MOD002602 - Computing Research Methodologies: IoT in Smart Cities

This report investigates the significance of the Internet of Things (IoT) in the development of smart cities. The study addresses the challenges posed by rapid urban population growth and explores how IoT technologies can improve various aspects of city life. The report examines the application of IoT in traffic management, waste management, pollution control, and smart parking, highlighting the benefits and potential security challenges. Through a review of journal articles and research papers, the report analyzes the impact of IoT on urban infrastructure, environmental sustainability, and citizen well-being. The research methodology includes defining research questions, reviewing literature, and utilizing a data collection strategy to provide a comprehensive analysis of IoT's role in creating more efficient, safe, and sustainable urban environments. The findings emphasize the importance of IoT in enhancing various city services and improving the overall quality of life for urban residents.

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MOD002602_StudentID_turnitinID.PDF
MOD002602 Computing Research Methodologies
Element 010: 3000 WORD REPORT (2019 TRI2 F01CAM)
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Project Title
Significance of IoT in smart cities
Student ID
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Submission Date
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Make sure it matches with your Turnitin submission date
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Table of Contents
Abstract.....................................................................................................................................4
1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................5
2. Problem Background........................................................................................................5
3. Research Aim....................................................................................................................5
4. Research Objectives..........................................................................................................6
5. Scope..................................................................................................................................6
6. Literature Review.............................................................................................................6
7. Research Methodology...................................................................................................11
7.1 Research Framework..............................................................................................11
7.2 Gantt Chart..............................................................................................................13
7.3 Data Collection Strategy.........................................................................................13
8. Results and Discussion....................................................................................................13
9. Conclusion.......................................................................................................................14
10. References....................................................................................................................15
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Abstract
The paper mainly reflects on the significance of IoT within smart cities. It is found that in the
recent years, the population within urban areas can growth and that raise a number of issues
for the people living there. In order to provide proper living facility, it is needed to use IoT
within urban areas so that the urban areas can be transferred into smart cities. It is analyzed
that with the help of IoT, a number of facilities including waste management, traffic
management, pollution control as well as smart parking are provided. In spite of the
advantages, a number of security challenges generally occur. It is analyzed that for
undertaking this research, a number of journal articles as well as research papers are
provided. Furthermore, the timeline that is provided states that around 34days of time is
required for completing the research successfully.
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1. Introduction
The paper generally reflects on the importance of IoT within smart cities. It is found
that from the last few years, cities are facing unprecedent growth that bring a lot of
challenges as they generally seek to remain healthy, safe as well as sustainable. The IoT
generally helps in offering a number of opportunities for using data in order to manage traffic
as well as for cutting pollution and for effectively managing the infrastructure. Additionally,
the paper utilizes qualitative analysis by reviewing a number of journals as well as research
papers for undderstnding the significance of IoT within smart cities.
2. Problem Background
The main problem is that from the last few years, people are moving in cities for getting
better living facilities and as a result there is unprecedented growth in the population. As per
one of the reports, it is found by 2025, 50% of the world population will generally be living
in cities and therefore for managing the requirements of the entire population, it is necessary
to use proper technology. It is identified that the use of IoT helps in offering a number of
opportunities for in order to utilize data in order to manage traffic as well as by cutting
population for making better use of infrastructure in order to keep the citizens quite safe as
well as clean.
3. Research Aim
The main aim of the entire research is to properly analyze the significance of internet of
Things in cities for automating different types of services as well as for providing a number
of opportunities for managing traffic, cutting pollution, waste management as well as for
handling parking facility quite effectively.
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4. Research Objectives
The research objectives are:
 To resolve the issues that mainly occurs in cities due to unprecedent growth of
population
 To reflect the significance of IoT in smart cities
 To analyze the issues which are experienced due to the utilization of IoT in smart
cities
5. Scope
The scope of the research mainly includes:
 Undertaking background study
 Setting goals as well as objectives
 Defining research questions
 Reviewing different types of journal articles
 Using research methodology
 Analyzing proper data collection strategy
 Undertaking proper research framework
6. Literature Review
Internet of Things
According to Arasteh et al. (2016), IoT is one of the trending technological field that
generally in converting different types of electronic devices into quite smarter one. It is found
that a number of industries are generally adopting the IoT technology for operations for
enhancing the productivity as well as for improving efficiency. This type of innovative
technology is generally connected with the device with the internet for providing the user
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with proper features including real time analytics as well as proper platform for analyzing the
data that is collected (Urbieta et al. 2017). Because of a number of applications, it is found
that IoT technology generally gets integrated to all the industries quite effectively. It is found
that presently, the companies that build or re0think the different types of business models for
effectively validating how to improve the competitive growth within the market.
It is stated by Chatterjee, Kar and Gupta (2018) that IoT is generally regarded as one of
the significant frontiers that is helpful in improving different types of activities effectively.
Use of IoT helps in encouraging proper communication between the devices. As the devices
generally stay connected and therefore proper transparency is found to be available with very
much less inefficiencies as well as proper quality (Sikder et al. 2018). As different types of
physical objects generally get connected as well as controlled digitally as well as centrally
with the different types of wireless based infrastructure and therefore there is very large
amount of automation as well as control. With the help of proper intervention, the entire
machines can be properly communicating with one another that further leads to faster as well
as timely output quite effectively.
Significance of IoT in smart cities
According to Khanna and Anand (2016), IoT enabled smart city mainly helps in
contributing towards healthier environment by successfully making improvement within the
traffic by properly enhancing the safety by providing proper facility of street lights. The
smart cities are quite helpful in making sure that the citizens can easily move from one place
to another without facing any type of issue and for that they have turn the IoT based
development as well as implementation within the traffic of cities. It is stated by Mick et al.
(2017) that smart traffic-based solutions generally utilize different types of sensors as well as
by fetching data from the smartphones for determining the number, speed as well as location
of the vehicles. Moreover, smart traffic-based lights are also connected with the cloud
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platform for allowing proper monitoring and helps in altering the light depending on the
condition of the traffic and thus it generally helps in avoiding issues that can occur due to
traffic congestion.
It is opined by Gyrard, Zimmermann and Sheth (2018) that by utilizing the GPS based
data from the smartphones of the drivers as well as by using proper smart parking solutions,
one can be able to properly determine whether a particular spot that is occupied is available
by effectively creating proper time that is mainly based on parking map. It is identified that
when the closet parking-based spot generally becomes free then the drivers will be able to get
proper notification for utilizing the map on their phone for properly finding proper parking-
based spot quite faster as well as easier. On the other hand, it is stated by Park, Del Pobil and
Kwon (2018) that the data from different IoT sensors which further can be able to reveal
patterns of how the citizens can be able to utilize transport. Furthermore, the public operators
generally can utilize these types of data for properly enhancing the traveling experience for
achieving higher level of punctuality as well as safety. For effectively carrying a number of
analysis, it is analyzed that the smart transport-based solutions are helpful in combining a
number of sources including ticket sales as well as traffic-based information.
According to De Fuentes et al. (2018), IoT based cities can be able to maintain the street
lamps quite effectively and in a very much cost-effective way. The street lights are mainly
equipped with different types of sensors that are further connected with the cloud solution for
adapting street lightening effectively. Smart light-based solutions are quite helpful in
gathering data related with illuminance, vehicle movement as well as assists in improving the
entire lightening schedule. As a result, the street lightening can be able to tell, dim, bright
based on the outer conditions. It is stated by Huang et al. (2017) that IoT assists in properly
changing the manner in which communities in cities utilizes waster. Smart meters are used
for detecting leakage and thus helps in reducing the wastage of water. In addition to this,
these types of meters are generally intended to furnish the occupants with proper access of
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data about the utilization as well as water supply. Furthermore, IoT based innovations helps
in building energy efficient structures and with the help of these types of IoT devices, one can
be able to connect with the smart management-based applications that further helps in
controlling the nonstandard cooling, lighting as well as fire safety-based facilities.
According to Zhang et al. (2018), IoT based devices can be effectively implemented for
properly maintaining as well as controlling the streetlamps in a very much cost effective. It is
identified that sensors that utilizes cloud management related solutions can generally helpful
in effectively as well as controlling different types switching operations. In addition to this,
lightening solutions can be effectively implemented by properly utilizing sensors so that
proper track can be kept on the movement of the people as well as vehicles quite effectively.
By utilizing this particular type of data, it is analyzed that street lamps can be able to properly
adjust the lightening quite effectively (Kok, Şimşek and Ozdemir 2017). In addition to this,
IoT based devices are generally utilized for keeping the entire cities quite safe as well as
clean. Furthermore, cities can implement different types of strategies like proper definition of
the parameters that are found to be important for every much safe as well as healthy
surrounding. Moreover, sensors are generally incorporated for measuring the water quality by
effectively examining the PH level of soil as well as air.
It is stated by An et al. (2019) that IoT based solutions generally helps in allowing
proper tracking of the parameters that are found to be very much critical for the healthy
environment for successfully maintaining them at proper optional level. It is analyzed that in
order to monitor the quality of the water, the city can be able to deploy a number of network-
based sensors across the water grid for connecting them with the cloud-based platform quite
effectively. The sensors generally help in properly measuring the PH level and also helps in
measuring the dissolved oxygen as well as dissolved ions. If any type of leakage occurs or the
composition of water changes then the platform in the cloud will get triggered as an output
that is further defined by the users. According to Mehmood et al. (2017), wearable
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healthcare-based devices are helpful in hosting a number of health-related problems and it
immediately assists in administering different types of living saving drugs with proper
detailed information that is mainly placed for alerting the family members when required.
According to Muhammed, Mehmood and Albeshri (2017), the most important area in
which IoT that is implemented is generally helpful in improving security within urban areas
that is surveillance with the help of video that further permits the policies for properly
monitoring the live feeds across the entire city that generally depends on the AI systems for
detecting as well as reporting incidence of crime. It is found that as the city administrators as
well as tech developers generally strike a proper balance between efficacy as well as privacy
such that some of the programs can be implemented effectively with help of gunshot based
detection technology in various parts of New York cities that automatically helps in sending
alert to the nearby officers of the police whenever gunshot is found to be captured. It is stated
by Qiu et al. (2017) there is massive potential for innovating as well as for making profit
from the shift towards across different for effective city planning. The difference between
various entrepreneurs who generally succeed within the IoT industry for maximizing the
features for effectively improving efficiency as well as reducing different types of
environmental impacts for keeping the privacy quite strong.
Issues that occur due to utilization of IoT within smart cities
According to Ngai et al. (2017), despite of the countless benefits that are associated
with the smart city related project, it is found that a lot of challenges generally occur when it
generally comes to deployment and this is mainly because of the uniqueness of the city
requirements as well as different types of interpretations that are mainly associated with the
deployment based concepts. It is analyzed that the variations can be further categorized on
the basis of technology related challenges, digital security, legislation as well as policies. It is
stated by Hu et al. (2018) that digital security is considered as a major threat thar is faced by
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the city when they generally try to implement smart city related project. It is found that
different types of personal data generally get uploaded within the cloud and it is often shared
with different digital devices that in turn helps in sharing different types of information
among different users.
7. Research Methodology
7.1 Research Framework
According to research framework will be utilized for properly implementing the steps
that are mainly taken throughout the entire research. It is mainly used as one of the guides for
the researchers so that they can remain much more focussed on the scope of the research. The
research generally includes the following:
Research philosophy: Research philosophy generally helps in reflecting values as well
as the choice of data collection technique. In order to analyze the significance of IoT in smart
cities, it is found that positivism research philosophy is used as it helps in adhering various
types of views that are mainly based on the factual knowledge that is mainly gained with the
help of observation including proper measurement (Cuervo‐Cazurra et al. 2017).
Research design: It is stated by Bresle and Stake (2017) that research design is
considered as a framework of various research methods that are mainly utilized by the
researcher in order to successfully conduct a research. It is found that in order to review the
importance of IoT in smart cities, it is found that a number of journal articles as well as
research papers are reviewed and therefore descriptive research design is mainly selected. It
is analyzed that descriptive research generally will be used for accurately as well as
systematically elaborating the concept of IoT quite effectively and its importance in making
the urban cities into smart.
Research approach: It is considered as one of the procedures which mainly comprises of
a number of steps as well as assumptions for detailed data collection, analysis as well as
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Background study
Setting objectives
Literature review
Methodology
Research philosophy
Secondary data
collection
Research approach Research design
Results
interpretation within the research. It is found that inductive research is used as it is mainly
based on reasoning, observation as well as theories and it is found that with inductive
approach, the importance of IoT within smart cities is properly explained (Mohajan 2018).
The diagram for the research framework is provided below:
Figure 1: Research Framework
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(Source: Created by Author)
7.2 Gantt Chart
As per the below figure, 34 days of time is needed in order to conduct the research on IoT
in smart cities.
Figure 2: IoT in smart cities
(Source: Created by Author)
7.3 Data Collection Strategy
Data collection is one of the procedures that is used for gathering as well as measuring
information on variable interest that is mainly established in a proper fashion for answering
research questions. It is found that secondary data collection method is utilized for collecting
information and this is mainly done by reviewing different types of journal articles as well as
research papers for determining the research papers in order to determine the significance of
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IoT within smart cities. Moreover, proper information related with the issues as well as future
scope of IoT within smart cities are also determined.
8. Results and Discussion
It is expected in the coming future that everything starting from the shape as well as
structure to lightening is helpful in making the environment much greener and thus it creates
very much minimal impact on the entire environment as the energy efficiency generally has a
very much major effect on bidding value. The IoT will be helpful in providing proper
potential for harnessing energy utilization in an efficient manner. It is also analyzed that in
the coming days energy efficiency as well as coverage will generally play an important role
in successfully implementing different types of new technologies for proper development of
the city. Furthermore, the potential of smart cities is quite limitless and therefore the growth
of the cities will generally accelerate and thus resolving the issues that are presently occurring
in cities.
It is also analyzed that in the coming future, it is predicted that a lot a company will
generally create vehicles which will generally play an important role in the coming age of the
smart city. It is identified from Toyota to Renault, the companies generally showcased
properly autonomous vehicles as well as cars that is mainly capable of properly
understanding the surrounding environment for making a number of decisions. In addition to
this, idea of having zero emission will become reality. Moreover, the future of the entire
smart city will include proper host of clean energy-based sources for powering the entire city.
Furthermore, the energy within smart cities are found to be quite efficient by utilizing energy
due to constant real time-based data collection as well as analysis quite effectively.
9. Conclusion
It can be concluded from the entire paper IoT plays an important role in transforming
urban areas into smart cities. It is identified that with the implementation of IoT a number of
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services including waste management, traffic management, pollution control as well as smart
building. All these services that are mainly provided not only helps in making the
environment green and energy efficient but also assists in giving people better facilities of
living in spite of huge growth of population in the urban areas. The paper reviews a number
of articles as well as research papers and have identified that in the coming future IoT will be
helpful in making the city emission free due to the techniques of IoT. Moreover, the paper
also assists in reflecting the future scope of IoT within smart cities and reflected the timeline
that is mainly required in order to undertake the entire research work. It is analyzed that
around 34 days of time is needed so that the significance of IoT in smart cities can be easily
identified.
10. References
An, J., Le Gall, F., Kim, J., Yun, J., Hwang, J., Bauer, M., Zhao, M. and Song, J., 2019.
Toward global IoT-enabled smart cities interworking using adaptive semantic adapter. IEEE
Internet of Things Journal, 6(3), pp.5753-5765.
Arasteh, H., Hosseinnezhad, V., Loia, V., Tommasetti, A., Troisi, O., Shafie-khah, M. and
Siano, P., 2016, June. Iot-based smart cities: a survey. In 2016 IEEE 16th International
Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
Bresler, L. and Stake, R.E., 2017. Qualitative research methodology in music education.
In Critical Essays in Music Education (pp. 113-128). Routledge.
Chatterjee, S., Kar, A.K. and Gupta, M.P., 2018. Success of IoT in smart cities of India: An
empirical analysis. Government Information Quarterly, 35(3), pp.349-361.
Cuervo‐Cazurra, A., Mudambi, R., Pedersen, T. and Piscitello, L., 2017. Research
methodology in global strategy research. Global Strategy Journal, 7(3), pp.233-240.
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De Fuentes, J.M., Gonzalez-Manzano, L., Solanas, A. and Veseli, F., 2018. Attribute-based
credentials for privacy-aware smart health services in iot-based smart cities. Computer, 51(7),
pp.44-53.
Gyrard, A., Zimmermann, A. and Sheth, A., 2018. Building IoT-based applications for smart
cities: How can ontology catalogs help?. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 5(5), pp.3978-
3990.
Hu, J., Yang, K., Marin, S.T. and Sharif, H., 2018. Guest editorial special issue on Internet-
of-Things for smart cities. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 5(2), pp.468-472.
Huang, J., Xing, C.C., Shin, S.Y., Hou, F. and Hsu, C.H., 2017. Optimizing M2M
communications and quality of services in the IoT for sustainable smart cities. IEEE
Transactions on Sustainable Computing, 3(1), pp.4-15.
Khanna, A. and Anand, R., 2016, January. IoT based smart parking system. In 2016
International Conference on Internet of Things and Applications (IOTA) (pp. 266-270).
IEEE.
Kok, İ., Şimşek, M.U. and Özdemir, S., 2017, December. A deep learning model for air
quality prediction in smart cities. In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big
Data) (pp. 1983-1990). IEEE.
Mehmood, Y., Ahmad, F., Yaqoob, I., Adnane, A., Imran, M. and Guizani, S., 2017. Internet-
of-things-based smart cities: Recent advances and challenges. IEEE Communications
Magazine, 55(9), pp.16-24.
Mick, T., Tourani, R. and Misra, S., 2017. LASeR: Lightweight authentication and secured
routing for NDN IoT in smart cities. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 5(2), pp.755-764.
Mohajan, H.K., 2018. Qualitative research methodology in social sciences and related
subjects. Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People, 7(1), pp.23-48.
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Muhammed, T., Mehmood, R. and Albeshri, A., 2017, November. Enabling reliable and
resilient IoT based smart city applications. In International Conference on Smart Cities,
Infrastructure, Technologies and Applications (pp. 169-184). Springer, Cham.
Ngai, E., Dressler, F., Leung, V. and Li, M., 2017. Guest Editorial Special Section on
Internet-of-Things for Smart Cities and Urban Informatics. IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Informatics, 13(2), pp.748-750.
Park, E., Del Pobil, A.P. and Kwon, S.J., 2018. The role of Internet of Things (IoT) in smart
cities: Technology roadmap-oriented approaches. Sustainability, 10(5), p.1388.
Qiu, T., Zheng, K., Han, M., Chen, C.P. and Xu, M., 2017. A data-emergency-aware
scheduling scheme for Internet of Things in smart cities. IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Informatics, 14(5), pp.2042-2051.
Sikder, A.K., Acar, A., Aksu, H., Uluagac, A.S., Akkaya, K. and Conti, M., 2018, January.
IoT-enabled smart lighting systems for smart cities. In 2018 IEEE 8th Annual Computing and
Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC) (pp. 639-645). IEEE.
Urbieta, A., González-Beltrán, A., Mokhtar, S.B., Hossain, M.A. and Capra, L., 2017.
Adaptive and context-aware service composition for IoT-based smart cities. Future
Generation Computer Systems, 76, pp.262-274.
Zhang, Y., Xiong, Z., Niyato, D., Wang, P. and Han, Z., 2018. Market-oriented information
trading in Internet of Things (IoT) for smart cities. arXiv preprint arXiv:1806.05583.
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Mark scheme for Element 010: 3000 WORD REPORT (2019 TRI2 F01CAM)
MOD002602 Computing Research Methodologies
Project Title : ----------------------------------------------------------
Student ID : ----------------------------------------------------------
Content (40 %) Structure (40 %) Total
# Section
Not Yet
1/6
Good
1/3
Excellent
1/2
Not Yet
1/6
Good
1/3
Excellent
1/2
1 Project Title Out of 5
2 Abstract Out of 5
3 Introduction Out of 5
4
Problem
Background
Out of 10
5
Research Aim
and Objectives
Out of 5
6 Scope Out of 5
7
Literature
Review
Out of 10
8
Research
methodology
Out of 10
9
Expected
Outcomes
Out of 10
10 Conclusion Out of 5
11 References Out of 10
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SUBTOTAL Out of 0
Excellent:
Excellent, scientifically sound and objective research work. Organization, structure and
layout of the report fully complies with research methodology guidelines and principles.
Good:
Scientific value, quality of the contents, organization, structure and layout of the research
work is adequate and acceptable. However, there's still room for improvement.
Not There Yet:
Quality of the contents, scientific value, organization, structure and layout of the research
work could be significantly improved.
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