IT Auditing: Risks, Methodologies, Controls, and Trends

This report delves into the critical aspects of IT auditing, encompassing organizational and managerial risks, audit methodologies, and IT controls. It identifies key risks such as cybersecurity, social media vulnerabilities, data privacy concerns, and the challenges posed by outsourced IT services and emerging technologies. The report outlines various audit methodologies, including the IDKK IT Audit methodology and project management methodology, while also discussing post-implementation auditing in a regulatory environment. It classifies IT controls into governance, management, and technical categories, emphasizing their impact on business operations and the enhancement of information confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Furthermore, the report explores organizational, authorization, operation, file, and network security controls within the context of disaster recovery and business continuity planning. It also addresses the requirements of IT audits, including data forensics, and their relationship with corporate financial reporting. Finally, the report appraises emerging industrial trends in IT auditing and controls, analyzing their impact on business operations for decision-making, and discusses the professional, legal, and ethical responsibilities of an IT auditor, providing a comprehensive understanding of the field.

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Identify the organizational and managerial risks relevant to planning and conducting IT
audit and control activities
There are various risks that most companies as prone to which may be managerial or
organizational risks. The risks that face most organizations today are related to technology.
Technology is growing rapidly and companies can’t escape the fast growth. In this case most
companies have to integrate technology in the business processes. Some of the areas that the
auditors pay close attention include: cybersecurity, social media, data privacy, information
security among others. The audits are performed in order to companies to have the potential to
deliver the setbacks to the companies. The technology in growing quite face and most companies
today are facing more challenges in the daily business process if not able to manage the risk the
companies could encounter.
There are methods for audits that help the organizations manage the organizational and
managerial risks related to the technologies. The auditors ensures that the financial statements of
the company are maintained. In case the auditors fail to identify fraud in the companies, the
auditors may be deemed guilty. The fourteen accounting scandals in the report given affect the
companies or some have affected the auditors who did not identify the frauds (OpinionFront,
2018).
Social media organizational risks which require an IT audit and control. One of the threating
factor in most companies. Social media account for various companies is likely to be attacked by
hackers who infiltrate the accounts. The companies also tend to disclose the financial
information on platforms such as Twitter and Facebook. Many potential investors tend to visit
the social media for the reports and acquisition announcements. If the hackers may change the
information disclosed to the public the companies may be at risk. Other risk related to social
media include: compliance risks, reputation risks and cybersecurity and fraud.
Outsources IT services is another risk that required to be audited and controlled. The outsourced
IT services tend to bring great help to companies but may also result to fraud in the companies.
The auditors ensure that the company is compliant with the contract as agreed upon.
Data is managerial risk that also require IT audit. Every company deals with data. The data
include the financial information and much more important information relating to a company.

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Most companies experience the risk of data breach risk. Audits activities related to IT specialist
tend to conduct some scans, penetration testing of the systems and also conduct an audit on the
network architecture used in a company to determine the compliance with the network policy
and procedures.
Information Security is another risk encountered by companies. Most companies have critical
information that is not disposed to every person. Companies must ensure that the information is
secure by performing vulnerability scans and reviewing of the access control process used.
Finally the emerging technologies. The auditors provide guidance on risks that they may
encounter on integrating the emerging technology in the business and provide control
requirements in case the new technologies are evaluated before implementation.
The risked mentioned are to be performed by IT specialist to ensure that the companies are safe
from the risks. In cases where the companies have been affected, the auditors should identify the
risk and inform the company’s owners about the potentials risks identified. In this way the
companies will manage the risks.
Describe audit methodologies and design review auditing and post implementing auditing
in a regulatory environment.
The audit methodologies include: IDKK IT Audit methodology and project management
methodology audit. The IDKK IT Audit methodology uses a top bottom approach. The
methodology is risk-oriented. There are several phases included in the methodology. The phases
include planning, verification and testing and the reporting phase. The planning phase involves
the understanding of the organizational structure and the operations in the organization. The
auditor evaluates the regulatory environment and makes a preliminary risk assessment. The
verification and testing phase involves the procedures and the objectives of the control activities.
The application controls should be effective, and ensure integrity, availability and
confidentiality. The final phase is the reporting phase. The reporting phase involves the
conclusions from the methodology used.
The project management methodology audit involves assessing of the design of process used in
the management of various projects. In these case the projects are not assesse but it is the
controls and processes that are assessed.

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Post implementing auditing is done after the onsite work. It involves drafting a report which is
reviewed by the company being audited for accuracy. The report is the distributed to the senior
management according to the company requirement. After the report is one an action plan to
inform of the risk is done. After the report is done, it is the responsibility of the company
management tean to decide of the action to take based on the report given.
Classify the basic IT controls and their impact on related business operations to manage
business risks and ensure the system effectiveness
The IT controls can be classified into governance, management and technical. The Governance
classification of IT controls involve the policies. Policies include the goals and the objectives of
an organization. In cases where an organization has no clear goals and objectives, the
organization is likely to become disoriented and perform poorly (Moeller, 2013). The management
classification of IT controls involve: standards, organization and management and physical and
environmental controls. The organization should have an IT blueprint that tends to fit in all the
IT policies and standards. Following the right standards will leads to efficiency in a business.
The organization and the management plays a major role in an IT department in a business. The
organization and management affect the IT controls in terms of segregation of duties, financial
controls and change in the management. Finally, the technical classification involves the system
software controls, system development controls and the application-based controls. The system
elements should work effectively, efficiently and with integrity.
There is a great impact on business daily operations to enhance the system effectiveness. The IT
controls enhance information confidentiality, integrity and availability. Critical information in
the system is maintained confidential with the use of controlled access in the system modules.
The IT controls enhance information integrity. Data in the system should be accurate and
complete to enable reliability in reporting. Finally, the IT controls enhance information
availability. The system should have the ability to recover from data losses and corruption of
data. Real-time data is also available.
Classify the organizational, authorization, operation, file and network communication
security controls as part of disaster recovery and business continuity planning.

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The organization security controls includes developing and setting policies, standards and
procedures by the management teams that can be adopted in all departments within the
organization. The standards set should meet the national and international standards.
The authorization controls involves screening of personnel and conducting security awareness
training among the employees. The authorization control involves efficient implementation of
evaluated changes in the controlling of the procedures. In case of any risk that could be
encountered the authorization controls should evaluate the possible changes and implement the
changes in the company.
The operation controls should ensure that all people comply with the set rules and regulation.
The employees should work towards achieving the goals and the objectives.
The file and networks controls involve security in the network configuration and infrastructure
management by installing antivirus in the devices. Enhancement of use of strong passwords in
the authentication and using monitoring system to detect intrusion in the system. The system
should log out in case it detects inactivity for a certain period. The data should be backed up at
various intervals.
Demonstrate the understanding of the requirements of IT audits (including data forensics)
and its relationship with corporate financial reporting
The requirements of audits includes a plan of the investigation, evidence collected, a report and
court proceedings. The IT audits is required to have a well laid plan on how to carry out the
investigation. This involves identifying the fraud, understanding when the fraud happened, how
the fraud was hidden and quantity the loss or damage done as a result of the fraud. Collecting of
the evidence is required by showing how the fraud was committed and identify the loopholes that
resulted to the fraud. The IT auditor should make a report that is to be present to a client. The
reports should also depict the recommendation on how the company should prevent future frauds
from occurring. The IT audit then follows court proceedings. The court proceedings explain the
evidence identified.
The corporate financial reporting are does quarterly or monthly to showcase the health of the
company. Bothe the IT audits and corporate financial involve data. The IT audit will involve

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audit in all the data in the company where else, the corporate financial reporting involves the
financial data only.
Appraise emerging industrial trends in IT auditing and controls and their impact on
business on business operation for decision making
Due to the high rate of emerging technologies the IT auditors have also more aggressive when it
comes to IT auditing. Mainly the security and the privacy issues are becoming a big threat to
most organizations. Today most companies upload the data to the cloud whereby they may have
not full control of their data. Data is a critical asset for every organization. The customers tend to
become more sensitive as they tend to upload the credit card information and other confidential
information. The data tend to exposed to untrusted environment. To avoid the potential fraud
that organization and the audit firms should create strict policies that all employees adhere to.
The IT auditing and controls should ensure that the confidential data is encrypted when store on
the cloud. Firewalls and antivirus software should be installed in the system by the organization
and continuous monitoring of detection of intrusion should be done by the organization.
Any decision made in the organization should bind with the strict policies and standards set.
Describe and discuss the professional, legal and ethical responsibilities of an IT auditor
The professional responsibilities of an IT auditor involves the issues in the security,
infrastructure and protocol. The IT auditor develops a plan to perform the audit test, identify the
critical risks in the IT systems and finds possible solutions to the risks identified. The IT auditor
is also responsible for the hardware and software upgrades in an organization. The IT auditor
should maintain an audit documentation that is clear and complete.
Apart from the professional responsibilities the IT auditor has the legal and ethical
responsibilities. The responsibilities include: adhering to the policies and standard set by the
company, coordinating the teams in the organization to get the input for audit process and giving
an audit report that is not biased on any party in the organization.

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References
OpinionFront. (2018). 14 Biggest Accounting Scandals of All Time That You Cannot Ignore. [online]
Available at: https://opinionfront.com/biggest-accounting-scandals-of-all-time [Accessed 12 Sep. 2018].
Moeller, R. (2013). It audit, control, and security. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley.