ITC544 IT Fundamentals: Network Protocols, SDLC & ITSM Assignment 2

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ITC544 - IT FUNDAMENTALS
ASSESSMENT ITEM 4
ASSIGNMENT 2: NETWORK PROTOCOLS,
SDLC & ITSM

Contents
Question 1..................................................................................................................................3
Question 2:.................................................................................................................................4
Question 3:.................................................................................................................................5
Question 4:.................................................................................................................................6
Question 5:.................................................................................................................................8
Question 6:...............................................................................................................................10
Question 7:...............................................................................................................................11
References:...............................................................................................................................12

Question 1
Answer1:
I. Find the protocol overhead in the form of percentage with using the given values of
payload size and file size as below:
 1024 is the given file size that is in the form of bytes = 1024 bytes
 128 is the given payload size in the form of bytes = 128 bytes
 20 bytes need to compose the TCP header as well as 20 bytes required for the
IPV4 header
 40 bytes is the total required for the header of TCP/IP protocol
 For the calculation, divide 1024, to get the value in eight different segments
and get the value of 128 bytes for each segment as
 8 multiples (128 + 40) = 1344 bytes
 The total overhead of TCP/IP is 1344 bytes
 After the calculation of overhead
 Provide size of file is 1024 bytes
 Provide size of sent data is 1344 bytes
 Calculate as 1344 multiply 100 divide 1024 = 131.25%
 Find the overhead percent as: 131.25 – 100 = 31.25
II. Perform the same calculation to the find the values for IPV6 as below:
 Provide file size is equal to 1024 bytes
 Provided size od payload is 128 bytes
 The total of composed header is equal to 60 that is 20+40 bytes for IPV4
header
 Where 40 bytes for the header of TCP/IP and 20 for header of IPV4
 The total 1024 divide into 8 different segments with 128 bytes in each section
or segment by using the calculation as below:
 8 multiply by (128 + 60) is equal to 1504 bytes
 The total of overhead of TCP/IP is 1504 bytes
 After the calculation of overhead is
 Provide size of file is 1024 bytes
 Provided size of sent data is 1504 bytes

 After the calculation 100 divide by 1024 multiply by 1504 is equal to 146.87%
 The total overhead is equal to 146.87-100 = 46.87
Question 2:
Answer 2:
IP protocol is the part of the network layer protocol that used for the transportation of packets
between two entities in a single network. This IP protocol identifies with their IP address.
TCP is a transmission control protocol that is also known as transport layer protocol, that
used for the transportation of data segments, not the packets and represents the data in the
form of the individual unit. This unit is a message that transfers from the higher level of the
OSI model.
TCP/IP protocol is quite different from each other as IP is the connection-less and TCP is
connection-oriented protocol, but both protocols used together in the networking terms as the
communication protocol. Internet protocol is the combination of procedure and rules that
used to identify the broken packets during the transfer. TCP/IP functionality divided into its
four layers; these are. Datalink, application, network or internet and transport layer. The
combined use of both protocols’ stacks is like,
A single stack protocol is referred to as the process of data transfer from one system
application to another system or application. The problem with this stack is the inflexible
changing process, as a minor change required to change the complete application.
Create the stacks of layered protocols with use this approach in networking. Different levels
of the stack used to perform a different function and communicate with all the levels. The
TCP/IP has four different layers with different protocols like, application layer has the
protocol like SNMP, SMTP, IMAP4, FTP, POP3 and HTTP. The next layer, datalink has the
protocol Ethernet, the networking layer used to IP protocol and transport layer uses the UDP
and TCP protocols (Cope, 2019).

Question 3:
Answer 3:
Agile methodology or the agile development model is a kind of incremental model that also
used in the software development with rapid cycles. It is a tool of interaction and individual
over the process and working software that used over the comprehensive documentation
purpose. The principle behind the agile manifesto is, the priority of the agile model is
customer satisfaction and deliver the quality project by using valuable software. It follows the
concept of changing the environment and used to deliver the work frequently. Developers
work together with the business people and support their need and motivate them. Here is the
advantage and disadvantage of the agile method are as below:
Advantage: the major advantage of the agile method is customer satisfaction from start to end
the project with quality work and fulfil all the requirement. The lifecycle of the agile methods
is designed for the accommodate change. The agile project methodology design and develop
by the complete team, not an individual member. Another advantage of the agile is it stands
on the customer expectation as with defining the user stories and answers to their questions.
Disadvantage: highly involvement of the customer with the development team members and
testing integrated through the life cycle is the major disadvantages of the agile methodology.
User can change the project requirement at the last moment and that is one of the reasons for
project failure. The implementation of agile is not to reduce the risk and it integrated with
using the life cycle of the agile and increase the cost of project resource.
Use the agile methodology in medium-small size organization where the customer is
available through the complete project. It has a simple level of integration with the external
system (ANH VO, 2016).

Question 4:
Answer 4:
Software development models are used to represent the process of software development.
This process has some basic phase like specification, design, validation and evolution. Some
models are used for this development process like waterfall model, prototype model, spiral
model, agile model and some other models. The evolutionary software development used a
process with different phases like, collect requirement, plan, estimate and involve solutions.
Software development life cycle is also a type of evolutionary software development process
and compares these both on different factors in this section.
SDLC is also known as the application development life cycle with using different phases
like a plan, analyse, design, implement and maintain. The SDLC projects complete all the
process with using hardware and software components with the proper configuration to
develop its scope and process of the lifecycle. Here is a comparison as:
SDLC Agile
A complete process to manage a project in a
smooth and simple way.
A model or approach used in the project
lifecycle for the purpose of software
development.
The purpose to use SDLC to create quality
products and deliver them in an efficient
manner.
This approach is used to produce quality
software products with the approach of
incremental development.
The SDLC has various stages used for the
development process.
This methodology also follows different
phases as the development model.
This model supports any development
platform of the software application of any
product.
Support any kind of production with
following incremental builds.
This is suitable for any kind and any size of the
project.
This is suitable for smaller project mainly.
The major change can’t be possible after the
initial phase of the project
Rapid changes can be possible after the initial
phase with following the server dynamic
requirement.
It uses different approaches to manage the Make easy to manage the project phases and

phase of the project make them flexible for all the team
(educba, 2019)
Question 5:
Answer 5:
Apple is the most successful brand in the world and the credit goes to its founder. Steve Jobs.
The designs and products of the apple are unique from others and as they use some process
that makes them unique with following empathic designs challenges.
 Collection different ideas from different sources as per the people interest and discuss
them the team members after getting the new ideas, work on the sketching of new
designs.
 Create a new team for the development of new product and this team works separately
from the rest team and use the office barriers to continue their work with the complete
dedication.
 Create the prototype as the mock-ups of a new design that is also called “pixel-perfect
prototypes”. This process takes time to complete with efforts for the development of
visual of the project. The team works on the concept of “10 to 3 to 1”, where 10
designs created for the selection and team select 3 top designs and then 1 among 3
design and further it.
 Follow the process of ANPP (Apple's new product process), after selected the
prototype of the design and define the maps and details of the design. EPM is the
manager of engineering production who takes reviews from the process of ANPP with
the GSM who is the manager of global supply.
 Take review from the team members of the executive team in terms of design and
production that helps to achieve the goals of the company and take more decisions for
the future process.
 The taking review from the different designs, work on the selected design for more
improvement as well as improve the design ideas for other designs.
 Test the product after complete the production phase of the product by EPM and
GSM, who are the responsible persons for the complete process. After complete the
test, take reviews and feedbacks from the team members and executives. The
production completes in China and it sent back to China for more improvements.

During the completing of all the process, the team remind the rules and quality-
standards of the Apple production.
 start the packaging process for the new product and design it as the per the new
product. Test different prototypes of the packaging of new products and help for
better consumer experiences.
 Evaluate the complete process with each and single milestone that used from start to
end of the production of apple (Elmansy, 2014).

Question 6:
Answer 6:
There are different causes for a project failure in which sometimes a single trigger event will
be the cause of project failure. Study and evaluate some common issues of project failure to
reduce the number of project failure.
Lack of vision and goals of the project is the first cause of project failure. Sometimes a
project starts with know the real need of the company from the project. Make a clear vision
that starts with “why” the project required and what requirements are necessary to follow
until the completion of the project. Make sure about the leadership of the project as it is one
of the major issues of the failure of the project. It is required to appoint a sponsor for the
project who have enough experience about the work with time management skills and have
good performance.
The issue of stakeholders mostly identifies during the project and then the project manager
has no solution as the backup of the team members or the stakeholders. Take the decision
about the stakeholders and check their skill and experience before involving them in the
project. Team issues occur regarding the roles and responsibilities of the project work and the
result ended on confusion and errors. An insufficient number of team members with
inexperienced and lack of skills are the issues of stakeholders.
The other issues are regarding the planning, budget, requirement, risk, time estimation,
design, configuration, quality, project tracking and decision-making. Define all the major and
minor requirement of the project before starts it. Understand each of the requirement with
their future scope and results and how these requirements will be beneficial for the
organization. Define estimate time to complete each step of the project based on its
requirements. Future plans and risk management is also necessary parts of the project that
works as the backups of the project. Collect information from different sources with proper
architecture and design and delivery of the quality project to the clients. Track each phase of
the project during the process and manage if any issues occur. With their tracking phase, a
project will schedule it all the phases in a suitable mode. Take key decisions by the
authorities and make strategies for the project with its architectural decisions (Egeland,
2019).

Question 7:
Answer 7:
Budget overruns are a critical factor of a project that used to resolve with proper
management. Manage the company’s requirement in the given budget to buy software,
hardware and other with using different software and planning strategies.
Understand the requirement of stakeholders and define them as the goals to achieve for the
organization. Include all the things in the project budget like project deliverable,
requirements, expectations of stakeholders and others. define the estimated cost of each of the
phase of the project, that should be realistic. Develop the key performance indicators (KPIs)
to manage the budget of the project. The project should include the actual cost, earned cost,
cost variance, investment cost on return and planned values. Keep inform to each team
member about the project budget and use only the required software for the project. Use
different project management software for the proper planning of the budget of the project
(Alexander, 2017).

References:
Alexander, M. (2017). Project management: 5 tips for managing your project budget.
Retrieved from https://www.cio.com/article/2406862/project-management-project-
management-4-ways-to-manage-your-budget.html
ANH VO. (2016). Agile Development: Advantages vs. Disadvantages. Retrieved from
https://anhvnn.wordpress.com/2016/11/13/agile-manifesto-and-12-principles-behind-it-
advantages-vs-disadvantages/
Cope, S. (2019). The TCP/IP Model and Protocol Suite Explained for Beginners. Retrieved
from http://www.steves-internet-guide.com/internet-protocol-suite-explained/
educba. (2019). SDLC vs Agile | 9 Most Valuable Differences You Should Know. Retrieved
from https://www.educba.com/sdlc-vs-agile/
Egeland, B. (2019). Top 5 Causes of Project Failure (and How You Can Avoid it). Retrieved
from https://www.goskills.com/Project-Management/Articles/Project-failure
Elmansy, R. (2014). How Does Apple's Design Process Work?. Retrieved from
https://www.designorate.com/how-does-apples-design-process-work/