Integrating Change and Project Management for Successful IT Delivery

This dissertation investigates the critical relationship between organizational change management (OCM) and successful IT project delivery. The study explores the importance of integrating change management within IT projects, particularly in the context of the Malaysian public sector. It examines the background, problem statement, research questions, and objectives, emphasizing the need for organizations to adapt to constant changes in the business environment. The literature review covers OCM, project management methodologies, and the value of integration, addressing reasons for project failure and success factors. The methodology section outlines hypotheses, operational definitions, and instrumentation. The research highlights the significance of change management in mitigating risks, sequencing technical activities, and ensuring effective information exchange, ultimately aiming to enhance project outcomes and organizational performance. The study underscores the importance of understanding and embracing change within organizations to achieve agility and remain competitive in the marketplace. The dissertation emphasizes the need for integration of change management within IT projects to ensure the desired behavioral outcomes and overall project success.

Running head: DISSERTATION
Integrate Organizational Change Management and Project Management for Successful Delivery
of IT Project
Name of Student
Name of University
Author Note

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Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction........................................................................................................4
1.1. Background of the study...........................................................................................4
1.2. Problem Statement....................................................................................................9
1.3. Research Questions...................................................................................................9
1.4. Research Objectives................................................................................................10
1.5. Significance of the Study........................................................................................11
1.6. Scope of the Study..................................................................................................13
1.7. Structure of the Study.............................................................................................14
Chapter 2: Literature Review.............................................................................................17
Relationship between Organizational Change Management and Successful Delivery of
IT Project...................................................................................................................................17
Organizational Change Management (OCM)............................................................17
The Essence of Change Management........................................................................18
Understanding of Human Behavior towards Changes...............................................20
Specific Programs in Change Management...............................................................21
Capability of Changes................................................................................................22
Ways of Managing Changes in Projects....................................................................23
Model for Organizational Changes............................................................................24
To determine the relationship of Integrated Change and Management to the
successfully delivery of IT project............................................................................................26

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Definition of Integrated Change Management..........................................................26
Reasons for Project Failure........................................................................................27
Value for Integration Change Management..............................................................29
Dimension included in Integration............................................................................30
Inputs in Performing ICM.........................................................................................31
Tools and Techniques to perform ICM.....................................................................32
Outputs after Performing ICM...................................................................................34
Relationship between Project Management and successful delivery of IT project.......34
Success Factors..........................................................................................................36
Project Management Methodologies.........................................................................37
Standardization Methodology....................................................................................38
Customization Methodology.....................................................................................38
Mixture of Combination and Standardization Methodology.....................................39
Project Governance Framework................................................................................39
Reason behind adoption of PMM..............................................................................40
Necessities for Successful Delivery of IT Project.....................................................41
Summary........................................................................................................................44
Chapter 3: Methodology....................................................................................................44
Hypotheses/Propositions Development.........................................................................48
Operational Definition and Instrumentation..................................................................53

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References..........................................................................................................................60

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Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. Background of the study
Change within an organization is inevitable as the business organizations have to go
through constant changes. These changes are mostly brought about by the world around and all
the aspects that can affect the business operations and business outcomes. Change management
helps in easing the transition of an organisation which specifically helps employees within an
organisation to cope up with all the changes that the business is facing currently and makes it
easier for them to accept, understand, commit and embrace the changes that it would probably be
involved with their day to day activities bringing about several changes. Integration of change
management within a project is quite critical for delivering an IT project in a successful manner.
Integration of change management is critical for seeking different ways of improving the profit
margin and sustainable growth of an organization. A number of organization might adapt to
changes for staying competitive in the marketplace (Hornstein, 2015). Therefore, accurate
change management within an organization is a critical need for delivering relevant results
Worley & Mohrman, 2014). The importance of the study initiates understanding of change
management within an organisation when the business environment is undergoing constant
changes affecting the operations of a business. If proper research is organised to allow people be
accustomed to change management and handle all the impacts, it would be easier for the people
to help in acquiring new skills, explore their opportunities and exercise all the availability of
creativity that they could utilise for ultimately adding to the benefits of the organisation with that
increased commitment and exploring of new ideas. The idea is to you have a broader knowledge
about change management within organisations and enable the awareness to every person
associated with business environment and the ever-impending changes. There have been many

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studies conducted on the change management in in organisations, especially in the developing
countries. It has been found that mostly about 35% of organisations do not understand how the
change management might affect the business in a positive way and face the consequences of
having the business established and running in the same traditional procedures that it has been
since a long time period. Thus, the capability of a particular organization is mainly related to
adaption of the internal along with the external changes within a particular organization and the
organizations failing to accept these changes are facing issues in sustaining within the industry
(Harrison & Lock, 2017). In this context, the example of a recent report from Pulse of Profession
(2018), can be highlighted which indicated that almost 71% of the organization generally report
greater agility in comparison to the last five years The agility within the organization can be
achieved only if the organization is ready to accept the changes that are proposed. The study has
been undertaken with an aim of integration of change management within an organization to
ascertain that the project is delivered in a possibly effective manner.
Change management is vital in context of project management as it refers to the tools and
the processes that indicates that the management of the project within the team is possible.
Organizational change management is common to every project organization as it ascertains that
the desired behavioural outcome of the project is achieved (Too & Weaver, 2014). Integration of
change management with project management is quite integral as change is introduced within an
organization and can be easily managed even from the technical side (Davies & Mackenzie,
2014). There have been an increasing focus on change management as it helps in providing the
structure and processes to the management and project execution. The change management as
well as project management generally aims in increasing the likelihood of successful project
completion and further helps in delivering the intended results (Tidd & Bessant, 2018). Ach

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project discipline can function in an independent manner so that management of change within
the project can be well integrated to the works that are completed as a part of the project (Brady
& Davies, 2014). Integration of management of the change helps in creation of the value on a
given project which helps in initiation of a particular project for various reasons.
Management of a project along with change management are generally integrated for
focusing on a particular objective, which in turns improves the performance of an organization.
The improvement in the organizational performance generally helps in delivery of the intended
results and outcomes (Kaiser et al., 2015). It is noticed that when change management is
integrated in management of a project, a number of efforts can be made for management and
mitigation of the major risks linked with the project (Hayes, 2018). Change management is
further important for delivery of successful IT projects mainly because it helps in better
sequencing of the technical activities that are linked with the project (Tidd & Bessant, 2018).
Thus, management of change within a project helps in embracing the changes for producing right
outcomes for a particular project Worley & Mohrman, 2014). Change management further
involves effective information exchange that ensures that the employees are updated about the
various tasks that are being performed as a part of the undertaken project. Integration of change
management within an organization is further necessary for management of the process
dimension within an organization (Cameron & Green, 2015). Sequencing along with the aligning
with the technical side activities in an IT project defines the processes that are needed to be
completed within a project. The process dimension has a key role in determination of the process
of change management, that is needed to be followed within an organization (Doppelt, 2017).
There is a possible difference between project management and management of the change in a
project. Change management particularly focuses on the people who are affected by

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implementation of any change within the project (Worley & Mohrman, 2014). Organizational
change management is one of the vehicles of project management as the process of change
management is rightly utilized by the stakeholders for creation of value within an organization.
Manager of a project generally play an instrumental role in facilitating the project adoption long
with the outputs and the deliverables of a project.
IT projects are generally considered to be a vehicle of change and therefore, its timely
delivery with the resources available (Goetsch & Davis, 2014). The managers of any IT project
play a strong role in facilitating the adoption of the outputs and the deliverables of the project.
One of the best practises of integration of different change management activities within project
management is to understand the need of introducing the change (Tidd & Bessant, 2018). The
study that is being undertaken aims in analysis of the key areas in which the said change is
needed (Kuipers et al., 2014). This is one of the main reasons why the public sector of Malaysia
has undergone a number of planned activities. Change management is part of public sector ICT
activities that has been established in line with the transformation plan of the government, which
is developed in the year 2020 (Cameron & Green, 2015). The public sector ICT strategies on the
other hand seems to align with the use of technology. The main focus area of the study is to
make use of change management in such a way that efficient and productive project is delivered
Worley & Mohrman, 2014). The enhancement of the different factors of project management
helps in delivering a faster outcome. Effective change management practices helps in taking new
initiative in a public sector agency (Cameron & Green, 2015). The public sector is generally
known for facilitating the optimal use of the IT so that effective benefits of the services provided
are facilitated (Tidd & Bessant, 2018). The primary aim that the study is taking up based on this
research would focus on the awareness of change management within an organisation to

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understand its effective benefits within the organisation once it has been implemented. Change
management is generally implemented in a project to provide a good quality and end to end
technology service to the users. As per the statistical data provided by the Eleventh Malaysia
Plan from 2016 to 2020, the commitment of the Government of Malaysia to fulfil the aspirations
of the people has been taken into consideration and it has been found that the country has found
the best economic growth records in the past few years. This has been based on the economic
growth records that has been gathered in the last 5 years. This has found that the GDP growth in
Malaysia has found a proper and stable growth about 6.2% per annum since the data collected
over 1970. The increase in capita has also been over 25 times as it has been found that the
increase in the household monthly income has raised from 264 RM in 1970 to 6,141 RM. It has
also gone through the changes regarding the New Economic Policy, the National Development
Policy, National Vision Policy and the National Transformation Policy (Eleventh Malaysia Plan
2016-2020, 2015). Therefore, from the analysed data, we could understand how important would
it be to enhance the traditional systems and implement relevant changes as the theories of project
management suggests (Project Management Institute, 2017).
Various researches have been conducted on change management as well as project
management for identification of the process of contributing to the different activities within a
project (Hornstein, 2015). The research takes into consideration the need of implementation of
management of change in projects of Malaysia (Bradley, 2016). It is identified that both project
management and change management have the capability of working together in an effective
manner so that organizational changes can be executed in a proper manner (Worley & Mohrman,
2014). However it is also been found that the inability of the employees and business executives
for understanding the benefits of change management has also lead to various problematic

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situations for a business in coping up with the business environment that has been changing
constantly along with the requirements and specifications of the customers about their needs
from a particular organisation regarding its products and services, which can be blamed on the
lack of researches to have a proper understanding of the Change Management procedure. (Matos,
Marques Simoes & Esposito, 2014). One of the main reasons behind undertaking this research
study is to analyse the factors that can help in management of the change that brings about the
positive changes and the realisation of the associated people along with the implemented changes
when the realisation of change management is not acquired.
1.2. Problem Statement
The identification of changing a business operation from its traditional form to newly
improved and innovative form synchronising with the changes related to business enviornemnt is
essentially required to understand why a business is leading to success or failure in its long run.
Various organisations do not understand this particular fact that change is required as a
traditional procedure that the business used to follow is no longer bringing them any benefits
(Cameron & Green, 2015). The effect of the ever-changing business prospects, the business
environment and the innovative strategies to make the business cope up with all the surrounding
aspects that may affect a business is found to be unrecognised in many business organisations.
This is why it is required to be researched about for the identification of effective change
management to understand the degree of success or failure of a project and also identify the
reasons for which it occurred (Worley & Mohrman, 2014). 70% of the IT projects fails mainly
because of an ineffective plan and therefore working on the plan is necessary for implementation
of the project successfully, which the project aims to look forward to find out.

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1.3. Research Questions
Identification of the research questions is necessary to address the main objectives of the
research with the utilization of quantitative secondary research findings. The questions identified
for the research are indicated as follows-
1. What is the relationship between Organizational Change Management and Successful
delivery of IT Project?
2. What is the relationship between Project Management and Successful delivery of IT
Project?
3. What is the relationship between Integrated Change and Project Management to
successfully delivery of IT project?
The above research questions are to be evaluated so that answer to the identified research
questions are identified. The objectives of the research is identified on basis of the identified
research questions.
1.4. Research Objectives
The objectives of the research are identified on basis of the research questions that are set
for the research. The main objectives of the research are identified as follows-
 To determine the relationship between Organizational Change Management to achieve
successful delivery of IT Project implementation
 To determine the relationship between Project Management to achieve successfully
delivery of IT Project Implementation
 To determine the relationship of Integrated Change and Management to the successfully
delivery of IT project

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The above objectives are identified on basis of the identified research questions. The
fulfilment of each of the objective of the study is critical for success of the study that is
undertaken. Thus, it can be said that the fulfilment of the identified research objectives is
necessary. The accurate fulfilment of all the research objectives are necessary to address the
process in which the information is delivered to the clients. The main objectives of the project
should be fulfilled at the end of the research.
1.5. Significance of the Study
In a research project, it is quite necessary to know the significance of the study. It is
necessary to study the extent to which the information sharing process can help in
implementation of change within an organization (Tidd & Bessant, 2018). The practical and the
theoretical significance is extremely important to understand the basis of study as understanding
the theoretical aspects and synchronising it with the practical applications to find out the
justification of validation of the entire study is important. The study involves investigation of the
main relationship between project management and change management so that the needed
changes in the organization can be realized. Integration of change management help in successful
delivery of a project as business organization mainly adapt to the organizational change that
holds significant importance in management of a project (Hornstein, 2015). The business
organization adapt to management of change within an organization that delivers results that can
effectively tackle the changes. The study is of significant importance and can be improved in an
effective manner (Matos, Marques Simoes & Esposito, 2014). Application of change
management generally enables an organization to build competencies related to the growth of a

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company. The main significance of management of change within an organization are indicated
as follows-
1. Application of change management helps in delivering change within an organization
more effectively, which in turn help in building competencies within the team.
Management of change within an organization help in building competencies within
the team, which in turn helps in tackling changes one at a time (Tidd & Bessant,
2018).
2. Management of change further focuses on helping people in changing the process in
which a work is done. Management of change in an effective manner helps in
contributing to the ROI (Cameron & Green, 2015).
3. Management of change within an organization further enables effective closing of the
gap requirement that effectively helps in management of the major works in a project.
4. Application of management of the change can effectively help in increasing the
success rate in a project and therefore, performing this particular study is justified
(Tidd & Bessant, 2018).
5. It is observed that a project can fail mainly because of a failed plan. Failing in
addressing the issues faced by the project is quite costly and therefore, management
of change within an organization can significantly help in mitigation of the critical
risks linked with a project.
6. Proactive support is provided for guiding people in bringing on the needed changes in
a project. The management of the change further helps in removal of the chances of
providing employees with preparation of the skills that are needed within an

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organization (Worley & Mohrman, 2014). The skills are needed in succeeding in
successful project execution and therefore, it is justified.
7. Effective management helps in proactively engaging and supporting the people in
times of change so that the needed action can be demonstrated.
The above discussed points indicate the significance of the study. It is observed that it is
possible to address the objectives and the questions that are identified for the research. Thus, it
can be said that undertaking the research project is justified. Management of change within the
project help in effective utilization of the major resources in a project. The proactive engagement
of demonstration of changes within an organization is important to ascertain that the project is
completed as per plan.
1.6. Scope of the Study
In finding the details of the scope of the study, it is quite integral to understand the
process of implementation of change within an organization. Continuous development within an
organization is necessary as it helps in better management of the social structures and the
stakeholders linked with a project. Thus, it can be said that implementation of change within an
organization will significantly help in delivering projects that are quite effective.
Organizational change management can be described as a proper approach that help in
transition in a particular organization from current state to the future state for achieving the
needed benefits within and organization (Tidd & Bessant, 2018). The change management helps
in better application of the knowledge, tools, skills, and techniques linked with the project. Thus
the major activities linked with the management of change within an organization is related to
skills, knowledge, tools and techniques linked with the research, which in turn helps in meeting

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the requirements of the project in an proper manner. Therefore, the scope of the project is
understand the process in which the knowledge and the skills of the team members can be used
in meeting all the major requirements in a project.
The study mainly aims in focusing within the public sector of Malaysia and the process
of delivery of the IT project. It is necessary to address the main issues that are linked with
execution of the IT projects within an organization and therefore, proper execution of the IT
projects are necessary. The implementation of the project will therefore be helpful in
management of the project in Malaysia. Thus, it is necessary to complete the project as per the
plan so that the major objectives and the aims of the research is fulfilled.
1.7. Structure of the Study
The entire research study is mainly divided into five distinct chapters. The layout and
brief introduction of each of the chapters are indicated as follows-
Chapter 1: Introduction- The first chapter of the research presents the main aim of execution of
the study and also discusses the background in which the particular research is set. The research
background mainly outlines the research problem and justifies the reason behind undertaking this
particular research study. The introduction chapter is significant mainly because it presents the
main scope of the study and in turn provides the roadmap to successful completion of the project.
Thus, it can be said that one of the most vital chapters of the research is the introduction chapter
as it lists down the main reason of execution of the project.
Chapter 2: Literature Review- The Literature review chapter gives an understanding of the main
findings of the research from the different secondary resources. This is a critical chapter in a
research particularly because the secondary data is collected in this chapter which later helps in

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analysis of the primary data. Thus, it can be said that the literature review chapter forms the base
of data collection that is needed for execution of the research. The review of the literature is
mainly conducted on basis of the aims along with the research objectives. This particular chapter
gives an idea of the main needs of the research and the expected outcome of a project.
Chapter 3: Methodology- The methods chapter is significantly important as it identifies the main
tools that are required for execution of a project in a successful manner. Understanding the main
aim of the research helps in highlighting the main variables in a research and further contributes
to development of the research variables. In the methods section of the research paper, the
process of analysis along with the collection of the data is identified. The section helps in
justifying the instrumentation methods and the choice of variables within a research project. A
chapter summary is given at the chapter end to summarize the main process, tools and the
techniques that are identified for execution of the project as per plan.
Chapter 4: Data Collection and Analysis- The collection and analysis of the data is integral for
fulfilment of the aims and the objectives of the study. The data collection and analysis chapter of
the research is critical finding answers to the main research questions. The main aim of data
collection and the analysis section is to gather data needed in the research and analyse the same
by following the method that is proposed in the methodology section. The data analysis section
indicates whether the project has been able to achieve the main research objectives. The data
analysis chapter helps in concluding whether the project has met its desired objectives.
Chapter 5: Conclusion- The conclusion chapter concludes the main research findings. The
chapter links the objectives of the research with the main findings and comments if the said
objective is fulfilled. The conclusion chapter is a vital chapter of the research as it helps in

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critical analysis of the entire dissertation. The conclusion chapter marks the ends of the study and
therefore, it discusses the future scope, along with the limitations of the research.
The above discussed points give an idea of the primary structure that would be followed
in the study. It is observed that all the four chapters are important for execution of the project as
per the plan in an effective manner. The project has large importance in ascertaining successful
delivery of the IT projects.

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Chapter 2: Literature Review
Relationship between Organizational Change Management and Successful Delivery of IT
Project
The management of people within an organization and leading themselves towards a
positive direction based on the management of changes would help in managing the various kind
of changes that occur within a project. The several forms of development that would be made
within a project would need to be managed efficiently in order to engage every kind of
requirement as mentioned by the owner of the project.
In the present times, the organizations who are responsible for the development of
projects should consider every kind of aspect and requirement as set by the person proposing the
change management strategies. These businesses should be highly adaptable in order to bring in
successful output results towards the changes made within the project. There are several
conditions that might be set as per the chosen requirements. The requirements that might be set
during the initiation of an IT project might change with the passage of time and thus the
organization would have to adapt themselves to such form of changes. Based on the proper kind
of changes that would be made within the context of the project, the successful delivery of the IT
project to the owner would depend.
This discussion would further discuss the importance of change management that needs
to be implemented within projects based on their success delivery within the estimated time.
Further, various kind of usefulness, constraints and other factors would be considered based on
management of changes in the design over projects.
Organizational Change Management (OCM)

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The Organizational Change Management (OCM) can be described as a framework based
on the management of the various kind of proposed changes within an organization. During the
development of an IT project, a certain set of requirements are defined during the initial phase of
the project. Such kind of requirements might have a need for change. Changes within the
structure of the organization and various forms of cultural changes that would be made within
the enterprise should have a proper strategy for managing them. Hence, the use of OCM helps in
addressing the people making the needed changes. A certain form of systematic approach that
would be made with the use of OCM is highly beneficial when changes would be proposed by
people within the management and delivery of an IT project.
The Project Management Institute. (2013) provides a document based on understanding
the change management strategies that should be followed by organizations. The PM views the
process of change management as one of the most important power that would help in cascading
the important requirements throughout the entire working body responsible for managing
changes. The PMI also believes in the fact that different kind of strategies proposed and defined
by the change management bodies within organizations could be delivered based on the need of
IT projects. There are many kind of examples of organizations that have delivered different kind
of successful IT projects with proper ease based on following the different prospects based on
the making of changes.
The Essence of Change Management
The discussion supported in Project Management Institute. (2013) further helps in
reviewing of the essence based on change management strategies. Due to several forms of
turbulence that are followed within IT projects, there is a high need to increase the capacity of

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the organization to address the various forms of changes that need to be met for the success
criteria of the various projects. Hence, the developers and people working over the management
of projects, should adapt an agile-based approach for designing the entire project.
According to a report over survey conducted by Deloitte US, it has been discussed that
change management has been a transforming factor based on supporting the emerging needs of
the organisation. The value of change management would make it certain to bring in efficiency
within the project work (Whyte, Stasis & Lindkvist, 2016). Certain kind of strategies are defined
by the principle of change management based on helping the staff to prepare themselves for
upgrading the organisational processes and increasing the efficiency of IT projects designed by
them.
They thus describe a project as a certain kind of activity that would help in implying a
coordinated process based on the purpose of execution of certain interconnected tasks and
actions aimed to achieve a particular result. During the defining of several criteria’s over the
project, the deadlines are properly mentioned (Lines et al., 2015). These goals of the project can
also be measured efficiently based on mitigating the challenges and limitations that might
approach towards the successful delivery of the project. However, the implementation of changes
within an IT project has been described as a continuous process (Ziemba & Obłąk, 2015). During
the process of management of changes, the entire stages initiates from planning and ends with
the delivery of the project within the assigned deadline.
According to the change management methodology proposed by Deloitte, it describes
that the existing practices followed within an organisation is mainly focused over preparing the
people in designing their routine work and support the streams for the core project. The change

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management methodology as proposed by Deloitte, comprises of seven primary elements. These
are:
(Figure 1: The Seven Elements of Change Management Methodology of Deloitte)
(Source: Deloitte US | Audit, Consulting, Advisory, and Tax Services, 2019)
The firm thus allows a certain unique kind of change management methodology, which
would be helpful for suiting with the high level of expertise and experience held by clients and
employees working towards the development of an IT project.
Understanding of Human Behavior towards Changes

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Hornstein (2015) in their research discusses the primary factors over the increasing form
of interest over the ways in which change would need to be propagated towards different IT
projects based on managing each of the inclusions within the organisation. There are a high
number of IT projects, which propose various kind of change factors within every aspect of
projects. There are several occasions in which the owner of the project would not agree to certain
inclusions within the designed project (Wickert & Schaefer, 2015). Various literatures based on
organisational and management factors have completely demonstrated the fact that an effective
mode of change management strategies would prove to have an influential factor over the
success rates of delivery for IT projects.
According to the discussion supported by Hornstein (2015), it helps in understanding of
the fact that different initiatives based on organizational changes could only be improvised by
specific form of strategies. The people working within the organization should be trained
efficiently in order to understand the process of change and the particular areas in which the
changes would need to be undertaken (Binder, 2016). Certain change processes and
methodologies should be integrated within the perspectives of the organisation in order to bring
in competency of the IT projects. The project manager or development team working over any
concerned project should be efficient enough to embrace the strategies of change management
based on considering the technical issues faced by the team (Tyssen, Wald & Spieth, 2014). The
critical success factors that would be faced by the project would be entirely based on technical
requirements.
Specific Programs in Change Management

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According to a report published by Accenture, the different kind of plans and execution
of specific programs based on change management are focused over certain goals. These are
discussed as follows:
1. Management of Strategic Changes – The clients who would use the software product
should be guided by the organizations throughout the process of managing and executing the
organizational change strategies (Brown, Rose & Gordon, 2016). Hence, different programs
based on acquisitions and mergers could be used and defined as functional requirements in order
to transform the IT projects in a successful manner.
2. Enabling Change in Processes and Systems – Based on an effective management of
change management strategies, it can be discussed that clients would be able to manage and
execute the different kind of functions based on medium and small scale IT projects (Lock,
2017). The changes that would be made within the organisational procedures would thus span
across geographies and business units of the organisation.
3. Transitioning to a new model of sourcing – The clients who would propose a certain
project should smoothen the transitioning of employees working over a shared service and
externally sourced project. With the implication of change management strategies proposed for
the organisation, there would be certain form of minimization of disruption that would be
implicated towards the business performance of the organization (Stare, 2014). The strategy that
needs to be developed by all organizations is based on the fact that each of the operations should
be focused over retaining the workforce and interacting with every operations performed within
the organisational prospects.
Capability of Changes

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The primary dimension of changes performed within the organization mainly focuses
over the purpose of building an internal capability based on bringing changes within the
management of IT projects. The organisation responsible for the development of IT projects
should mainly adapt towards the developmental aspects of the projects by focusing over the agile
methodology (Parry et al., 2014). The responsiveness of the software is a primary matter of
concern. The prospect of change capability would mainly work based on the involvement of
leadership qualities, structures and certain metrics, which would be responsible towards showing
a particular form of competency.
The capability of managing changes during the development aspects of the project should
be embedded within every kind of aspect of project. The creation of a proper kind of
organizational change management strategy would mainly begin at the top level of enterprise
application development (Kerzner, 2017). Various kind of programs based on leadership
development would also be aimed at helping the senior level management to produce and
develop an effective approach at managing the aspects of changes. The use of tools, technologies
and methodologies could be considered as to be highly important in order to manage the
portfolio based on the change programs (Grandia, 2015). The change management program
would also be supported with the help of a network comprising of experienced technicians. They
would thus be able to support a wide range of support and business functions in order to plan the
various kind of outcomes.
Ways of Managing Changes in Projects
With the impact of digital transformation procedures, different kind of IT projects are
being developed at a faster rate. With the help of the different kind of ways based on bringing a

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better form of impact over the working of the organization, the projects could be delivered with
the best kind of efficiency (Reich, Gemino & Sauer, 2014). The primary responsibility of the
project manager is mainly based on designing a proper kind of project management plan based
on considering of the important modules that needs to be included within the projects. The
milestones that need to be described within the project would also be need to be considered
based on delivering a successful project within the mentioned time frame.
In order to change the processes of an organization based on bringing better projects in
the future, an efficient kind of training should be provided to the employees working over any
particular project (Ram, Wu & Tagg, 2014). Investment in such kind of areas would be highly
helpful for the company to retain employees would be an asset for the organization based on
building greater projects that would have a higher success rate. In the rare cases, the change
management strategies would be considered to be financially viable (Hermano & Martín-Cruz,
2016). There might be certain negative consequences if a proper amount of training is not being
provided to the employees based on meeting up to the expectations of the owners proposing the
project.
Model for Organizational Changes
Process Model – The process of organizational changes that might be needed to be
performed within an organization based on the emerging needs of IT projects mainly defines the
movement of organizational processes from the present state to future state (Turner, Maylor &
Swart, 2015). This is mainly due to the reason that the futuristic changes might not be predicted.
Employee Involvement within Change and the Lewin’s model of Change Process –
The involvement of employees towards the managing of changes proposed towards the IT

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projects would seek their immediate decisions that might affect the performance of the
organization. The involvement of employees would mainly aim at seeking the concerns of the
owners proposing the project (Galli et al., 2017). The employees might be asked to put inputs
towards implicating it towards the decisions affect the performance of the organization. The
participation of the employees and providing valuable inputs towards the management of
changes in projects would ultimately lead towards providing quality changes towards the
projects.
The active form of participation of the employees towards the bringing of changes
towards the projects would help in incurring a positive feeling. It would further enhance the
acceptance of employees based on the involvement of change processes. The change
management process as proposed by Lewin would thus help in shifting the attitude or behaviour
of any department within the organization (Stephan et al., 2016). Thus, the involvement of
employees would be considered as effective if these employees would be empowered with
responsibility and authority. Hence, in order to imply such kind of actions, the particular quality
of leadership as an agent of change would be required. The sharing of knowledge by individuals
based on certain form of relevant suggestions and ideas at the various levels of management
would be helpful in delivering a successful project and also incur benefits towards the team.
The Implementation of Lewin’s Model – The model proposed by Kurt Lewin focuses
on three factors. These include the factors of unfreezing, changing and refreezing. This model is
widely accepted in terms of psychology based on the process of implementation of changes. The
implementation of change based on the needs of particular projects involves the present state of
the involved organization (Laudon & Laudon, 2016). Thus the proposed changes that would be
made to the team would require a certain amount of time as the project manager working of the

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project would redesign the entire project plan. The discussion in this project discusses the fact
based on implementation of changes by focusing over three kind of activities. These include:
planning for the activities, planning towards commitment and involvement of structures based on
change management.
The planning of activity based on managing changes would thus produce a roadmap
based on specifying the certain changes that need to be made within the organization. The
specific form of activities that need to be involved within the organization would involve the
integrated form of change management tasks (Baumann et al., 2016). The commitment towards
planning would involve the identification of groups and persons and their level of commitment
towards the practice of change management.
To determine the relationship of Integrated Change and Management to the successfully
delivery of IT project
Definition of Integrated Change Management
According to Hornstein (2015), change management can be defined as the basic tool or
the basic structure that is used for controlling the change effort. This change management helps
in completing the project successfully. This change management includes processes, tools as
well as techniques that is mainly used for managing the change so that the objective of the
business can be achieved. This management process of project helps the individual transition by
combining all the tools of organization. The concept of change management are used by different
industries that are public and private as well. There are many organizations that have proved that
with the implementation of change management in their business have improve their working
status and has also improved their working efficiency.

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Martinsuo & Hoverfält (2018) stated two examples of organizations who has improved
its business efficiency with the implementation of change management is British Airways and
California State University. In California University, to improve the new version of the IT
system the university has applied the concept of change management in the system. This
concepts has been used by the university in all the 23 satellite campuses and this has affected
positively thousands of students as well as staffs. The British Airways has used the approach of
change management so that they could successfully restructure the organization and turn their
business in to profitable one.
The change management is actually conducted in all the phase of the IT project. This is
because it is believed that the change happens in all the phases of life. As stated by Gerbec
(2017), in software development, the requirement of developing the system might be changed as
stated with the initial requirement. This approach would help the project manager or the business
analyst to manage the change successfully. While implementing an IT project, factors which
determines the project successful completion and the project failure is mainly dependent on the
organizational factors of the company. These factors will help in completion of the project
successfully or will lead to project failure. For ensuring the implementation of the project, the
first approach that the organization should take in executing change management in its business
process. The roles of the stakeholders involved in change management is mainly to stimulate,
coordinate, as well as facilitate the effort of change in the business.
Reasons for Project Failure
Antony et al. (2019) stated that with the fastest development of technologies, the industry
and the organization needs to change as well as adapt to the technological changes that this has

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become an important aspect of to compete with the market. Organizations are no more
constrained by the geographic or with the legal boundaries. The complexity associated with the
change is moving higher and all organizations should adopt the changes in responsive way. This
is done to address all the changing requirement in the project, ensure project sustainability as
well as helps to deliver a value for the shareholders. The organization with the advance
technologies are highly interlinked and there is collaboration which is the main element for the
purpose of success.
Kendrick (2015) said that there are market challenges that the organizations faces so that
they can deal with the project. All these trends have increased the project success rate and
increases the complexity of the project. The project are main way to provide agility as well as
benefit for meeting the changes of the regulatory requirements. There are internal stakeholders as
well as the external stakeholders who demand for great visibility for all the project activities that
are taken place in the organization. Below explained are five elements that are the main cause of
project failure.
1. Unclear scope of the project: If the project scope is not well defined, then the project
might lead to incomplete project and project failure. Project scope is not clear when there is no
proper communication and not supports all objectives for the business strategies (Antony &
Gupta, 2019). Project scope is the recurring factor in a project and is the scope of the project is
not properly defined or is not properly communicated, then the project might crash down or
might get failed.
2. Poor communication in project: Poor communication is done when the goal, the
objective and the scope of the project is not communicated with the team members successfully.

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Project failure occurs if there is no proper communication between the stakeholders for planning,
for taking responsibilities, meeting the expectations of the project and maintain the status of the
project. To handle a project change control proper communication is to be established in the
project.
3. Lack in change management: Lack in change management occurs if there is lack on the
focus of the project scope and the project objective. If the project lacks in processes, tools as well
as techniques for managing the change in the project, it might lead to failure of the project.
4. Change in project Strategy: If an ongoing project changes the strategy of the project,
this might lead to irrelevant project. Sroufe (2017) stated that change in the strategy of the
organization should result in decreasing the project benefit. Benefits of project management
includes regular monitoring as well as includes measuring all the benefits that is expected from
the project.
Value for Integration Change Management
According to Kagermann (2015), the Integrated change management as well as project
management is needed in a project creates value and is needed for many number of reasons. The
reasons are explained below:
1. Shared Objective: When integration of project management and change is done, both
of the approaches mainly focuses on a particular objective. It aims to improve the performance
objective in organization that helps ti implement the change management so that intended project
result as well as outcome is achieved.

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2. Proactive steps: When there is change management integrated in the project, there are
efforts that helps to manage the stakeholders involved in the project. This helps to identify as
well as mitigate the proactive manner, address all obstacles that are included as well as resistance
for building commitment for the project.
3. Alignment and Sequencing: When there is technical activities as well as people
activities integration, right steps are to be taken for completing the project life cycle (Ceci,
Masini & Prencipe, 2019). This helps to embrace all employees for the change as well as helps to
produce proper and right outcome for all project.
4. Information Exchange: Integration of change management as well as activities of
project management includes the flow of information. This approach of integration helps to
ensure the impact of the employees that includes receiving proper message related with the
project. This helps to ensure project team to receive the effective feedback for adoption, usage of
the project as well as reacting to the change included in the project.
Dimension included in Integration
During the process of improvising changes within the prospects of an organization, it
should be highly be considered that the change should be managed in an effective manner on
both the technical and people side. A certain focus over the technical aspects would further help
in ensuring the fact that the proposed change is in the process of development, designed in a
proper format and thus be delivered in an effective manner.
The project management discipline further provides a structure, tools and processes in
order to define the change processes that need to be implemented within the organisation. Based
on focusing over the side of the people, it would be able to ensure that the change has been

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embraced and thus being utilized by each of the employees concerned within the organization
(Wu et al., 2014). Thus a proper form of structure, tools and processes would be required in
order to manage the change prospects. Thus, the integration of project management and change
management would be based on the creation of a certain form of initiative and project based on a
number of reasons. These include:
1. Sharing of a common objective
2. Taking of proactive steps to design plans
3. Aligning and sequencing of change requirements
4. Exchange of appropriate change information
The entire process of project management would incur a set of deliverables and a
structured process based on engaging people to make changes within the IT projects. In addition
to this, a rigorous and structured approach should be applied towards the employee side based on
the managing the different aspects of changes (Chang, Chang & Wang, 2014). The change
management and project management are defined as complimentary disciplines that would
mainly aim towards a common form of objective. They would thus provide a unified approach
based on achievement of desired outcomes and results for managing organizational change.
Inputs in Performing ICM
The performing of integrated change control process can be defined as an important
process. The process can be defined as an integrated process as with the help of this process the
impact of any made changes could be assessed (Vakali et al., 2014). It would further be
discussed that any kind of changes made within one part of the project would affect the entire

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phase of the project (Angwin & Meadows, 2015). The project manager working over a project
and managing changes within the project should be responsible for continuously manage the
project related aspects against the pre-defined project management plan.
The certain form of inputs based on performing the process of Integrated Change
Management are discussed as:
1. Change Management Plan – This plan describes the certain guidelines based on the
management of change control processes and the certain records (Bernardo, 2014). This would
also incur the responsibilities of the board proposing the needed changes.
2. Scope Baseline – The proposed changes that need to be made would include a scope.
A scope baseline would be essential to define the proposed changes and the concerned project.
3. Cost Baseline – During the process of integrating changes, the baseline of cost would
help in supporting the project manager to assess the actual cost of project and the impact that
would be made with the made changes.
4. Schedule Baseline – Each of the processes and tasks within the project would
comprise of a fixed schedule, which would need to be accomplished (Cummings, Bridgman &
Brown, 2016). The tasks that would be changed would thus be compared according to the
previously scheduled baseline.
Tools and Techniques to perform ICM
In order to integrate the process of ICM within any project, certain tools and techniques
would be highly required. These are discussed as follows:

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1. Judgement from experts – Different kind of judgement from experts would comprise
of advice and opinions collected from various project management teams along with the
expertise from stakeholders.
2. Perform meetings – The meetings that are mainly performed during the certain
revisions made for a project are generally described as change control meetings. Hence, in order
to accomplish these kind of meetings, a Change Control Board (CCB) is formed within the
internal team (Engert, Rauter & Baumgartner, 2016). The appropriate stakeholders are
responsible for planning such meetings. Hence, the final decisions made by CCB would be
recorded and documented. These would further be communicated throughout the list of
stakeholders.
3. Change in control tools – One of the prime features of making changes is to ensure
that the concerned project would be properly aligned with the changing needs of organization.
The process of change control maintained by CCB helps in avoiding the necessary changes made
within the project (Sroufe, 2017). It would further ensure that changes made would not further
affect any kind of resources.
4. Making of decisions – The techniques based on decision making, which could be used
for the process of improvising changes are mentioned as: autocratic making of decisions,
decision making through analysis and voting.
5. Performing data analysis – The techniques based on performing data analysis, which
could be used for implementing change strategies are: inclusion of cost-benefit analysis and
alternative analysis.

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The alternative analysis can be described as a technique based on determination of the
required changes (Patwardhan & Patwardhan, 2016). Further, it would also be discussed whether
the proposed changes would be accepted, rejected or needed to be modified before the final
approval.
The use of cost-benefit analysis would help in assessing whether the request changes
would be worth as per the required cost for performing of the project.
Outputs after Performing ICM
The certain outputs based on performing of the processes based on ICM are discussed as
follows:
1. Approved Request for Changes – These are the certain kind of changes that would be
put forward as a request by the project manager (Walker, Chen & Aravind, 2015). These certain
changes would further be purt forward as a review by the CCB. These could take at any project
stages.
2. Change logs – A change log would be maintained by the project manager that would
help in registering and documenting the changes required within a project (Bakari, Hunjra &
Niazi, 2017). The registration and documentation of changes would help in understanding the
factors of cost, time and risks that would be communicated to stakeholders.
3. Updates for Project Management Plan – The components or features that had been
described within the Project Management plan should be updated (Steigenberger, 2017). These
are moreover influenced by the integrated change processes that include the scope baseline and
scope management plan.

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4. Updates over Project Documents – Each of the documents that need to be updated
during the making of changes should be updated on a regular basis.
Relationship between Project Management and successful delivery of IT project
Successful completion of a project is an important domain in research, which is
intricately associated with project management. The project is divided into different spheres,
which are called objectives to substantiate the work and seamlessly conduct activities in a
parallel manner. The success of a project is not measured at the beginning, instead it is evaluated
at the very end (Albrecht & Spang, 2014) . The various spheres where project management is
necessary is considered at the end of successful completion of a project. The success factors
comprise of time management, budget estimation, efficiency internally within the work force,
and quality of work. These measurement of success directly influence throughout the project
cycle.
The different success factors responsible for timely completion of a project is
used to improve the outcome and possibility of success for the project. These factors are summed
up and termed as Project Management Methodology (PMM). This was created in order to help
the persons in control of the entire project and was gradually found to be have high success rates
and predict the outcome making the entire project a successful venture (Alias et al., 2014).
Although these methodologies are useful but quantifying the objectives and deliverables with an
expected timeline and completing all the objectives within the said timeframe are entirely
different due to which most of the project with lot of deliverables fail to achieve the objectives
even though following of project management methodologies were done accordingly. The

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Information Technology projects are undertaken with the Prince2, however the Project
Management Body of Knowledge (PMBoK) is not a methodology but a body of knowledge.
The Project Management Methodology has various divisions, namely
standardized Project Management Methodology as well as customized Project Management
Methodology, sometimes both of them were mixed together in order to develop a new
methodology to improve, both the project success factors and effective completion of a project
with timely finishing of deliverables.
Success Factors
There are various types of success factors associated with completion of an
Information Technology Project is also associated with impact of project management (Brioso,
2015). Success factors also provide with a different approach, where it is stated that
comprehensive structure in a project management methodology is able to generalize a certain
process and change it based on the project requirements whereas the underlying assumption
stating the success factors of the project and associating it with cost estimation, timely
completion of a project deliverable as well as quality of product is the final outcome of any
project management method applied to a given scenario (Chaves et al., 2016). Instances have
been seen where organizations not adopting project management methodology in the software or
product delivery life-cycle have encountered problems which could have been avoided with a
prior planning of the project with proper allocation of resources. The combination of tools,
processes, techniques and procedures. The pretext of standardization of a method when applied
to a scenario may not work perfectly because theoretical assumptions and practical implications
are entirely different from one another.

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Several studies conducted in different organizations on the said topic describes
the Project Management Methodologies are different approaches of structuring a framework that
vary from one another in different ways (Cserháti & Szabó, 2014). However, it was found out
that these different processes are different from organization to organization, which basically
means that the same methodology used by two same organizations to deliver a similar product
may not have similar experience with delivery of the product. The inclusion of methodologies
framework in the working structure of a company and consequent impact of this process in the
project lifecycle (Hornstein, 2015). This in turn suggests that the project management methods
are forms of objectives practice and while it may prove successful for an organization, it might
not have same impact on another organization.
Governing an organization means controlling all activities done by the
organization in a project. Thus it can be said that project governance is a part of corporate
governance, which is directly related to achieving success on a project (Joslin & Muller, 2015).
The analysis of relationship established between the success factors of a project and management
methodologies related to project outcome, which provides with alternative plans that are useful
when failure of certain objectives or outcome takes place in the project lifecycle.
The timeframe since studies on project management methodologies is being
conducted is for the past forty years (Lappe & Spang, 2014). The success of a project is defined
as a construct of multidimensional nature that is divided into achieving efficiency in success
factors with short term project management methodologies and the achievement of desired
outcome, with impact as well as effect on the lifecycle of a project is finite and measurable.
There are three basic constructs defined in the product development phase, that are termed as
cost, scope and time.

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Project Management Methodologies
The first formal Project Management methodology was created around forty years
back with effective management strategies to counter budget increments, planning and quality of
product (Mesquida & Mas, 2015). Two main points under consideration while conducting
research on Project Management Methodologies is related to the generalized and upgraded or
customizable methodologies of project or completeness of a management methodology. This
section is divided into standardization and customization, which have different implication
mechanisms in the lifecycle of a project.
Standardization Methodology
Project Management Methodology with different implementing mechanisms are
termed as organizational process, which means there are variation in degree of standardization,
where the process is directly related to completing a project with corporate objectives and goals
set in mind and thus concentrates in the direction of controlling with corporate power as well as
standardization (Mir & Pinnington, 2014). The focus of project management offices is on
standardizing the organizational project management methodology to have higher rates of project
success. However, in Information Technology industries there is a requirement of testing the
product repeatedly before the final delivery of a product to the client. This framework is suitable
for projects with fixed outcome, for example a phone call receiving company will not suddenly
start doing transactions on bitcoin, but on the other hand a client asking a software development
firm to make a social site suddenly in the middle of project execution comes up with the plan of
making an online video streaming platform that is highly probable and possible at the same time.
Customization Methodology

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There were researchers who conducted practical implication methods to prove the
presence of variation in the development phase of a project lifecycle that was not well attributed
during the time when it was considered that the nature of project management is similar for
different types of projects (Serrador & Turner 2015). The outcome of deliverable was found out
to have a better efficiency where the procedures applied were upgraded for small scale projects,
medium scale projects as well as large scale projects. This was possible because projects of
similar nature but different magnitude require different approach.
Mixture of Combination and Standardization Methodology
Researchers suggested that there was no meaning in standardizing certain sections
or parts of the framework in an organization following the project management methodology
(Spundak, 2014). Irrespective of the fact whether the process used is customized, standardized or
a combination of both the processes, and the methodologies are not complete with a limited
scope, the resultant efficiency of a project will have a huge impact. Researchers established that
the project management methodologies vary from one organization to another and are not made
for all types of projects. The techniques used, methodologies applied were useful for most of
information technology projects, however the same method incurred heavy loss to another
organization.
Thus, it can be stated that project management methodologies are complex
process having a heterogeneous nature and the subsequent impact of these processes vary from
organization to organization (Stoshikj, Kryyinska & Strauss, 2014). Common understanding
grounds are required to be established to clearly understand the importance of different project

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management methodologies and further studies can be conducted on failure of different ventures
adopting a specific project management strategy.
Project Governance Framework
The governance in a specific projects have different hierarchical classifications, for
example different grouping of projects, programs, where there is a direct implication of
collective procedural mechanisms in place for successful completion of a project is termed as
project governance (Todorovic et al., 2015). The Information Technology projects are also
divided into different phases for easier governance. This section includes the initiation of a
project, which clearly dictates the various requirements of the software. The next phase is usually
involved in requirement gathering and analysis, which are used for creating the software. Entire
lifecycle of software development comes in the next phase, which is the development phase. This
has different trial and error methodologies to perfect the software which will be provided to the
client. The last phase of project management in information technology sector is delivery of
product or the designed application to the respective client and close the final phase of the
project.
This entire process is easily conducted by implying project management methodology,
which helps to govern a project in a much easier way (To & Weaver, 2015). The project
governance procedures help organization as well as individuals governing the outcome of an
important project. This clearly proves the importance of project governance in information
technology sector where the success of pa project is deliverable based, which could be a web
application or a mobile software depending on the client’s preference.
Reason behind adoption of PMM

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The increase in interest of projects to utilize project management frameworks is paving
the path of an institutional changes within the organization. Business approaches used by an
organization is entirely project dependant and vouch for organizational changes in order to
achieve success (Badewi, 2016). The increase in number of project related to business has strict
adherence towards policies and processes with inclination towards technical approach. The
organizations have displayed several times, that with implementation of effective management
policies and a strong leader directly increases the success factors related to a project.
Definition of a project can be given as a list of objectives and product deliverables with a
specific objective outline and starts when there sufficient funding, associated stakeholders,
workers both technical and non-technical as well as adoption of project management
methodologies, which becomes multifunctional after initiation. Project management can be
termed as the implication of tools, techniques, knowledge and skills to conduct certain activities
of a project to successfully complete an objective of the project (Ahola et al., 2014). The project
management guidelines clearly state the paradigms associated with project initiation and project
closure.
Project can be of different types as well as nature with varied objectives but to outline the
basic requirement of any project there are five process groups, which are initiation of a project,
planning a project, execution, monitoring and closing phase of a project (Seymour & Hussein,
2014). This is directly associated with the nine knowledge sections pointed out in the project
management body of knowledge. This constitutes of project integration management, project
time management, project cost management, project scope management, project procurement
management, project risk management, project human resource management, project
communication management and project quality management.

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Necessities for Successful Delivery of IT Project
There are different aspects associated with success of an Information Technology
venture. However, there are three basic steps, which are followed to complete a project within a
specified time frame (Rosemann & von Brocke, 2015). The first important aspect is
establishment of a sense of emergency. From initiation of the project there should be an
environment of urgency. The number of staffs working in the organization for a specific project,
the increase in number of staffs for the given project creates a positive impact on the employee’s
mind, which increases pace of a project.
The faith in managers of a project in a sense of urgency creates the need for making a
coalition of employees with a vision and zeal to achieve the desired results for the organization.
The role of project management in information technology is directly related to key
responsibility areas of technical experts and project managers associated with the project.
Therefore, there is a need to create a team of qualified individuals for a given execution of a
project. The division within organization of hierarchy promotes a positive work culture and
motivates employees to achieve their goals. The next step in successful delivery of a product or
software is with the creation of a strategy and a vision of change. This will include a list of
deliverables put forward by the project managers after identifying the key responsibility areas
involved with successful as well as timely completion of a given project in hand (Fleming &
Koppelman, 2016). The other steps include active engagement with the entire work force of the
organization and communicate with respective personnel in developing a strategy required for
delivery of products seamlessly. Empowerment of talented and skilled individuals play an
important role in project management. The active involvement of associated stakeholders is
directly related to profits and rewards running in parallel with the project. Creation of quick wins

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like providing certain benefits specific to the project, which will attract employee attention. This
will help to generate a motivational force for the workers involved in the entire development
lifecycle of a project.
The starting of a project till the end has certain phases associated with it. The Information
Technology sector has varied projects where project management methodologies are necessary
for timely completion of project. Technical department, which include software developers,
website designers, database experts are related to development of the product, but the
establishment of timeline, division of work force, creation of work hierarchy, establishment of
objectives, setting of goals are related to project management methodologies. These processes
help to segregate large projects into different sections for effective management and timely
completion of project. The success of a project is directly related to the implementation of
methodologies based on project demand. This in turn helps in devising project management
strategies favourable for projects of a certain domain but with project specific customizations.
Information Technology projects delivery and timely completion is like any other project
from a different domain where methodologies are used and implemented based on project
requirement. Designing and development phase has an important role to play for software related
products. The beta versions always have some minute’s bugs, these technical aspects are
controlled by respective experts, on the other hand project management lifecycle should
implement counter measures to mitigate the time constraint associated with information
technology project. This is done successfully with the help of project management guidelines for
devising timeframe of the product lifecycle. The initial phase will have provisions to justify the
necessity of time for changes and updates required to be made on the software in the design and
development phase.

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The project management methodologies and tools, which are used to strategize this entire
process has certain limitations associated with it. The implementation of a methodology for a
given project and the success is realised after the completion of a project, due to which failure of
a methodology for a specified scenario is understood only after the methodology has been
implemented into the project timeframe, because same methods applied for a similar project by
two different organizations may have different outcome based on the application of said
methodology into working structure of the project lifecycle.
Summary
Based on the literature review done over the research objectives and addressing the
research questions, it can be discussed that the aspect of change that needs to be made within the
organization should be made by considering the need of the project. The research discusses the
important kind of relationship between the organizational change management and successful
delivery of IT projects. The research further discusses the management of integrated changes
within development of IT projects.
Transitions that would be made over the projects would need to be documented and
aligned with the plan of the project. There are also several cases of project failure based on
making of changes within the managing of IT projects and delivering them successfully. Each of
the integrations that need to be made within the project should be aligned as per the proper form
of project management strategies. The literature review further focus over the proper kind of
project management methodologies that would help in managing change prospects. A proper
governance framework based on governing the aspects of change management would be
considered as critical. Hence, from the supported review, it could be concluded that proper

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adoption of project management methodologies should be aligned in a proper manner in order to
engage each of the changes within the project. Thus, this would help in achieving success
towards the delivering of IT projects.
Chapter 3: Methodology
Introduction
The appropriate application of the suitable methods of the research methodology if
applied when a study is conducted helps to obtain detailed information as well as underlying
facts related to the conducted study (Bryman & Bell, 2015). The readers and the analysts can get
a detailed information about the conducted study from the methodologies of the research that is
defined and described in a report and the process of the methodology which is followed during
the research. Additionally the research methodology helps to provide systematic approach of
collection of the data and in the analysis of the data (Silverman, 2016). Also, following any
specific methodology to conduct the research helps to eliminate the possibilities of errors made
by humans in the course of the study. According to Taylor, Bogdan & DeVault (2015), the
inclusion of research methodology and principles in a research study helps to identify the used
techniques in details in addition provides the procedure which are to be pursued to successfully
conduct the study and complete the study. The aim of this chapter is to provide a brief
description of the chosen techniques and the reasons for selecting these techniques, which are
used to evaluate and determine the relationship of Integrated Change and Management for the
successful delivery of an IT project.
Research framework

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In order to determine the relationship of the Integrated Change and Management in order
to successfully deliver an IT project, the analyst has applied the detailed processes and the
techniques which are used in the study. As a suitable research philosophy, Positivism has been
applied by the researchers to achieve in depth statistics of the undertaken topic. In this research
approach, Deductive approach has been chosen by the researchers to ensure the development of
study is well structured based upon the secondary data sources. The use of Descriptive deign has
ensured the access of hidden information and the raw data using the data analysis process for the
researchers. The analysis for this report uses both primary data as well as secondary data to
analyze and determine the relationship of Integrated Change and Management. For the data
analysis process, qualitative data analysis, quantitative data analysis plus the regression analysis
is utilized for this research study.
Research Philosophy
The research philosophy helps to select a particular nature and the sources of data in the
process of development of the information and the knowledge that is required to conduct the
study (Mackey & Gass, 2015). The proper selection of philosophy allows the adoption of several
assumptions which are necessary to execute the research study. Use of an effective as well as
suitable research philosophy helps in reveling the kind of the information that is essential for this
particular study and the area of the topic selected. The research methodology also helps in
determining the appropriate process in order to gain detailed information as well as develop
appropriate arrangement to conduct the study. There are four kinds of research philosophy,
according to Neufeld et al., (2014), these are known as Pragmatism another is Realism, after that
there is Interpretivism and lastly Positivism.

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(Figure: Different kinds of Research Philosophy)
(Source: Gomez & Ryan 2016, p.191)
According to Vaioleti, (2016), Pragmatism Philosophy comprises of scientific
techniques in order to evaluate a problems of the research. Use of Pragmatism Philosophy
benefits an analyst in numerous ways. In the process of data interpretation, to analyse the
research topic Pragmatism Philosophy helps the analysts. Based upon the requirements regarding
the research and the queries based upon that, philosophy of the Pragmatism permits the

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DISSERTATION
conversion of qualitative data into quantitative analysis in order to obtain a detailed information
that is required. Triangulation of the information is allowed in the Pragmatism philosophy. On
the contrary, Positivism Philosophy permits effortless application of the logic that are used in a
scientific way in order to evaluate the underlying data which are significant to the study
conducted. Metaphysics is eliminated in the Positivism Philosophy although it is controlled by
scientific methods (Gioia, Corley & Hamilton, 2013). Interpretivism Philosophy is used to
support the complex structure which is existing within a management beside other business
activities. In Interpretivism Philosophy, there is no use of scientific methods, but uses concepts
of natural laws in order to define the variables. Interpretivism Philosophy is maintained using the
data analysis for the set of data that is acquired over the interactions. Finally, Realism
Philosophy involves the mix characteristic features of Interpretivism and Realism Philosophy.
Thus, using the Realism Philosophy, researchers are able to apply scientific concepts as well as
characteristics of human beliefs to interpret the acquired data.
Explanation for selecting the suitable philosophy
In context to the current research, to evaluate the important factors that influence the
change management for several projects within an engineering firm, Positivism is chosen by the
analysts, as the correct philosophy to conduct the study. The use of Positivism will allow the
analyst to reveal the hidden information, which are associated with the change management
process. Moreover, the time was limited for the study so, the other philosophies like the Realism,
Interpretivism as well as Pragmatism were excluded from this study. Additionally, use of
Positivism confines the activities of the study to data interpretation only.
Hypotheses/Propositions Development

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The development of the propositions in a particular thesis is the ways by which the
methods of collecting information and data about the research is being looked at for the
development of the total thesis, by developing the research by finding out the problem and
finding the solutions for the same. This is the process that is followed throughout in any thesis
development to make sure that proper analytical methodologies are followed and the conducted
study is developed by the steps specified (Kleber, 2018). The theory of developing dissertations
is based on the practical approached that are required to develop a particular research based on
the theories. The procedure does not follow any of the terms for the static research design or
study design if the thesis follows a qualitative research process. It is required a pure deductive or
inductive research process to follow the proposition development for the research.
The development of the proposition of the study is also dependent on the practical
argument that declared a thesis as a proposition. Therefore, in a broader term, the term
Propositions Development is identified as the development of the entire thesis research study
established following the step by step procedures that needs to be followed one after another and
the clarifications of the rationale behind the idea of the topic that is established (Balakrishnan &
Cheng, 2019). The proposition must have two established facts before the rationale, that is, it
should clearly have the scope for the argument declared with a statement delivering the situation
of the context and the clear assertion of the arguments that are going to take place based on the
selected topic that has been established. It may also occur that presenting the both sides of the
topic, speaking for the motion and speaking against the motion as per the presented topic
engages anybody going through the paper as it lets them have their own opinion on being in any
side of the topic. The proposition thus would most likely have a primary idea where the reader
would have uncertainty for further argument (Saldaña, 2015).

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DISSERTATION
Therefore, this particular research about the implementation of change and its
management within the Malaysian organizations based on the establishment of the relationship
between Change Management and the successful delivery of the IT based projects would follow
all the requirements about the development of the proposition about the thesis. The idea of
declaring the development is based on the establishment of the important information about the
Malaysian organizations. On the other hand, it would also have the analysis of the business
organizations based out on the findings about the business organizations that would be based on
Information Technology services and the proposition of a draft (Sekaran & Bougie, 2016). It
would then have an idea represent on the topic defined and a proposal for moving on with the
same presented as a draft solution of the entire research. It would have the short description of
the larger and detailed solution. The presentation of the draft based on the broader idea of the
research would also hold the timeline and the reprising fact about how the research would be
proceeded with. The research on the Change Management implementation on the Malaysian
organization also would begin with the proposition of the research process on a proposal
development based on qualitative findings.
However, before the topic is proceeded with, the developing ideas would also need to be
brainstormed about with the help of asking and answering of different questions before the
research process needs to begin with. For this particular research as well, there would be
development of few questions based on the selected topic.
 Firstly, it can be asked about how much of the research topic is already known
from the contemporary ideas based on the Malaysia IT-based organizations, and
what more is required to be learned more about this topic?

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 Secondly, it needs to be identified how the topic forms any issue that can arise
while researching about the topic. Therefore, the solution can also be forming the
provision of any identified issue so that the research can provide a feasible
solution.
 Thirdly, it also needs to be identified if more information about the topic would
be required and how additional information about the topic can be gathered?
 The next approach would be to find out the repercussions of the issues and what
effect does it have on the represented topic, like if the Change Management
realization on the IT-based organizations in Malaysia has issues found out during
the gathering of relevant information, then what would be the effect of these
issues over the topic?
 Lastly, what other issues can be identified to have the delivery of the solution to
the previously identified issues? If any relevant issues are identified, then what
would be the total outcome of the research procedure?
Development of the proposition for the research would follow this process so that the
brainstorming and the step by step procedure would ensure that appropriate theories are
implemented to practically collect the data and at the same time provide valuable solution to the
identified issues.
Research Design
The framework that is necessary for the collection and the analysis of the data is provided
by the application of detailed research design (Billig & Waterman, 2014). The use of suitable

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DISSERTATION
processes to design the research reveals the patterns and the data collection sources that are
required to complete the research work. By following a specific procedure while collecting data
and in the analysis techniques allows the study to be detailed. In case of an academic research,
there are mainly three kinds of design for the research. These are: Explanatory, Exploratory and
the last one is known as Descriptive.
Different kinds of Research Design
(Source: Creswell, 2014, p.58)
The exploratory design allows a researcher to illustrate and define the information that
is required to smoothly conduct the research. On the contrary, utilizing the explanatory design
can define the incidents which occurs with respect to time plus the effect for that. Finally, the use
of descriptive design delivers the appropriate explanation for the occasions that occur while
capturing the timeline in addition to the effect on the research topic.
Explanation for choosing the suitable design

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DISSERTATION
In this research study, the application of explanatory design is excluded due to the cross-
sectional features of the study. Descriptive Design was chosen by the researchers for this
research as the most suitable one based upon the evaluation of the key features that impact the
change management in an engineering firm. Utilizing the descriptive design enabled an analyst
to explain the process that is being followed in an engineering firm in the change management
system.
Operational Definition and Instrumentation
Operational Definition
The term Operational Definition is mostly applied to the procedure of representing a
dissertation or a research process that is represented on the data collection procedures and it has
also been declared as the concise detailed definition of the identified data collected and the way
by which they have been represented (Thomas, Nelson & Silverman, 2015). The requirement of
the operational definition is one of the most important and fundamental procedure while
collecting the different types of data. The decision that is about to be made is represented on the
basis of the decision taken about the representation of data, whether it is correct or incorrect in
nature.
The checking of the data and its possibility of being correct or incorrect is also based on
the availability of having confusions over the identified issues about the collected data. If it has
to be represented by an example, it can be said that when there is a chance that the collected data
is most probably going to be erroneous then it has to be identified that the various views
referring to the fault ends has to be identified (Laycock, Howarth & Watson, 2016). In this
particular case, the collection of data and the possibility of it having a larger perspective at the

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DISSERTATION
behest of the occurrence of any kind of discrepancies regarding the errored data has to be
checked before the data is being collected. It would be extremely necessary to have a
comparative idea developed for the collection of the data as otherwise, inconsistency within the
data has the potential of becoming erroneous. The assumption about the entire case and the
identification about the unique data about the research shall follow a specific rule, which either
may be derived or developed from the idea of the theories of research development (Neimeyer,
2015). The understanding of the collected data would then provide the clear idea about how the
total process needs to be dealt with so that the task of researching about the data can be feasibly
completed.
It also needs to be understood with the implementation of the Operational Definition of
the research that the finding out of the data and its collection needs to enable the fact that there
might be differences in the ideas and varied opinions and views about the same topic that
circulates around the same area of representation (Patten, 2016). There might be differences in
the opinion about the change management procedures and its implementation procedure in the
IT-based organization in Malaysia and this would have a rigorous effect in the collection of data
as well. Identified by the process of Operational Data, collecting and consisting the collected
data would help in the identification of the possibility that the collected data is consistent by all
means and the operational definition that has been utilized for this particular research does not
hold any place for ambiguity (Bloomberg & Volpe, 2018). There are several different notions to
bring about this particular idea that ensures the rejection of ambiguous data for the research
being affected by it. These are based on the following findings:
 Identifying the characteristics of the research topic

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DISSERTATION
 Enabling the instruments for measuring the collection of the data
 Describing the methods that would be required for the testing of the ambiguity
and unambiguity of the collected data
 Stating the criteria for taking the decision
 Documenting the operational definition
 Testing the established operational definition
Instrumentation
The procedure for instrumentation clarifies how the process of making a particular
collection of data in a particular research is to be formulated with the help of relevant
instruments required for the collection and analysis of the data represented (Missimer, Robèrt &
Broman, 2017). For this reason, it helps the investigators to attempt to use the appropriate tools
for the measurement of the variable and interests for the data collection procedures. There lies a
proper usability of the tools to identify what different procedures are required to analyze the data
and measure the data collection procedure. The assessment and utilization of the proper tools are
not just restricted only to the data collection process and the design, construction, selection and
assessment of the data, but it is also required to be considered about the conditions under which
the data has been designed and under what conditions has been the utility of the instruments
presented and administered for the measurement of the data (Denzin, 2017). The instruments in
this procedure for this particular topic about the representation of the collection of data is
identified by the ways in which the instrument has been used for collecting the data. The basis of
the data would depend upon the topic for finding out the utility, success and failure of the

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DISSERTATION
implementation for the change management procedure for IT-based industries in Malaysia
(Disman, Ali & Barliana, 2017). The instrumentation would be the requirement of the
instruments that would help in collecting the data about the research topic (Gobo, 2018).
Therefore, the detailed module on which the investigator works on has to be based on the
processing of the data collection. It might also occur that the investigators have failed to
recognize the changes required during the process for the calibration so that the end product
might never lead to a biased result about the research (Onen, 2016). The research design, the
basis of the internal validity is also related to the instrumentation procedure.
Data Collection
The data used in any research is considered important to analyze the detailed module of
the chosen topic. Identification of the correct data resources help to evaluate the selected topic
for research in a more accurate and efficient way.
The sources of data allow a researcher to obtain the data and the information related to
that, which is impossible otherwise. Depending on the nature of the data sources, the data
sources can be divided into two major groups, one is primary data sources and another is the
secondary data sources. The primary data sources are used to acquire the raw information about
the selected topic. Collection of raw data is easy but it requires some extra effort to analyze the
data and also requires the defining of the reliability of the sources. On the contrary, secondary
data sources help to develop the context in addition to the theoretical background of the selected
topic.
In order to gather primary data for this research online surveys and interviews were
conducted on the selected topic. Also, the detailed literature review was utilized as a source of

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DISSERTATION
secondary data. In order to obtain secondary data, various books, journals, website and blogs
were utilized.
Sampling and Procedure
The people that involve in the research study are considered as the necessary population.
For this study, all the industries that are involved in delivering IT projects are considered as the
population. Due to time constraints, a very small population is considered for the research. For
the budget limitations some companies were considered. However, one IT sector industry is
considered by the researcher and also one company that accepts the services and another
company that helps in the promotion of the project, but the names of the organizations has been
hidden due to secrecy, as per the request of the organizations.
“Random probability sampling techniques” is used by the researcher in order to select the
respondents to conduct the online survey. This method has enabled the analyst to randomly
select members of the organizations that has been selected. Close ended question were used to
conduct the survey and the participating employees were provided with the same in the online
survey. A Likert’s scale was provided to record the feedback from the participants. On the other
hand, the managers of the selected organizations were interviewed with open ended questions
and the feedbacks were recorded accordingly.
A sample size of 100 employees from all the selected organizations were considered
together. One manager from each organization has been selected and interviewed to obtain the
feedback.
Technique of Data Analysis

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DISSERTATION
For this research, both quantitative and qualitative methods were used. The secondary
information is analyzed using the qualitative data analysis method and also the raw data that is
obtained in descriptive format is also evaluated using the qualitative data analysis method. The
use of qualitative data analysis method helped to present the theoretical concept of the research
and provided a base for the qualitative analysis method.
On the contrary, the quantitative data analysis technique is utilized to analyze the
information that is being collected in large sample size (Lepp, Barkley & Karpinski, 2014). For
this particular study, the data gathered from the primary resources were utilized in the
quantitative data analysis method. The use of the quantitative data analysis has enabled the
researcher to comprehend the selected research topic in a thorough manner and provide statistical
results in it.
Moreover, the analyst has gathered raw data that is being utilized in the secondary
sources in order to provide the analysis a validity. Regression analysis statistic tool was used by
the analyst to analyze the raw data and to measure the reliability of the data. The dependent and
the independent variables were identified by the analyst for this study based upon the regression
model. The regression model looks like:
Dependent variable = A + B * Independent variable;
Where;
A = Intercept of Linear Regression Model
B = Coefficient of Independent Variable
Research Limitations

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DISSERTATION
While attending this particular study, the researcher or the analyst faced a lot of issues
and limitations which were both unavoidable and also avoidable in features (Riedl, Davis &
Hevner, 2014). The research limitations helped in defining the constrained abilities and the scope
to analyze the selected topic of research. Some limitations are discussed as per the research
work.
Budget Constraint: The budget for the project was limited which created many issues.
Due to low budget the data collection method has also been restricted. Only one country is
selected to conduct the research for the limitations in the budget. Also, only 100 respondents or
100 employees were considered to collect and analyze the data.
Time Constraint: The time for the research was also limited. Thus, cross-sectional study
was selected by the analyst in order to conduct the research. Due to the time constraint many of
the procedure and several techniques were eliminated from the analysis of the collected data.
Reliability: The population selected to conduct the survey and the interviews may be
biased towards the organization of the corresponding employees and managers. There is some
possibility that the biased information may lead the research to some negative outcome. Keeping
this in mind, the analyst has removed the responses which showed some patterns.
Summary
The aim of the methodology chapter was to provide a detailed description of the several
methods that were used in the research. This chapter has helped the analyst to align the study in a
suitable manner in order to provide standard in the data collection and data analysis method. The
methods and the processes selected in this chapter has assisted the analyst to gain detailed

60
DISSERTATION
information to analyze and determine the relationship of Integrated Change and Management in
order to successfully deliver IT projects.

61
DISSERTATION
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