BSc Cloud Computing: Internet Protocols Assignment Report - IPv4/IPv6

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of Internet Protocols, focusing on the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 and the associated IP addressing schemes. It begins by examining the challenges of IPv4 exhaustion and the implementation of CIDR addressing and NAT routers. The report then delves into IPv6, discussing its benefits, deployment strategies, and the complexities of the transition process, including compatibility issues and the use of dual-stack architecture. It analyzes the performance of IPv4 and IPv6 networks using OPNET modeler, highlighting the advantages of IPv6 in terms of throughput and CPU utilization. The report also explores various IP addressing schemes for different departments within a university, including the School of Applied Computing, the School of Automotive Engineering, and the School of Engineering, providing detailed subnetting plans and address allocation. The document highlights the importance of IPv6 for future network growth and security, and the need for effective transition strategies to ensure business continuity.

Running head: BSC CLOUD COMPUTING
Internet Protocols
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author’s Note

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Part 1: Research Report
There has been a rapid expansion in internet and it resulted in a success disaster for the IP
addresses. The main noticeable issue is the exhaustion of IP and increased expansion of routing
table. As a measure CIDR addressing policies are implemented for reducing the wastage of IP
address. For resolving the problem NAT routers were also deployed for later a new version of
the IP addressing protocol was introduced named as IPv6. The currently used IPv4 address is of
32 bits and IPv6 address proposed in the year 1998 is of 128 bits (Ipv6observatory.eu. 2019).
The transformation from IPv4 to Ipv6 is time taking and needs lots of efforts and equipment’s to
be used for the transformation. The requirement and benefits of IPv6 and cost of deployment is
researched and discussed in the report.
The deployment of IPv6 is monitored based on 3 different activities that are running
parallel. Data is collected from different channels for qualitative and quantitative analysis of
deployment level of IPv6. Extensive data collection tools are used such that it can be adopted in
context of evolution. The gathered datasets are analyzed collectively and individually and
analyzing large datasets would help in using the statistical analysis and generate graphs
depending on the advice of experts and case studies (Goyal and Arora 2017). Dissemination is
used depending on paper communication, workshops and conferences. The aim of the research is
to project co-existence of IPv4 and Ipv6 with single existence and its adoption in the business
can ensure continuity in the business and help future growth of the organization. An assumption
is made that IPv6 headers are streamlined for efficiency and it allows greater flexibility in the
network for supporting different features. The new devices and network equipment’s supports
the IPv6 addressing and dual stack architecture. Since the backbone of the network is largely
based on IPv4 the transition of IPv4 to IPv6 would take a lots of time. In the IPv4 network

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MPLS helps in reducing the queue delay since MPLS checks the label and the IP header is not
utilized for routing decisions and forwarding the packets (Plonka and Berger 2017). The
application of MPLS in IPv6 results in increased queue delay since the MPLS header is added
and causes increased in packet size.
The TCP/IP design architecture is introduced for bringing flexibility and enabling growth
in internet. It is used for providing undisrupted internet communication regardless of losses in
gateways and networks. The IPv4 is currently used for governing the communication over the
internet and with its shortage IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority) IPv4 address emptied
on 3rd February 2011 and Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) IP address that are unallocated can
exhaust soon. Thus there is a requirement of actively deploying the successor of IPv4 i.e. IPv6
such that the RIRs and ISPs can continue their service (Tang et al. 2017). The IPv6 architecture
helps in improving security, authentication and configuring the devices automatically. The main
barrier for transition of Ipv6 is the limited compatibility for the existing IPv4 device seeking for
communication with the IPv6 configured devices and IPv6 devices seeking to communicate with
the existing IPv4 devices. The IPv4 configured devices cannot communicate with IPv6
configured device since the header format of the IP addresses are different from each other.
There is also lack of robust translation and thus some software and protocols may not be
functioning on the devices configured with IPv6 address (Ahmed et al. 2017). There are also
different network management tools that is currently designed for IPv4 network and it may lack
in effective implementation in Ipv6 configured networks.
There are different transition technologies that are developed for transition of IPv4
network to IPv6 and enable communication with all the type of network. The performance of
IPv4 and IPv6 network is analyzed for evaluation of transition effect on behavior of the network.

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The OPNET modeler can be used for simulating an IPv6 and IPv4 network for identification of
the throughput. From the evaluation it has been found that IPv6 network has a higher throughput
and CPU utilized for the IPv4 network is minimum (Yan et al. 2016). With the TCP protocol the
dual stack configured network has less delay. Among the different migration technique dual
stack mechanism is widely used for transition of a network. Here the network devices are
configured with both Ipv4 and IPv6 network address. Until the adoption of the Ipv6 scheme a
temporary solution for addressing the Ipv4 exhaustion issue is using the private IPv4 address.
The private IP address acts as a temporary solution since it is not addressed uniquely. The host
configured with a private IP address can communicate with a host configured with public IP
address with the application of network address translation but on the other hand the host with
public IP address cannot communicate with the host having private IP address (Montavont,
Cobârzan and Noel 2015). The use of private IP address can help in resolving the issue of mobile
IP network i.e. GPRS and other cellular network technologies. There are different system that
can help in adoption of IPv6 network without the need of changes in software or hardware
platform for the devices on users end. The mechanism is the implementation of transparent
gateway and it can offer the user virtually unlimited address space but transition period when the
coexistence of IPv4 and IPv6 network is necessary is longer.
The IPv6 was developed by Internet engineering Task Force and it works in the Internet
Layer for the packet switching network. It is responsible for providing end to end transmission of
datagrams across the multiple network. It provides additional features that are not present in IPv4
and also offers more address space than its predecessor. The address configuration, router
announcement and network renumbering can be simplified with the application of IPv6. Packet
fragmentation is used in IPv6 for the end points for the simplification of processing the packets

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(Murdock et al. 2017). The subnet size of IPv6 is standardized by fixing host identified portion
size for an address to 64 bits. The main design requirement of the IPv6 is the network security
and contains the original specification of IPSec. For the management of IPv6 address it is
divided into three types of addresses such as unicast, Any cast and multicast. The unicast address
is used in single interface and the data packet sent to this type is identified by the address. In case
of any cast address it acts as an identifier for multiple interfaces. The data packet sent to any cast
address is delivered to the interface identified by the address. For multicast address the data
packet is delivered to all the interface that is identified by the address. The address space of Ipv6
is larger than Ipv4 and it is 128 bits and thus it has 2128 addresses (Anbar et al. 2016). The longer
address of IPv6 helps in simplification of address allocation and enables aggregation of routes
for the implementation of special addressing feature. The IPv6 subnet has the standard size of 264
addresses and it is the square of the size of the whole Ipv4 address space. The space utilization of
pv6 is smaller than Ipv4 but the efficiency of routing and management would be improved due to
its improvement in large space of subnet and aggregation of hierarchical routes.
The IPv6 hosts has the ability of configuring themselves automatically when they are
connected in the IPv6 network and it uses Network discovery protocol with the use of ICMPv6
messages for router discovery. When the device is connected with the network for the first time a
link local router solicitation message request is sent for identifying the configuration parameters.
A response is received from the router with an advertisement packet containing configuration
parameters for the internet layer. A special case of requirement is presented by the router for
addressing the configuration since most of the time it receives the auto configuration information
for e.g. prefix advertisement and router (Gont et al. 2017). A special router renumbering protocol
can be used for achievement of stateless configuration. For the IPv4 network renumbering an

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existing network for a new connectivity provider is a major effort. With the implementation of
Ipv6 the prefix announced by a few router can be used for renumbering the entire network and
since the host identifier can be self-configured independently. The IPv6 address is unsuitable for
stateless transmission and it can allow stateful configuration similarly with IPv4 by using manual
static configuration or DHCPv6. The IPv6 also has the support of globally unique IP addresses
and the design is created for reemphasizing the different principles of traditional network design
(Te Lu et al. 2017). With the application of this approach a unique address is assigned to each
device such that it is globally reachable from different location in the internet. It also helps in
tracking the network activity of the device. The use of Ipv6 auto configuration the MAC address
is used for making the address unique and exposes the hardware for providing a unique handle
for online activity.

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Part 2: IP Addressing Scheme
IP addressing scheme for School of Applied Computing
Major Network: 172.17.12.0/22
Available IP addresses in major network: 1022
Number of IP addresses needed: 439
Available IP addresses in allocated subnets: 654
About 66% of available major network address space is used
About 67% of subnetted network address space is used
Subne Neede Allocat Address Mas Dec Mask Assignable Broadcast

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t
Name
d Size ed Size k Range
Staffs 20 30 172.17.14.9
6
/27 255.255.255.2
24
172.17.14.9
7 -
172.17.14.1
26
172.17.14.1
27
Lab30
1
60 62 172.17.13.0 /26 255.255.255.1
92
172.17.13.1
-
172.17.13.6
2
172.17.13.6
3
Lab30
2
30 30 172.17.14.6
4
/27 255.255.255.2
24
172.17.14.6
5 -
172.17.14.9
4
172.17.14.9
5
Lab30
3
36 62 172.17.14.0 /26 255.255.255.1
92
172.17.14.1
-
172.17.14.6
2
172.17.14.6
3
Lab30
4
45 62 172.17.13.1
28
/26 255.255.255.1
92
172.17.13.1
29 -
172.17.13.1
172.17.13.1
91

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90
Lab30
6
40 62 172.17.13.1
92
/26 255.255.255.1
92
172.17.13.1
93 -
172.17.13.2
54
172.17.13.2
55
Lab30
8
140 254 172.17.12.0 /24 255.255.255.0 172.17.12.1
-
172.17.12.2
54
172.17.12.2
55
Lab30
9
50 62 172.17.13.6
4
/26 255.255.255.1
92
172.17.13.6
5 -
172.17.13.1
26
172.17.13.1
27
Lab31
0
18 30 172.17.14.1
28
/27 255.255.255.2
24
172.17.14.1
29 -
172.17.14.1
58
172.17.14.1
59
IP addressing scheme for School of Automotive Engineering
Major Network: 172.19.12.0/22
Available IP addresses in major network: 1022

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Number of IP addresses needed: 283
Available IP addresses in allocated subnets: 400
About 41% of available major network address space is used
About 71% of subnetted network address space is used
Subne
t
Name
Neede
d Size
Allocat
ed Size
Address Mas
k
Dec Mask Assignable
Range
Broadcast
Staffs 25 30 172.19.13.9
6
/27 255.255.255.2
24
172.19.13.9
7 -
172.19.13.1
26
172.19.13.1
27
Lab10
1
40 62 172.19.12.1
28
/26 255.255.255.1
92
172.19.12.1
29 -
172.19.12.1
90
172.19.12.1
91
Lab10
2
25 30 172.19.13.6
4
/27 255.255.255.2
24
172.19.13.6
5 -
172.19.13.9
4
172.19.13.9
5
Lab10
3
35 62 172.19.13.0 /26 255.255.255.1
92
172.19.13.1
-
172.19.13.6

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172.19.13.6
2
3
Lab20
5
40 62 172.19.12.1
92
/26 255.255.255.1
92
172.19.12.1
93 -
172.19.12.2
54
172.19.12.2
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Lab20
6
48 62 172.19.12.6
4
/26 255.255.255.1
92
172.19.12.6
5 -
172.19.12.1
26
172.19.12.1
27
CAD
lab
20 30 172.19.13.1
28
/27 255.255.255.2
24
172.19.13.1
29 -
172.19.13.1
58
172.19.13.1
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Lab30
1
50 62 172.19.12.0 /26 255.255.255.1
92
172.19.12.1
-
172.19.12.6
2
172.19.12.6
3
IP addressing scheme for School of Engineering

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Major Network: 172.18.12.0/22
Available IP addresses in major network: 1022
Number of IP addresses needed: 406
Available IP addresses in allocated subnets: 622
About 63% of available major network address space is used
About 65% of subnetted network address space is used
Subne
t
Name
Neede
d Size
Allocat
ed Size
Address Mas
k
Dec Mask Assignable
Range
Broadcast
Staffs 18 30 172.18.14.9
6
/27 255.255.255.2
24
172.18.14.9
7 -
172.18.14.1
26
172.18.14.1
27
Lab20
1
20 30 172.18.14.6
4
/27 255.255.255.2
24
172.18.14.6
5 -
172.18.14.9
4
172.18.14.9
5
Lab20
2
80 126 172.18.12.0 /25 255.255.255.1
28
172.18.12.1
-
172.18.12.1
172.18.12.1
27

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26
Lab20
3
65 126 172.18.13.0 /25 255.255.255.1
28
172.18.13.1
-
172.18.13.1
26
172.18.13.1
27
Lab20
5
25 30 172.18.14.3
2
/27 255.255.255.2
24
172.18.14.3
3 -
172.18.14.6
2
172.18.14.6
3
Lab40
4
45 62 172.18.13.1
28
/26 255.255.255.1
92
172.18.13.1
29 -
172.18.13.1
90
172.18.13.1
91
Lab40
8
28 30 172.18.14.0 /27 255.255.255.2
24
172.18.14.1
-
172.18.14.3
0
172.18.14.3
1
Lab40
9
80 126 172.18.12.1
28
/25 255.255.255.1
28
172.18.12.1
29 -
172.18.12.2
54
172.18.12.2
55
Lab41 45 62 172.18.13.1 /26 255.255.255.1 172.18.13.1 172.18.13.2

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0 92 92 93 -
172.18.13.2
54
55
Test Center IP address Scheme
Major Network: 172.18.12.0/22
Available IP addresses in major network: 1022
Number of IP addresses needed: 22
Available IP addresses in allocated subnets: 32
About 4% of available major network address space is used
About 69% of subnetted network address space is used
Subne
t
Name
Neede
d Size
Allocate
d Size
Address Mas
k
Dec Mask Assignable
Range
Broadcast
Test
Centr
e
Data
21 30 172.18.12.0 /27 255.255.255.2
24
172.18.12.
1 -
172.18.12.
30
172.18.12.
31
Test
Cente
r
Voice
1 2 172.18.12.3
2
/30 255.255.255.2
52
172.18.12.
33 -
172.18.12.
34
172.18.12.
35
Open Access Lab
Major Network: 172.20.12.0/22

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Available IP addresses in major network: 1022
Number of IP addresses needed: 250
Available IP addresses in allocated subnets: 254
About 25% of available major network address space is used
About 98% of subnetted network address space is used
Subne
t
Name
Neede
d Size
Allocate
d Size
Address Mas
k
Dec Mask Assignable
Range
Broadcast
Open
Acces
s Lab
250 254 172.20.12.
0
/24 255.255.255.
0
172.20.12.1
-
172.20.12.25
4
172.20.12.25
5
IPv6 Address for 6 servers in University Building
2002:ac15:0c00::/125
Start Range: 2002:ac15:c00:0:0:0:0:0
End Range: 2002:ac15:c00:0:0:0:0:7
No. of host: 8
IPv6 Address for the link between MP and ISP
2002:ac15:0c11::/126

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Start Range: 2002:ac15:c11:0:0:0:0:0
End Range: 2002:ac15:c11:0:0:0:0:3
No. of host: 4

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Gont, F., Cooper, A., Thaler, D. and Liu, W., 2017. Recommendation on stable IPv6 interface
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