Dissertation: Job Insecurity's Impact on Employee Satisfaction in UK

This dissertation investigates the impact of job insecurity on employee satisfaction levels in the UK, using Marks and Spencer as a case study. It explores the factors contributing to job insecurity, such as mergers, acquisitions, financial crises, technological advancements, and discrimination. The research also identifies factors that influence job satisfaction, including job involvement, motivation, and appreciation. The dissertation examines strategies to improve job security and satisfaction, offering recommendations for Marks and Spencer. The literature review covers key themes like the factors affecting job insecurity, including joint ventures, downsizing, financial crises, and technological changes. The factors that impact job satisfaction include motivation, appreciation, and work pressure. The research questions address the factors affecting job insecurity, how to identify factors impacting job satisfaction, and strategies for improvement.

DISSERTATION
(The impact on job insecurity on employees' satisfaction in
the UK)

Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
Research background..............................................................................................................3
Aim and objectives.................................................................................................................3
Research Question..................................................................................................................4
Rational...................................................................................................................................4
Literature review..............................................................................................................................4
Research methodology.....................................................................................................................9
Findings and Discussion ...............................................................................................................11
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................13

TOPIC: To identify the impact of Job insecurity on employees' satisfaction level in UK.
Introduction
Research background
Job insecurity are the major perception which is usually faced by employee in the
company and this situation mainly arises at the time of recession in the company or when they
appoint new employees to expand their operational activity. Job insecurity also resultant in
bringing more consequences in employees interest as if company is not financially stable than
also they cut off their crucial employees from their organisation (Clark, 2015). Thus, by
conducting this process every employees at the time of continuing their services in company are
in secured with their post and the work which they are committing are also not to be provide for
longer term benefits. Due to globalisation, it mainly provides more chances to employees to
enhance their working with other company but the insecurity mainly arise due to recession in
jobs.
As mainly employees are mentally prepared with their job insecurity and they are
mentally strong to overcome from their job factors. But few employees are totally dependant on
their jobs and thus by every phase they feel insecure that thy can lose their job at any part of their
work. By this resultant it brings more impact on company to get the honest employees for longer
retention in their work premise (Dawson, Veliziotis and Hopkins, 2017). As presents research is
based on marks and Spencer company which was founded by Michael marks and Thomas
Spencer in 1884. This company mainly deal in clothing business and also specialised in binging
home equipments and eatable products and also had 959 stores around the world. They carry the
strong brand image in the market and also engaged with large number of employees who are
carrying their business activities at large scale. As per the survey it is examined that the total
revenue generated in M&S is £10,377.3 million and they deal their business online to attract
more customer towards their business.
Aim and objectives
Aim: To investigate the impact of employees satisfaction level in relation to job insecurity in UK
-A study on Marks and Spencer company.
Objectives:
 To examine the factors that affect job insecurity in employment.

 To identify the factors that impact the job satisfaction in context of the UK companies.
 To determine the strategies to improve job security and job satisfaction among
employees.
 To provide recommendation to Marks and Spencer regarding the best strategies used by
them to secure the interest of employees in jobs.
Research Question
11 What are the factors that affect job insecurity in employment?11 How to identify the factors that impact the job satisfaction in context of the UK
companies?11 What are the strategies to improve job security and job satisfaction among employees?
Rational
Employees dissatisfaction are the latest issue which is faced by every company, thus
researcher find this topic interesting as lot of data and information are to be gather from this
topic. Due to changes in global marker the technology used by company are also changing and
thus there are more chances of shuffling of jobs thus few employees get better chances of job
increment and on the other hand few faces the outcomes of insecurity in company. Thus, to find
the reviews of the employees regarding the commitment in job in more interesting as they itself
using various method to overcome from their job insecurity. The another reason of choosing this
topic by researcher is that lot of authors had already conducted the research on this relevant
topic. Thus, lot of data and information are already gather by them thus they can use such data
and information to analyse more facts and figure for their research. Thus, researcher examined
that they had to struggle less to collect information and the data can be used by another reason to
identify more facts and detail of the research to make it different and unique from others. By this
collection of data, it also helps companies and government to take better step for more
improvement in their workings and also analyse the importance and view point of employees
regarding their job insecurity.
Literature review
Theme 1: Factors that affect job insecurity in employment.
According to Kinman, (2016) stated that the job security is the major aspect in the
company and company can increase their stability in market by enhancing the interests for

employees in organisation for longer term. Thus, the factors which bring job insecurity among
employees are relating to joint ventures of business with some other business. Thus, by ventures
there are more chances of cutting the crucial employees in the company and also new employees
had taken place of that existing person. This results in bringing more dishonest and less trusty
employees in organisation and it reflects the interests of other employees in working.
Guest and Clinton, (2017) criticised that by viewing the procedure of joint ventures there
are more chances of continuing the services of employees which are engaged with the company
from many years and also at the high post in the company. Thus, the procedure of joint venture
bring more benefits to such person which are capable to carry the activities of the company and
also carry a strong position in the working premises. By these factors they can balance their
livelihood by transferring to some new place of learning more new work if the company is
merged worth another company and carrying their business for more profits (Pacheco and
Webber, 2016). If the company joint venture with another company they are to be financially
strong and there are less chances of making the employees feel insecure as if company is
financially strong they can afford the salaries of remaining employees who are engaged with
them and carrying their business for long term growth.
(Shoss, 2017) sought to establish that, there is a reduction in job security due to large
number of merger and acquisition and corporate restructuring which in turn results in various job
security. Lot of stress at work often results in job insecurity among employees as it results in
lower operational efficiency and productivity. Job insecurity is a outcome of loosing job which
in turn hampers the performance of the employees. Employment downsizing is one of the major
factor which leads to job insecurity. This helps company in managing their market demands by
cutting down the cost in order to attain higher profits. Employment downsizing leads to mass
termination of employees in order top reduce cost. This may be done due to poor economic
conditions where the company has to lower their cost to survive in the competitive cut throat
market. (Chung, Jung and Sohn, 2017) sought to determine the fact that, the major cause of job
insecurity is due to major financial crisis which in turn leads to major cut down of the cost and
other expenses in order survive in the market. The major financial crisis and major dis- balance
in the economy results in unsteady position in the market. This adversely affects the market
position of the company and this in turn results in job insecurity among employers and
employees of the company. Financial crisis has a very adverse effect on the company which

leads to large number of job insecurity across the globe. (Ouyang, Z and et.al., 2015) agreed that,
the major factor which affects the job insecurity is due to change in technology. The new and
advanced technology are very effective, less time consuming, cost efficient, productive, etc. this
leads to replacement of employees to carry out routine cognitive task. (Lu and Kuo, 2016)
argued that, technology can never replace human, as it takes human mind and efforts to function
such technology in an effective and efficient manner. Integration of advanced technology into the
company leads higher productivity which eventually results in higher cost and employment
reduction.
(Wang, Lu, and Siu, 2015) established that, Gender discrimination and racism is also a
major issue of job insecurity. Women working in a male dominated industry face various
challenges which in turn results in job insecurity among women. Lack of experienced personnel
and training results in lower productivity. This leads to lack on satisfaction and motivation
among employees because of inefficient opportunity for personal growth and development.
Employee training helps in boosting up the confidence to perform particular set of task in order
to attain the best results and outcomes. (Selenko, Mäkikangas and Stride, 2017) sought to
determine the fact that, Lack of education is another factor which results in job insecurity in
employment. Company tends to hire those employees who have necessary skills, knowledge and
talent to perform the desired task effectively. There are various software, technology which one
should possess to attain higher growth opportunities in the future. Learning new concepts and
things helps in performing higher jobs which leads to higher operational standards. Job insecurity
leads employees to find jobs where they seek job security and high level of job satisfaction. The
higher the risk of job insecurity, the lower commitment, performance and productivity to the
organisation. Job insecurity affects both organization as well as individual. Job insecurity leads
to lower job satisfaction and commitment towards the organization. Job satisfaction of the
employee tends to decrease when there are high chances of job insecurity and future instability.
This eventually results in low commitment towards organization and lower productivity.
Theme 2: factors that impact the job satisfaction in context of the UK companies
In accordance with the Hunsaker and et.al., (2015), it has been stated that, job satisfaction
is been influenced by various factors that include level of the occupation, participation and job
involvement. Atmojo, (2015) reviewed that the relationship in between the satisfaction and the

organizational commitment is called as the non-recursive. Job satisfaction refers to the extent
where an individual working within the organization is happy and has the willingness to perform
its job effectively and efficiently. Matthews, Daigle and Houston, (2018) stated that job
satisfaction mainly emphasize on majorly three elements that involves affective, behavioural and
the cognitive. These components are been widely used for measuring the overall satisfaction
within the management of the human resource. There are several factors which influences the job
satisfaction and it changes over the time. The fluctuations that happened can be attributed to the
changes in workplace and also within the demographic, social trends and the economic.
Alonderiene and Majauskaite, (2016), highlighted that motivation induces the employees
to work with excellence and in turn results in high morale and satisfaction among the workers.
However, Hoboubi and et.al., (2017) also viewed that work pressure might affect the effective
working and the satisfaction of the workers as they will be getting frustrated in relation to
overtime. This also affects the satisfaction of the staff and is the major reason of the employee
turnover within the business. Hahn and et.al., (2016) suggested that, appreciation is also a main
factor that helps in enhancing the satisfaction within the worker as it is considered as the
extrinsic and the intrinsic factors that are provided to the employees in the form of the bonuses,
improved work environment, facilitating new opportunities in context of the growth,
remuneration, recognizing the accomplishments of the employee and the remuneration. On the
other hand, by making the use of the intrinsic motivators such as developing belongingness
towards the staff and assigning them those task which are of their interest so that they remain
satisfied and could focus on reaching to the goal with efficiency. In the same sense, job
enrichment and delegating the powers enables the organization in making their employees feel
highly motivated. On the other state, extrinsic and the intrinsic motivation declines in the
condition where the employees seeks only for the external rewards rather than working for the
personal satisfaction.
According to the Saleem, (2015), it has been identified that, attitude of the worker is also
a major factor which impacts the job satisfaction as different employees has different the
opinions regarding their careers, jobs and their firm. Attitude of an employee is been composed
of the behaviours, emotion and the thoughts. An attitude of the workers towards the firm, their
respective jobs, psychological objects and the fellow workers reflects the extent to which the
employee is satisfied at the workplace. It has also reviewed that employee turnover is also an

important factor that influences the job satisfaction and resulted because of the job stress which
in turn create negative relationship within the workplace. Intention of the turnover is been caused
by the occupational stress and the major symptoms of the turnover are absenteeism, low morale,
reduction in operational capability and the high turnover among staff. On the other state, Olsen,
Bjaalid and Mikkelsen, (2017) suggested that requirement for enhancing the working conditions
is been improved by the job performance and in convincing the employees for not leaving the
job. Specifically there care two kinds of the employee turnover within the organization that
includes involuntary and the voluntary turnover. Thus, employee turnover is been highly
detrimental to an enterprise as it leads to higher social cost and affects the specific capital of the
firm. Dis-satisfaction among the staff leads to a major hurdle as it reduces the ability of an entity
in achieving the optimum productivity. In order to overcome the staff turnover, the firm must
have to find out the reasons from them that why they want to leave and the problems that they
had been faced. This helps in overcoming those challenges and the problems. Conclusively,
Sharma and Dhar, (2016), reflected that the motivating the employees for gaining the job
satisfaction and the performance is an essential aspect for the managers. An organization must
have to understand the prevailing motivations and in opting for the new motivation techniques.
The more satisfied the workers, lesser will be the employee turnover. It will also help in retaining
the staff for the longer time period. By showing higher level of the trustworthiness, leverage of
the intrinsic motivation gets stronger. However, extrinsic motivation that is been adopted by the
managers pushes employees in doing what they desire to do.
Theme 3: To determine the strategies to improve job security and job satisfaction among
employees.
(Khamisa and et.al., 2015) sought to establish that, job security is a major issue which
helps in enhancing the performance and productivity to employees. The employees should
communicate with the manager to understand the needs and objectives of the employees and
company. The employees should focus on building various skills and knowledge which in turn
helps in increasing the profitability of the company. The employees of the company should focus
on growing various skills which in turn helps in standing out of the competitors. This leads to
better job security and commitment to the organization. Development of various technological
skills which helps in increasing the productivity of the company. (Kivimäki and Kawachi, 2015)
sought to establish that, Managers should focus on giving proper training to the employees as it

helps employees to build further confidence which in turn results in higher job satisfaction.
Giving training to employees in their specific field helps in performing better which in turn leads
to higher operational growth and performance. Growing various skills better than the employees
helps in standing out of the crowd and has higher commitment towards the organization. Proper
training to employees helps in performing the task with utmost accuracy and it also leads to
higher job security and satisfaction among employees.
(Masa’deh, 2016) agreed that, employees should focus on observing the employment
trends and opportunities to expand and grow the business. This helps employees to understand
the higher growth opportunities. The employees should keep a track of the company's
performance in order to determine the growth prospects. The employees should focus on
increasing the visibility at work because it helps in understanding how long one can survive in
this organization and what are the growth opportunities for success. The managers should focus
on rewarding and appraising employees helps in motivating them to perform better which in turn
helps in delivering the best possible results and outcomes. Rewarding and appraising employees
helps in motivating employees to perform task in an efficient and accurate manner. (Masum,
Azad, and Beh, 2015) sought to determine the fact that, giving frequent feedback to the
employees helps them in improving necessary skills to perform better in the future. Employees
should also foster at maintaining relationship at work as it helps in higher employee satisfaction
and commitment in the organization. (Batura and et.al., 2016) argued that, to improve employee
satisfaction company should focus on providing clear career path to the employees. Mentoring
and coaching sessions are very important as it helps in development of employees in order to
attain higher growth prospects. Personal growth of the individual is very important as it helps in
employee engagement to the organization. It is also very beneficial as it helps in continuous
learning and better growth opportunities for success. The manager of the company should focus
on recognizing the performance of the individual and appraising the same which in turn leads
higher operational growth and job security for the individual. (Imran, Majeed and Ayub, 2015)
established that, creating a positive working environment helps in motivating each employees to
work with higher operational efficiency and standards. Continuous evaluation of job satisfaction
results in higher growth prospects which helps in evaluating the level of job satisfaction among
employees. It is also very necessary to develop the trust and effective relationship between
employer and employee. The management of the company should strengthen the relationship

with the company which in turn results in higher operational growth. (Siengthai and Pila-Ngarm,
2016, August) sought to determine the fact that, the employees of the organization should foster
job security where employees of the organization should keep a track of financial strength of the
company. Keeping track of the financial performance and stability of the company helps
employees track about the future success and growth of the employees. The employees should
also focus on determining the various growth aspects of the company which in turn helps in
determining the level of job security among individuals.
(Wilson, 2015) agreed that, to improve job security employees should commit to the
organization and tarn themselves to develop various skills which leads to higher job satisfaction
among employees. The employees should focus on attaining the goals and objectives of the
company which in turn leads to higher operational growth and also helps in higher growth
security for the employees of the company. (Siengthai and Pila-Ngarm, 2016, August) argued
that, keeping track of company's sales and profitability also helps company in determining the
various growth aspects. This helps employees to understand the current trends of the company
which helps them in taking strategic decision to accomplish desired goals. The employees should
focus on strengthening their relationship with their boss and also indulge in giving ideas and
participate in meetings in order to attain desired goals and objectives. The employees should
bring a strong network which leads to higher job satisfaction and job security. Employees
volunteering the team and participating in learning opportunities is an effective strategy. The
employees should take part in strategic decision making.
Research methodology
Research methodology is an approach which is used to investigate and collect new
information which is necessary to bridge the gap on the current knowledge on particular subject
matter (Kumar, 2019).
Research methods: This method helps in determining new information which helps in
further investigating the data on the particular study. It can be further classified into qualitative
and quantitative methods. Quantitative method helps in taking into consideration numeric and
statistical value into consideration while researching about the topic. This mainly includes, poll,
questionnaire, survey, experiments, etc. Qualitative research method is useful as it takes into
consideration human behaviour and logical reasoning to have in- depth understanding on the

research topic (Mackeyand Gass, 2015). This mainly includes, interviews, case study, focus
groups, etc.
The researcher of this study has used qualitative research method in order to investigate
the impact of employees satisfaction level in relation to job insecurity in United Kingdom.
Research approach: This is an effective approach of collecting the data which helps in
understanding various elements of the study. It can be classified into deductive and inductive
approach. In deductive method a hypothesis is developed on which in turn helps in generalizing
the particular subject matter (Bresler and Stake, 2017). Inductive approach is base don theories,
observation and experiments which helps in gaining specific knowledge on the research topic.
The researcher of this study has used inductive approach which helps in examining the
factors that affect job insecurity in employment.
Research design: It is a technique which helps in combining various elements of research
in order to solve the research problem in a justified manner. It can be classified into exploratory
and descriptive methods (Bresler and Stake, 2017). Exploratory method focuses on exploring the
current study which in turn helps in finding the conclusive solution to the problem (Silverman,
2016). Descriptive methods is useful in in-depth study by taking into consideration true
experiments.
The researcher of this study has used descriptive research method to examine the impact
of job satisfaction on the employees of the organization.
Data collection: This method id useful as it helps in collecting the data from relevant
sources which in turn helps in gathering useful information in order to solve research questions
and problems systematically. It can be classified into primary and secondary source. Secondary
data is the data which has already been collected by the researcher and it can be used for future
study and investigation (Flick, 2015). This mainly includes, articles, textbooks, journals,
manuals, magazines, reports, etc. Primary source is the data which is new information and has
never been collected earlier. This mainly includes, interviews, observation, questionnaire,
experiments, polls, case study, focus group, etc.
The researcher of this study has used secondary research in order to examine the factors
that affect job insecurity in employment and also examine the strategies to improve job security
and job satisfaction among employees.

Sampling: It is the selection of predetermined observation from where number of
observations are selected from large population. This is categorized into random, stratified,
cluster, snowball, purposive, convenience sampling. Random sampling is a method where each
individual from the large population has equal chance of getting selected. Stratified sampling is a
method where the population is divided into strata and a sample is drawn from each strata.
Data analysis: This process is used for analysing and evaluating the data collected in
order to attain useful information which further helps in decision making (Flick, 2015). There are
several methods of analysing data which mainly includes text analytics, data mining, business
intelligence, etc.
The researcher of this study has used qualitative method where the researcher carries out
the study on thematic basis in order to gain in-depth knowledge on the particular subject matter.
RESULTS
I have found all the research questions which helps in examining the various factors
which in turn helped me in achieving aim and objectives of the company. I have also examined
the various components of the research which in turn helps in in-depth understanding on the
particular area of study. I have also compared various studies which helps me in examining the
viewpoints of various authors. I examined the various research questions effectively which in
turn helps in filling the gaps on the particular subject matter the impact of employees satisfaction
level in relation to job insecurity in UK. I have used effective research methodology which in
turn helps in examining the research topic with utmost accuracy and efficiency. Author
highlighted that motivation induces the employees to work with excellence and in turn results in
high morale and satisfaction among the workers. The research questions of the study has been
evaluated thoroughly and it has been determined that job insecurity is a serious issue which in
turn affects the performance and productivity of the company. Higher the job satisfaction of
employees in the company, higher the chances of commitment towards organization.
Findings and Discussion
From the research conducted on the impact of Job insecurity on employees' satisfaction
level in UK. This study has helped me to analyse the various research questions. This study helps
me in examining the factors that affect job insecurity in employment. It also helps in identifying
the factors that impact the job satisfaction in context of the UK companies. This study also help
in determining the strategies in order to improve the job security and job satisfaction among

employees. Various viewpoints of the authors have been taken into consideration as it helps in
in- depth investigation on the particular area of study. This research study has evaluating various
factors which leads to job insecurity. It may be due to poor economic conditions, gender
discrimination, lack of satisfaction and commitment, financial crisis, etc. I have also evaluated
various effective strategies which in turn helps in enhancing the performance and productivity to
employees. The employees should be rewarded, developing various technological skills,
commitment to the organization, keeping track of company's performance, etc. I have found that
job security is one of the important aspects which helps in increasing the stability of the
organization in the market. On the contrary, job insecurity results in bringing dishonest and less
trustworthy employees in the company. I have analysed there are various factors which affects
the job insecurity. It mainly includes financial crisis, employment downsizing, corporate
restructuring, change in technology, racism and gender discrimination. I have gained insight that
job satisfaction mainly emphasizes on three elements which mainly includes affective,
behavioural and the cognitive. I have examined that, employee turnover is highly detrimental to
the company as it affects the capital and also leads to higher social cost. Job insecurity leads to
higher dissatisfaction among employees which in turn affects the firm's ability to optimize their
production capacity. I have evaluated various books which helps in determining various
strategies to improve job security and job satisfaction among employees. I have examined that,
employees should understand the growth opportunities in the company. The employees should
be rewarded which helps them in committing to the organization in order to deliver the best
possible results. I have evaluated that, employee satisfaction helps in motivating and committing
to the organization which eventually leads to higher productivity.
LIMITATIONS
The major limitation faced by carrying out the research study is time constraints. But I
planned and scheduled my activities which in turn helps me in scheduling the various activities
in order to complete all the task on time. Another major issue carried by the researcher is
conflicts in the interest which adversely affects the viability and accuracy. In order to resolve this
issue I focused on gaining the viewpoints of various authors which in turn helps in collecting the
reliable data from valid sources. Another major limitation is that there were conflict of interest
between authors and it was difficult to reach a valid conclusion.

CONCLUSION
From the above conducted research it has been concluded that, job insecurity is a major
problem which hampers the performance of the company. This in turn also adversely affects the
employee satisfaction level in the organization. This research study has investigated the impact
of employees satisfaction level in relation to job insecurity in UK. This study further helps in
examining the various factors which affects the job insecurity in employment. This study will
also further identify the factors that impact the job satisfaction in context of the UK companies.
This study also determines the strategies to improve job security and job satisfaction among
employees.
I have also carried out the research methodology which helps in examining the
viewpoints of various authors. Data was collected from relevant sources which helps me in turn
achieve the desired goals and objectives. The data was collected from relevant sources using
secondary sources of data collection. I have effectively examined the research questions and
evaluate the problems effectively. I have also determined the problems effectively which in turn
helps in filling the gaps in the current knowledge.

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