J.K. Rowling: A Case Study in International Entrepreneurship Success

This case study examines J.K. Rowling as an international entrepreneur, exploring her motivations through trait theories and Maslow's hierarchy, as well as applying Sarasvathy's effectuation theory to her journey. The study identifies key lessons from her experiences, such as perseverance and the importance of pursuing one's passion. It further analyzes the theme of gender in international entrepreneurship, highlighting the growing role and recognition of women in the global market. The analysis concludes that entrepreneurship theories play a crucial role in contemporary business, emphasizing the importance of skills like tolerating criticism and effective communication for international entrepreneurs. Desklib provides access to similar case studies and solved assignments for students seeking academic support.

International
Entrepreneurship-CW1

PART A
Introduction
Entrepreneurship is defined as adding significant value to a new or current firm. It is
the process of creating, launching, and executing a new product or service. Because the
enterprise is new and there are extremely few odds of success, it is considered to be high risk.
Entrepreneurs might work inside regional limits or throughout the globe. International
entrepreneurs are those who cater to innovation and creativity across the world. The article
includes a brief account of a worldwide entrepreneur who is expanding his technological
expertise outside existing territorial borders (Dheer, 2018). The paper also includes a number
of other topics, philosophies, characteristics, and aspects related to international
entrepreneurship. The report's second section provides a critical literature analysis of
international entrepreneurship, as well as identification of key topics and themes that are
emerging in the industry.
Main Body
Task 1
International Entrepreneur
As per Krinzer, Hisrich, Oviatt and Mcdougll, International entrepreneurship is defined as the
term that has come to be used in the international business literature to describe firms that are
pursuing innovative activities across borders, regardless of age or size. The report’s objective
is to highlight the IE’s motivation with the help of making use of various theories. The aim of
this report is the discussion on a chosen International Entrepreneur that is J.K. Rowling, she
is a unique writer because she creates character and a genius creator of a character as she has
created amazing world of Harry Potter (Santos, Marques and Ferreira, 2018). Under this
report Part A that is case study will outline the background of the chosen entrepreneur with
the IE’s motivation such as familial influences, push and pull factors & many others. Also,
the Part A demonstrated the various lessons that can be drawn from the chosen Entrepreneur.
Moreover, in the Part B themes and features of the international entrepreneurship will be
analysed with the help of using important theories and framework which plays a crucial role
in the life of international entrepreneurs (Ferraris, Santoro and Pellicelli, 2020).

IE’s motivation
The entrepreneurial motive transforms an ordinary person into a powerful
entrepreneur who recognizes and exploits current and emerging business possibilities, hence
promoting economic growth and raising the standard of life. The need and zeal for a certain
component can also increase motivation for a specific thing (Hammerschmidt and et. al.,
2020).
Trait theories to chosen IE.: Are Entrepreneurs born or made? (Burns)
In reference to the chosen entrepreneur that is J. K Rowling, she is made entrepreneur not
born as she has worked hard for her achievements. She also faced many troubles such as
there was a time when she was unemployed, suffering from depression and also a single
mother. For her outstanding performance and contribution to the literary world, she has been
awarded with the prestigious Legion d'honneur by French government and Order of the
British Empire. Along with it, she also received National Book Awards, Hugo Award,
British Book Awards, British Book of the Year award, Locus Awar, Bram Stoker award and
many others.Millions of people share the desire of starting a business and becoming an
entrepreneur and entrepreneurs do not appear out of nowhere (Sahut, J.M., Iandoli, L. and
Teulon, F., 2021). Entrepreneurs, unlike athletes, do not require a natural body and muscles.
A child of an athlete may grow up to be an athlete, but not in the family of an entrepreneur.
Every day, many businesses fail, including the families of some entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs,
on the other hand, are born with certain characteristics and require some athletic training and
experience. Every day, a large number of people from non-entrepreneurial households create
their own businesses and become entrepreneurs. It can also be said that entrepreneurship's
most important quality is innovation, which does not come naturally. A new product, a new
technology, a new source, and a new market are all examples of innovation. A good sense of
dealing with people, as well as communication, is another trait of an entrepreneur. People are
not born with good communication abilities because all learn languages at a young age, but
they can begin developing communication skills at any age. When entrepreneurs
communicate well, they will attract potential customers and gain additional customers as a
result of excellent customer service (Lepeley and et.al., 2019).
Maslow's Theory of Entrepreneurial Motivation
Physiological needs: The fundamental essentials of life, such as food, clothes, and
shelter. Initially, the entrepreneur is motivated to fulfil these goals and earn financial benefits.
J. K Rowling takes care of the physiological needs of all the people who are associated with

her. Hence, she is motivated to work in order to meet the basic needs (Doh, Tashman and
Benischke, 2019).
Needs for economic safety and security: As a result, the desire to earn more money
emerges in order to address future uncertainties, and is driven to earn for economic safety and
security. Therefore, chosen entrepreneur makes sure that she follows economic safety and
security of her and other people also. Hence, she is promoted to work more better in her field
with others.
Social requirements: After she has met her basic needs, she wishes to feel a sense of
social connection and acknowledgement in society. That is why, everybody wants to be
accepted by others and J.K. Rowling is motivated to interact with other entrepreneurs and
others.
Self-esteem requirements: Self-esteem requirements such as status, ego, and abilities
must be met. When an entrepreneur develops social demands, he or she is motivated to gain
society's respect, position, and a higher quality of life. In the case of entrepreneur, the
ownership and self-control over enterprise satisfies their esteem needs by giving them status,
independence, respect and reputation (Fossen and Sorgner, 2021).
Self-actualization: This is the last and most important step in the hierarchy of
motivational theory, when the entrepreneur achieves self-actualization. In reference to the
entrepreneur, she achieves self-actualization in being a successful entrepreneur.
Effectuation theories by SARASVATHY
SAVARASTHY's effectuation theories presents how specialists address the concerns
and hindrance that entrepreneurs encounter. The principles of effectuation can be seen as self-
efficacy in a way that allows the problem to be solved effectively. In order to achieve a
balance, the best resources are chosen and employed (Mazzei, 2018).
The following are some of the principles of effectuation theory are explained below-
Bird-in-Hand: This theory states that opportunities are only to be found in current
conditions that they have created based on their background, family, and history.
Lemonade concept: This idea aims to maximize the potential of underutilized
resources (Coulibaly, Erbao and Mekongcho, 2018).
Crazy Quilt: Working in new domains with new partners on fresh potential is referred
to as Crazy Quilt.

Affordable loss principle: The affordable loss concept states that an entrepreneur
should only invest the amount of money that he or she can afford to lose if the enterprise
fails.
Bird -in-hand effectuation theory by Sarasvathy can be applied to the entrepreneur because
under this the entrepreneurs are required to start with what they have and what they know.
Expert entrepreneurs take advantage of opportunities based on who they are, what they know,
and who they know. They foresee possibilities based on their ability, expertise, and network,
rather than targeting opportunities based on market size or predicted returns (Dees, 2018).
Lessons can we draw from this International Entrepreneur
The features and characteristics that may be drawn and examined from an
entrepreneurial background provide a thorough understanding of the lessons learned (Zhang,
T. and Acs, 2018). J.K. Rowling, via through her life and book that people must do what they
love and along with it,
do not give up in life attitude as she was rejected by many publishing houses but she never
gave up. She also said that life is full of challenges and she also worked hard for finding a
way to work better in her field. She also shared that beginning can be tough and cannot bring
immediate success. Also, after finishing her book it took a year to publish her book so, people
should not rush because when they rush, they lose opportunities and mistakes are made. That
is why, people should take time and be calm for the next step. The entrepreneur operates in a
transparent manner, bridging the communication gap efficiently. Every entrepreneur should
draw a good lesson from J. K. Rowling’s entrepreneurship and from her life (Jin, Jung and
Jeong, 2018).
PART B
Features of the chosen theme
Themes are extremely crucial in international entrepreneurship since they give the
necessary basis for launching an innovative enterprise in the market. Different topics, such as
women, youth, inclusiveness, technology, and others, are being chosen by worldwide
entrepreneurs for this aim. The main goal of using such topics is to bring to light the
significant concerns that are currently being discussed at both the national and international
levels. Innovation, inventiveness, and improvements are employed as a subject in the current
case study (García-Sánchez, García-Morales and Martín-Rojas, 2018). The theme chosen is
Gender and international entrepreneurship as nowadays, the transformations taking place in
female entrepreneurship at the national and international levels and the importance of such

entrepreneurship for economic growth and poverty alleviation underscore the need for more
global and diversified analysis of female entrepreneurial activities. The report however
regarding international comparisons of female entrepreneurship practices remains limited and
becomes even more limited when exploring such practices beyond the developed countries
context. Women's active engagement in all parts of life is required for economic progress.
That is why, the contribution of women to economic and social growth is dependent on the
promotion of gender equality and gender-blind institutional support. Female entrepreneurs
are the fastest growing type of entrepreneur in the world, and they have attracted the attention
of many academics in recent years. In today's market, entrepreneurs are employing extremely
creative and advanced tactics to achieve success in a competitive market. It has been
determined that women's contributions to the economy are still undervalued, and more
recognition is needed (McDowell and et. al., 2019). In today's world, clients prefer to employ
methods that allow them to quickly satisfy their demands and expectations (Santamaria-
Velasco, Benavides-Espinosa and Simón-Moya, 2021). Gender and international
entrepreneurship are being recognized not just in the United States, but also across the world.
As a result, gender and international developments have arisen as a motive in the
contemporary situation. This will aid in the development of more inventiveness in the
worldwide marketplace. International entrepreneurship has a lot of room for expansion, but
the level of competition is also rising internationally. It is difficult to run a profitable firm on
the worldwide market due to the presence of various aspects. Furthermore, multinational
entrepreneurs compete with local businesses (Elliott, Mavriplis and Anis, 2020).
Conclusion
From the above analysis, it can be concluded that there is a greater role played by
entrepreneurship theories in the contemporary business market. It can be concluded that the
ability to tolerate criticism is a very important trait that an international entrepreneur
possesses since there are many people who will act as a roadblock to the growth of a product
or service. In order to access the worldwide market, an international entrepreneur must
possess a variety of skills.

References
Books and Journals
Sahut, J.M., Iandoli, L. and Teulon, F., 2021. The age of digital entrepreneurship. Small
Business Economics, 56(3), pp.1159-1169.
Lepeley, M.T., Kuschel, K., Beutell, N., Pow, N. and Eijdenberg, E., 2019. The Wellbeing of
Women in Entrepreneurship. A Global Perspective. London: Routdlege.
Doh, J.P., Tashman, P. and Benischke, M.H., 2019. Adapting to grand environmental
challenges through collective entrepreneurship. Academy of Management
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Fossen, F.M. and Sorgner, A., 2021. Digitalization of work and entry into
entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Research, 125, pp.548-563.
Coulibaly, S.K., Erbao, C. and Mekongcho, T.M., 2018. Economic globalization,
entrepreneurship, and development. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 127,
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Dees, J.G., 2018. The meaning of social entrepreneurship 1, 2. In Case Studies in Social
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McDowell, W.C., Matthews, L.M., Matthews, R.L., Aaron, J.R., Edmondson, D.R. and
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