Jaywalking and Prevention: University Road Safety Report, Semester 2

This report delves into the critical issue of jaywalking and distracted walking behaviors, particularly at intersections. It examines the problem through a mixed-method approach, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative data analysis, including road safety statistics and observational surveys. The study investigates the patterns and models of distracted behavior and explores the effectiveness of education and enforcement methods for jaywalking prevention. Furthermore, the report analyzes the role of fear appeal and peer pressure in influencing pedestrian behavior. The findings lead to recommendations for interventions and strategies to enhance road safety, with a focus on understanding the factors that contribute to jaywalking and developing effective prevention programs. The report also highlights the impact of distractions, such as mobile phone use, on pedestrian safety and the need for increased awareness and precautions to reduce accidents and fatalities.

Running head: JAYWALKING AND PREVENTION
Jaywalking and Prevention
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author’s note

1JAYWALKING AND PREVENTION
Executive Summary
The report targets to explore the issues of jaywalking and distracted walking behaviour at
intersections as experienced by pedestrians. In order to effectively address the issues and render
suitable suggestions to supply remedies to unsafe road practices, various recommendations and
active involvement of the persons belonging to diverse backgrounds are imperative. Therefore, in
keeping with the prospective targets, the process of the study would incorporate a mixed method
approach whereby both the qualitative as well as quantitative assessment of the collected data
would be carried out. The quantitative evaluation will resort to retrieving associated information
from the available resources and databases related to road safety statistics. Rigorous and detailed
statistical analysis employing suitable tools will be undertaken to interpret the data accurately for
exhibiting meaningful and scientifically appropriate data. Further, observational as well as
questionnaire survey would be indicative of the behaviour with respect to jaywalking and
distractive walking behaviours as noted in case of the pedestrians. The recommendations and the
possible interventions will thus be suggested in accordance with the acquired findings.

2JAYWALKING AND PREVENTION
Table of Contents
Executive Summary.........................................................................................................................1
Introduction:-...................................................................................................................................3
What is Jaywalking:-...................................................................................................................4
Distraction Behaviour and Patterns/ Models:-.............................................................................6
Education and Enforcement methods for jaywalking prevention:-.................................................9
Education Methods:-................................................................................................................9
Enforcement Methods:-.........................................................................................................10
Role of Fear Appeal:-....................................................................................................................11
The role of fear appeal is mainly subdivided in three categories. These are as follows:..........13
Drive Theory:-.......................................................................................................................13
Subjective Expected Utility Theory:-....................................................................................14
Protection Motivation Theory:-.............................................................................................15
Model Evaluation:-........................................................................................................................17
References:-...................................................................................................................................25

3JAYWALKING AND PREVENTION
Introduction:-
In this projected study, research will be carried out following preferable protocols and
abiding by the conventional guidelines for research. Extensive literature review would conduct
an attempt to synthesize pertinent space and also detect the research gaps. Upon identification of
the research gaps, proper aims and objectives might be set up. The research questions
correspondingly will also be framed in alignment with the aims and subsequent steps. The
research questions will be addressed in a proper manner. For the methodology section, matters
concerning the inputs including data collection, presentation of data and the processes required to
carry out the task would be elaborated and described in sufficient details. The formulae, tools,
survey methods and questionnaires as well as statistical methods will be evaluated in details in
the course of study. Moreover, outputs in the form of performance indicators would address the
aims through provision of suitable justifications.
The primary results for inclusion in the study will be evaluated by virtue of incorporation of
plots, tables and graphs. Descriptions would be carried out through explanation of the results in
the context of the aim. Research recommendations would be provided according to the extract
procured from discussing the corresponding matters. In the conclusion, summary of what has
been carried out in course of the project and the major points derived from the study would be
incorporated. The chances of further work and implications borne out of the study would be
furthered answered in the conclusion and interpretation section to provide an overview of the
significance of the study.
In order to perform the research study in a satisfactory and effective way, the generalized
protocols and formats would be followed and abided by the entire duration of the study.

4JAYWALKING AND PREVENTION
Systematic and stepwise protocols would be utilized for the sake of performing that conforms to
the existing guidelines and established the pathway to carry out the research.
We are concerned about three topics here:-
1) Jaywalking and distraction behaviour patterns/models
2) Education and Enforcement methods for jaywalking prevention
3) Role of fear appeal and peer pressure in prevention
What is Jaywalking:-
Advancement of science and technology in the current days has opened up plethora of
scopes for the utilization of the gadgets for working out a number of activities under various
conditions. Reliable and valid estimates have forecasted that the numbers of jaywalking would
go up exorbitantly in the next decade. In general, jaywalking occurs when a pedestrian walks
across or in a roadway illegally. The term is largely used in the United States. Jaywalking does
not formally display priority regulations for pedestrians and drivers at road junctions or other
locations, except with respected to labelled zebra crossings where motorists are needed to give
away to pedestrians under assigned conditions. Elsewhere, the Highway Code depends on the
pedestrians making their own judgment about whether it is safe to cross, based on the “Green
Cross Code”. Pedestrians have priority over tunning vehicles. Drivers should always watch
pedestrians crossing a road and give them priority.
Jaywalking data has been collected from Brunswick. In the preliminary analysis, our
finding is that at least 10% of the pedestrians were jaywalking. A pertinent hypothesis by road
engineers is that pedestrians would invest proper attention to their surroundings, therefore
making way for those features to have a reasonable effect on their behaviour. However,

5JAYWALKING AND PREVENTION
exceptions to this ideal circumstance might happen at instances in case of diverse set of
situations and activities. Handheld while looking down, headphones on and talking while on
phone are the reasons behind jaywalking.
Jaywalking is commonly perceived as an urban traffic safety problem. Safety practices
enforce campaigns to curb crosswalks, fewer than 20% occur in close proximity to a crosswalk.
When exercised with caution, jaywalking or crossing away from intersections, where legal can
be safer for pedestrians than exercising their right-of-way at crosswalks that are not equipped
with pedestrian signals. A police investigation previously incorporated targeting jaywalking in
the Melbourne last year observed that due to 561 jaywalking violations in 19-day period, a
pedestrian fatality occurred at Collins Street. Also a recent ‘VicRoads’ survey in last year shows
that 50% of the motorists responded that the habit is mostly affecting the driving where
pedestrians crossing the roads without looking with a significant number of 196 accident deaths
in Victoria. In this connection, effective utilization of the roads and paths for safe walking is
imperative for the pedestrians in terms of interaction with vehicles that can potentially be very
dangerous. Travelling on road following strict traffic rules and protocols fall under responsibility
of pedestrians and that is promoted by road safety guidelines lay down by appropriate
authorities.
Pedestrians are often made alert about their surroundings by means of observing the
traffic, road signs and signage that are indicative of the safe timing to cross the road. Decreased
cognitive capacity results in persons who tend to multitask over cell phone while crossing the
street. Global status report regarding road safety published in the year 2013 accounted for the
decade of actions pursued at both international and national levels (WHO 2013). There has been
a dearth of evidence in support of this dilemma as accident report only proposes pedestrian

6JAYWALKING AND PREVENTION
distraction at the time of occurrence of the accident is also challenging. Appropriate researches
proposes that children who involve in talking over phones while crossing the streets are at
increased risk of being hit by car in contrast to situations when their phones were switched off.
Thus, by taking precautions of not to engage in distractive activities at the time of crossing the
street, pedestrians are capable of making the intersections and crosswalks safer for themselves.
Distraction Behaviour and Patterns/ Models:-
A meta-analytic integration is reported that summarizes the impacts of behaviour of the
models between jaywalkers and non-jaywalkers on pedestrian jaywalking. The outcomes show
that model of signal-regarding people who do not jaywalk generate a small but significant
reduction in the frequency of pedestrian jaywalking. The model of disobedient people who does
not do jaywalk generated a small but significant enhancement in the frequency of pedestrian
jaywalking. In this case, disobedient models are found to exert a broader impact than obedient
models. Crowded sidewalks exaggerate the tendency for a disobedient model to enhance
jaywalking and undermine the tendency for an obedient model to decrease jaywalking. In
addition, the standard of the model influences the effect of the model on jaywalking behaviour.
In specific, an obedient model is significantly more likely to produce a reduction in jaywalking
when the model is of high status. However, a disobedient model is marginally less likely to
produce an increase in jaywalking when the model is of high status. Finally, the impact of both
obedient and disobedient models is bigger in the Australian cities of larger size. Discussion
considers the theoretical and practical implications of these patterns.
A number of studies have shown that a model who jaywalks on a public street could
induce observers to perform the corresponding behaviours, compared with base-rate conditions.
No model could be applied here. The present study attempted to extend this research by

7JAYWALKING AND PREVENTION
manipulating the sex, jaywalking methods, age and frequency of jaywalking. These studies are
meaningfully placed in the context of behavioural outlook. A pedestrian standing on street at a
red traffic light is motivated to cross the street immediately and proceed with his estimation.
However, he is mannerly restrained, uncertain about penalties for crossing the street.
Accordingly, a jaywalking model could decrease these issues and increase the net motivation to
jaywalk, thus including the behaviour. The model decreases these challenges presumably by
supplying information that such penalties are absent in that condition.
The present study investigates the determining factors of violating traffic rules using a
dual-process model. The model divides the cognitive methods of intention formation into
controlled analytical methods and automatic associative processes. Especially, the methodology
explained by augmented theory of planned behaviour (TPB) is controlled, whereas the process
based on past behaviour is automatic. Two added TPB variables that are obedient and
disobedient model had various effects on the intention to violation or regard traffic laws. Here,
descriptive norms are insignificant predictors. Past behaviour significantly but uniquely
predicted the intention of violation among people. The results of the relative weight analysis
indicated that the large percentage of variance in pedestrians’ intention to violate. According to
the dual process model, intention of the pedestrians depends more on habit than on cognitive
TPB components and social norms. The implications of these findings for the development of
intervention programs are discussed.
Jaywalking is considered as a vulnerable behaviour on the part of the pedestrians that
might lead to unprecedented conditions and severe accidents due to crossing or walking in the
street or road unlawfully or without having any respect and regard for approaching traffic.
Reports across the globe have drew attention to the fact that jaywalking in conjunction with the

8JAYWALKING AND PREVENTION
pedestrians because of rampant use of mobile phones is leading to fatalities and series injuries of
pedestrians in Brunswick. As per statistics available ... pedestrians had been killed on the
Brunswick’s road over the past ..... years due to distraction and jaywalking. The study illustrates
the use of linear regression in explaining ethologically observed behaviour in general human-
environment system, the vital role of conceptual frameworks in determining the ordering of
variables entered into regression (linear regression) and the importance of environmental
variables in accounting for jaywalking behaviour.
An intriguing question is whether various characteristics of the model hamper the
effectiveness of pedestrian in inducing contagion. Research Studies have shown that models of
higher social status or with more control over valued resources induce more imitation than those
of lower status or low resource control. The implication is those higher status models are less
likely than lower status models to incur penalties and therefore are more informative that such
penalties are not present. In the real life situations, the sex, age and frequency of jaywalking of
the models are highly salient for an observer. Consecutively, it is right to ask whether these
characteristics also hamper model effectiveness or not. Confirming hypothesis 1, the findings
with high status male models are replicated and found to generalize across model. Hypothesis 2,
predicts greater effectiveness of a larger number of models was confirmed by significantly
greater jaywalking with two models than with one model. Outcomes are interpreted in terms of
the contribution of informal factors to behavioural contagion mediated by imitation.

9JAYWALKING AND PREVENTION
Education and Enforcement methods for jaywalking prevention:-
Education Methods:-
The traffic police of Australian city should initiate awareness programs to educate the
public on the importance of using zebra crossings at the time of crossing the road. In an effort to
control jaywalking, traffic police carried out the consciousness programs in urban areas of
Australia to ensure pedestrian cross the road only at zebra crossing, subways and overhead
bridges and pools. The programs are being organized among public to continue for a
considerable time span and therefore jaywalkers should be taken under laws strictly. Traffic
police would conduct the awareness program until pedestrians are educated.
The awareness programs are being conducted in the processes of advertisements in social
media, electronic media and press media. Besides, campaign conduction is the other awareness
program. Government is serious about enhancing the well behaviour of pedestrians in Australian
town and cities. The public demands pavements, safe and frequent crossing. They also require
clearly visible streetlights for the evening. However, the country lacks disciplinary education.
The awareness about use of pavements, follow up red-yellow-green lights in signal and avoid of
rushing at the time of crosswalks required to grow.
Most important factor is training of drivers. To avoid the accidents due to jaywalking,
drivers must avoid the use of mobiles at the time of driving. Many drivers do not follow
compliance with lane driving. They should be aware of this. Young generation pedestrians uses
zebra crossing in minimal frequency. This problem could be cleared by safe crosswalk
procedure. Then only Australians would start to drive and walk easily.

10JAYWALKING AND PREVENTION
Enforcement Methods:-
Street-crossing behaviour of pedestrians has significant effect on traffic performance and
safety. The human factors and environmental factors determine the crossing behaviour. Focusing
at investigating the pedestrian behaviour, the perception of pedestrians toward crossing facilities
and preferences for crossing locations, an observational study of pedestrian crossing behaviour at
streets of urban is conducted. The perceptions and preferences of pedestrians are gathered using
performance techniques. A specific techniques and relationship between crossing habit and
enforcement levels is analysed by a new proposed method. With the theoretical analysis, the
maturity and technological solutions considering pedestrian behaviour are proposed. The
outcomes are helpful to design human-centred crossing facilities in urban traffic. Some
enforcement methods are stated as follows:
1. Drivers should lookout pedestrians all times with attention. It is needed to keep the
drivers’ eyes on the road and stay alerted to his/her surrounding.
2. Drivers should not drive vehicle after taking drugs or alcohol as it can impair our
judgment.
3. Pedestrians should not crosswalk when signal is green.
4. Drivers should decrease the speed of his/her car or motorbike when approaching
crosswalk. They should not attempt to drive past someone when someone trying to cross
the road.
5. Pedestrians should avoid distraction of electronic devices such as Bluetooth speaker,
headphones or earphones that take pedestrians’ attention off the road.

11JAYWALKING AND PREVENTION
6. Drivers must follow the posted speed limits especially in heavy pedestrian-travelled
zones. This is very crucial in school zones as neighbourhoods as children may appear
suddenly before car.
7. Some pedestrians do not have clear knowledge of crossing the road observing the signal
in the zebra crossing. Therefore, awareness of crossing the roads is very much essential.
8. The tendency of not regarding the traffic of some pedestrians and drivers too is very
much dangerous. It could cause severe accident. Therefore, the penalty about traffic rules
violation would be pretty much strict and punishable.
9. When drivers are driving in bad weather, they should be very much alert because
accident can occur anytime due to the lack of visibility.
Role of Fear Appeal:-
Research was incorporated in Australian context provided evidences in terms of
strategies to advance road safety. Analysis of crash and other data for undertaking rectification
and necessary changes to steer for changes that may aid in road safety purpose with respect to
the priority areas to mitigate the road trauma. Vehicle technologies in addition to vulnerable road
crossers, innovative infrastructure facilities along with combination of road safety with other
targets and communication with the community have been demonstrated in such studies.
Strategic directions for the future supported by technologies to support road safety have been
proposed in these studies to curb the rates of accident and adverse pedestrian behaviours (Lydon
et al. 2014).
The pedestrians have been detected as the vulnerable road users and their situations have
been described with respect to crossing in long congested cities in developing countries. Increase