Annotated Bibliography: IT, Patient Engagement, and Healthcare Systems

This annotated bibliography presents two articles focusing on the application of technology in healthcare. The first article, by Abdekhoda et al. (2019), investigates the factors influencing the adoption of Electronic Medical Records (EMR) in healthcare settings, identifying both practical and conceptual challenges related to EMR implementation. The authors used a quantitative method, surveying 1100 healthcare workers to understand the determinants of EMR adoption, emphasizing the significance of technological, environmental, and organizational contexts. The second article, by Sawesi et al. (2016), examines the impact of information technology (IT) on patient engagement and health behavior change, addressing the challenges of identifying factors affecting IT platforms and their influence on patient engagement. The authors employed a mixed-methods approach, reviewing literature and surveying medical professionals to highlight the role of IT in enhancing patient engagement, improving care quality, and promoting cost-effective services. Both articles highlight practical and conceptual problems in their respective areas, providing valuable insights into the integration and impact of technology within the healthcare sector. Both studies emphasize the importance of technology in improving healthcare delivery and patient outcomes while acknowledging limitations and suggesting areas for future research, such as the need for standardized frameworks and consideration of additional factors like personal characteristics and security concerns.

Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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Abdekhoda, M., Dehnad, A., & Zarei, J. (2019). Determinant factors in applying
electronic medical records in healthcare. East Mediterr Health J, 25(1), 24-33..
https://doi.org/10.26719/emhj.18.007
Practical problem in the article are enlisting the factors that affect EMR in healthcare.
The authors recognise this as a practical problem as there are still many healthcare facilities
as well as professional who are resistant towards the use of EMR. Therefore, factors that have
a positive effect on EMR can be displayed to them so that they accept the EMR adoption and
the factors that might affect in EMR adoption can be avoided accordingly. However, one
conceptual problem that was found in the article was to develop a comprehensive model that
would help in determining the importance of electronic media record adoption.The authors in
the article tries to convince how electronic medical record popularly known as EMR would
be good as well as efficient if applied to the healthcare sectors and used by healthcare
professionals as well as workers. The authors further discuss how EMR is useful and at the
same time offers some of the remarkable facilities such as it reduces the errors that arise in
the medical field, decreases the cost of healthcare, and at the same time promotes quality
healthcare services by storing as well as displaying information at the point of care.
The method that has been used by authors to conduct the research was quantitative
method. The data that was collected was from primary sources to make the research more
credible as well as authentic. Inductive data collection approach was used that is concerned
with generation of new information from the data that is collected. Eleven hundred healthcare
workers were selected from hospitals that were affiliated to TUMS. The aim of selecting
these individuals was to teach Tehran University Hospital a modified as well as integrated
model of TOE and TAM that can be applied for better understanding of the determinants of
EMR adoption. Stratified random sampling technique was used including nurses, doctors as
well as managers. Survey questionnaire was used to collect the data where the validity of the

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questionnaire was confirmed by TUMS. To test the reliability of the data Cronbach alpha tool
was used. Results showed there is a strong correlation between technological context as well
as TAM variables. Thus it was confirmed that technological, environmental, organisational
contexts along with TAM variables are essential for EMR implementation. Implication of the
research is to show and make the healthcare workers aware of the factors that might affect in
the adoption of EMR within their organisation. Further, recommendations would be to
highlight the advantages as well as the disadvantages of EMR so that mistakes can be
avoided by healthcare sectors.
The research also has some limitations like there was self-reported use of EMR by the
health staff instead of proper monitoring of this system. Self-bias was there to fill the
questionnaires and that the research was conducted on a limited population of a healthcare
sector where many healthcare sector should be selected for the research. Further
recommendations according to the authors is that future studies should focus on the function
of other factors like personal characteristics, confidentiality as well as security along with
other factors that might affect the adoption of EMR in healthcare sectors.
Sawesi, S., Rashrash, M., Phalakornkule, K., Carpenter, J. S., & Jones, J. F. (2016). The
impact of information technology on patient engagement and health behavior
change: a systematic review of the literature. JMIR medical informatics, 4(1),
e1. DOI: 10.2196/medinform.4514
One of the practical problem that was found in the research was the problem to
identify the factors that have an impact on IT platforms that affects patient engagement. This
is a problem as IT is one of the essential aspects of healthcare organisations and therefore it is
essential to identify what factors can affect the IT infrastructure within healthcare sectors.
Conceptual problem that has been recognised in the research is the impact of poor IT

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infrastructure that limits the care delivery as well as number of patients treated at a time with
limited impact. The purpose of this research according to the authors is show highlight the
importance of IT platforms that helps in enhancing the patient engagement in the process of
healthcare, improves quality care for the patients, support health care safety and at the same
time provide cost-effective healthcare services. The author states that there are a number of
ways in which IT platforms can be used to motivate patient engagement within healthcare
sectors. Efficient It platforms also helps in changing the unhealthy behaviour of the patients.
According to the authors, web-based information too helps to cater to the needs of individual
patients.
Both qualitative as well as quantitative method was used to collect the data for the
research. The data that was collected was both secondary as well as primary since mixed
method was applied to move forward with the research. Inductive data collection approach
was used for this research as it can easily align with both secondary as well as primary data
collection techniques. For secondary data collection approximately one hundred seventy
articles were reviewed to see how the information technology or IT has expanded in its
ability to motivate the change in health behaviour. For primary data collection one hundred
fifty medical professionals were selected from different health sectors excluding the
management team of the organisation and other healthcare workers. Questionnaire method
was used and distributed among the participants who will tell their experience as well as
importance of IT platforms in healthcare organisations. Mixed method was used to conduct
the research as it would help in informing the researchers about the past as well as present
attitude towards the use of IT platforms in healthcare organisations. Some of the major
findings of the research is that IT platforms improves the heath outcome of patients and can
also enable strong engagement between patients as well as healthcare professionals. As IT
platforms were used in healthcare sectors participation of patient in self-management was

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correlated with improved health outcomes. Implications of the research suggest that valuable
IT based interventions should be used to analyse its effectiveness in encouraging patient
engagement. It is recommended that framework with ontological approach should be used for
better and accurate results.
Some limitations of the research is that the primary data collection was limited to a
small population of health professionals that excluded healthcare workers like nurses and
management team that could have contributed in a positive way. The data collection was
mostly conducted in a small region of the US that generalised the findings. Some statistical
tests could not be performed that would have made the research more authentic. According to
the authors common framework to understand and analyse the component of IT platforms
should be used for future research.

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References
Abdekhoda, M., Dehnad, A., & Zarei, J. (2019). Determinant factors in applying electronic
medical records in healthcare. East Mediterr Health J, 25(1), 24-33..
https://doi.org/10.26719/emhj.18.007
Sawesi, S., Rashrash, M., Phalakornkule, K., Carpenter, J. S., & Jones, J. F. (2016). The
impact of information technology on patient engagement and health behavior
change: a systematic review of the literature. JMIR medical informatics, 4(1), e1.
DOI: 10.2196/medinform.4514