in emergency situation through the remote monitoring by the expert doctors. The
Smart IOT health care system makes use of video sensors for analysing the daily curriculum
activities performed by the patients in its home care environment (Adisesha, Reddy, Land
Narasaiah, 2014). The IOT health care system is the integration of IOT devices for managing
real time reports of the patients.
Development of IOT smart homes:
The IOT features which are incorporated in the development of the smart homes are
categorised as management of demand response of the family members, inclusion of fire
detection system, automatic balancing of the temperature according to the changes occurred
in the climatic conditions, security system for detecting the root cause of the crime, and
development of social networks with other communities smart homes (Bonino, Delgado,
Alapetite, Spirito, 2015).
Technologies used in IOT smart cities
The development of IOT smart cities is coped up with various technological structures for
managing wireless communication among the different platforms of IOT infrastructure. The
commonly used networks in the IOT connectivity for developing smart cities are as follows:

Home care networks: The home care networks are used for monitoring the connectivity of the
home equipment, and others.
Wide area network: It is used for managing the communication between IOT devices over the
network.
Field Area network: It is used for managing connection between IOT sub-stations which are
used for sensing the presence of other sensor based equipment in the real life scenario.
Radio Frequency Identification: The RFID reader is used for developing an automatic
identification system which develops smart grids for finding the position of the objects.
Near Field Communication: The NFC readers are used for deploying short distance
communication for enabling the connectivity with the IOT devices.
Low Rate wireless personal area network: The LWPAN technology is used for managing
connection between the IOT devices within the range of 10 to 20 kilometres (Fischione,
2016).
Zig-bee sensor nodes: The Zig-bee sensor nodes are used for managing the low cost wireless
communication for managing the personal area network for the automation of home, parking
system, and others.
Wireless Sensor Networks: The wireless sensor networks are used for managing the
communication between the global IOT environment such as IOT in health care.
The following diagram shows the use of IOT in the development of smart cities with the
technological advancement and innovation in the intelligent system:

Requirement of My Project
The requirement of my project is to develop a smart city with the inclusion of IOT in various
section of the cities to make it automatic such as IOT waste management system, IOT smart
Home, IOT health care, IOT in transportation system and parking, and many more. There are
some major challenges in the construction of the smart city by making use of IOT system
because the failures of the internet connectivity will results into complete breakdown of the
smart city environment. The high level internet connectivity is required for managing
effective communication between the IOT devices in the real life scenario. The huge amount
of initial cost is required for developing the smart cities because it is an amalgamation of
video solution, smart sensor lighting system, smart parking system, smart environmental
sensing mechanism, smart waste management system, smart water supply, smart electricity
supply, smart vehicular network for traffic management on the road, and others (Zanella,,
Bui, Castellani, and Zorzi, 2012). The security is the major concern for preserving the
confidentiality of the information on the cloud environment of the IOT network system. The
data leakages in the network will result in the failure of complete IOT environment. The
feeling of trust should be created among user by providing guarantee and security mechanism
for preserving the confidentiality of the user data which is deployed on the internet to remain
connective with the smart IOT environment and take privilege of using its facilities and
services. In my research, I will focus on the challenges which are faced during the
development of smart cities project.

Modification in the problem statement:
The IOT is the possible solution for developing a dream smart city which is capable of
providing video solution, smart sensor lighting system, smart parking system, smart
environmental sensing mechanism, smart waste management system, smart water supply,
smart electricity supply, smart vehicular network for traffic management on the road, and
others. The focus should also be given on the challenges and their possible resolutions to
develop a dream smart city.
Current and Past methodologies
The qualitative approach of methodology is used in the past to resolve the problems faced by
the residential people in their living standards such as arranging questionnaires, interviews,
surveys, and others to know their problems and analyse the possible solution.
The qualitative and quantitative approaches are used in the current methodologies to analyse
the problem domain and provide a smart cities based on intelligent system. The deployment
of qualitative approach such as interviews, questionnaire, and surveys helps in analysing the
problem domain and the area of concern where the application of IOT architecture is required
for the automation of the working process. The deployment of quantitative approach such as
sampling and simulation program helps in testing the IOT architecture in the real life scenario
on the small sample so as to predict its expected outcomes and possible challenges during the
implementation of the IOT infrastructure of smart cities to the public use.
Conclusion
The use of IOT in developing smart cities helps in developing sensor based street and traffic
light management system, smart transportation facilities, smart parking system, smart
infrastructure and accommodation, smart waste management system, reducing air and water
pollution level, reducing occurrence of crime, development of smart architecture of the city,
smart distribution of energy usage, instant management of vehicular network, and smart
sensor footpath for the pedestrians

References
Adisesha, K., Reddy, L., and Narasaiah, B. (2014). Implementation of IOT technology in
building smart cities. 1st ed. Retrieved from
http://www.ijircce.com/upload/2017/teccafe/22_IITC_028.pdf
Ahlgren, B., Hidell, M., Ngai, E. (2014). Internet of things for smart cities: Standards and
Opportunities. 1st ed. Retrieved from
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8986/263acaa4e153e7acddc0bf9c9b5ce6f56479.pdf
Arasteh, H, Hosseinnezhad., V., Loia, V., and Siano, P. (2016). IoT based smart cities: A
survey. 1st ed. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301790173_IoT-
based_Smart_Cities_a_Survey
Bonino, D., Delgado, M., Alapetite, A., Spirito, T. (2015). ALMANAC: Internet of things for
smart cities. International conference on future internet of things and cloud, At home,
3(2). Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279884343_ALMANAC_internet_of_thing
s_for_smart_cities
Choudhary, S., Sathe, R., and Kachare, A. (2014). Smart cities based on IOT: A Review.
International journal of Engineering trends and technology, 48(8). Retrieved from
http://www.ijettjournal.org/2017/volume-48/number-8/IJETT-V48P275.pdf
Fischione, C. (2016). Internet of things for smart cities. 1st ed. Retrieved from
https://people.kth.se/~carlofi/presentations/Nordic_Smart_Cities-Carlo_Fischione-
short_low_res.pdf
Jain, R. (2013). Internet of things for smart cities: Challenges and Issues. 1st ed. Retrieved
from http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/ftp/iots_ssc.pdf
MIjac, M., Androcec, D., Picek, R. (2015). Smart cities driven by IOT: A systematic review.
1st ed. Retrieved from http://www.jesd-online.com/dokumenti/upload/separated/Vol
%204%20No%202_Paper4.pdf
Vida, R. (2014). IoT in Smart Cities. 1st ed. Retrieved from
http://www.jesd-online.com/dokumenti/upload/separated/Vol%204%20No
%202_Paper4.pdf

Zanella,, A., Bui, N., Castellani, A., and Zorzi, M. (2012). Internet of things for smart cities.
1st ed. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260540297_Internet_of_Things_for_Smart_
Cities