The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Tourism in Jordan: A Study

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the tourism sector in Jordan. The investigation employs a systematic review methodology, utilizing secondary data sources to explore the adverse effects of the pandemic, including travel bans, lockdowns, and a global economic slowdown. The study identifies key research questions, objectives, and a detailed research methodology, including data collection methods and research design. The findings highlight the challenges faced by the tourism industry in Jordan and recommend strategies for recovery. The report also includes a critical literature review, discussion of the research, and conclusions with recommendations for the revival of the tourism industry in Jordan. The report emphasizes the use of systematic review methods and the collection of data through secondary sources due to COVID-19 restrictions.

The Impact of COVID-19
Pandemic crisis on the
Tourism in Jordan

Executive Summary
The present investigation enlightens the overall impact of COVID – 19 on tourism sector.
The main focus in this investigation has been provided on the tourism sector of JORDAN. The
investigation has revealed that COVID- 19 is pandemic disease which has placed major
influence over the health of people as the well businesses activities too. The main influence of
this life threatening disease can be seen on the tourism sector as only way stay with this disease
is social distancing. With the increasing number of cases of COVID 19 people have started
avoiding travelling as the government too have banned it for all. Here, it can be said overall
impact of COVID 19 has the adverse impact on Jordan Tourism industry in two different ways.
First is pull factor in which travelling is ban and lockdown and second is push factor as it
pertaining to developing global economy slowdown. For carrying out effective investigation in
this section, the respective investigator had made use of secondary method of data collection
where they gather information on the proposed topic. Also, in order to carry out the research in
effective manner systematic review method have been further adopted by the researcher with the
motive of completing this investigation effectively with lucrative results.

Contents
Executive Summary.................................................................................................................2
TITLE: Impact of Covid- 19 on Jordan tourism.”...........................................................................1
Research Question..................................................................................................................1
Research Methodology....................................................................................................................1
3.1) Research Approach.........................................................................................................1
3.1.1) Sources of Data............................................................................................................2
3.1.2) Research Design...........................................................................................................2
3.2) Systematic Review Method.............................................................................................3
3.2.1) Introduction to Systematic Reviews............................................................................3
3.2.2) Components of Systematic Review.............................................................................4
3.2.3) Challenges & Limitations of Systematic Reviews.......................................................5
3.3) Search Strategy................................................................................................................6
3.4) Geographical Focus.........................................................................................................6
3.5) Analysis of Search Results..............................................................................................7
4) Critical Literature Review.........................................................................................................7
5) Discussion................................................................................................................................14
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................................17
CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................17
RECOMMENDATIONS.....................................................................................................18
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................19

TITLE: Impact of Covid- 19 on Jordan tourism.”
Research Aim:
“To identify the impact of Covid- 19 on tourism.” A case study on Jordan tourism.
Research Objectives:
 To identify the effect of Covid- 19 on tourism industry.
 To identify the impact this has had on the tourism industry of Jordan in particular.
 To ascertain the challenges that will arise in boosting the industry back.
 To recommend appropriate strategies that can be adopted in order to meet the challenges
identified.
Research Question
 What is the effect of Covid- 19 on tourism industry?
 What is the impact of spread of Covid- 19 on the tourism industry of Jordan in particular?
 What are the challenges that can arise in boosting the tourism industry back?
 Which strategies can be recommended for the challenges that have been identified in revival
of the tourism industry of Jordan?
Research Methodology
Research methodology refers to an essential section in every research as it helps whole
research team in executing all activities related to the research in systematic manner. this
ultimately contributes a lot in accomplishing expected project outcome based on the research
problem (Kumar, 2019). Apart from this, it has been later analysed that this section is consist of
range of tools and techniques which are used by the researcher in the form of research type,
approach, philosophy, data collection and analysis etc. All of these simply contribute in
accomplishing project outcome in rightful manner. All of the essential elements used for carrying
out this research are specified as below in detailed in manner.
3.1) Research Approach
Research approach is comprehensively said to be as the series of steps that are followed by the
investigator for conducting the study in such a manner that ultimately helps in accomplishing
research outcome in rightful manner. Here, it has been seen that there are two main form of
research approach such as inductive and deductive among them investigator selects the best one
which could help them out in attaining appropriate research outcome. Inductive research
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approach is mainly acquired by the investigator for analysing qualitative form of data in which
theories and observations are effectively tested by the investigator so that they can easily identify
that whether it is true or not (Mackey and Gass, 2015). On the other hand, deductive type of
research approach is basically acquired by the investigator for analysing quantitative form of
data which includes numerical data. In this testing of data, simply specifies that whether the
analysed data supports the generalised theory or not. With reference to the present study, the
main focus of the investigator is to make use of inductive form of research approach as in
qualitative research has been taken into consideration which simply contributes in analysing the
impact of COVID-19 over the tourism of Jordan.
3.1.1) Sources of Data
Data collection refers to as the way through which investigator gathers information on the
proposed research topic. Here investigator mainly use of two kind of methods for gathering
required information on the proposed topics. These are primary method of data collection and
secondary method of data collection. In primary method of data of collection investigator
indulges into personal interaction with the respondents in order to gather maximum information
on the same topic. Main sources of primary method are questionnaire, survey, interview,
observation, field study and others (Silverman, 2016). On the contrary, in secondary method the
main focus of investigator is collect information from other sources where they do not have to
inte5ratc with the actual person. It mainly includes few sources such as books, journals, online
articles, magazines and newspapers. With reference to the current study, it can be said that
investigator have here made use of secondary method as due to COVID – 19, it won’t be
possible for the investigator to personally interact with the people in order to collect information
from. Therefore, by going with the current scenario, secondary method of data collection have
been used by the investigator where online articles, books, newspapers and journals have been
used as the main source of information for it.
3.1.2) Research Design
Research design is comprehensively said to be as the core structure of investigation that
have been followed by the investigator while carrying out the investigation. Research design are
of many types such as Explanatory, exploratory, descriptive and experimental. With reference to
the present investigation conducted on the topic impact of COVID -19 on Jordan Tourism, it can
be said that the investigator have made use of explanatory type of research as it is highly
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supportive in carrying out this research so that detailed information could be gathered on the
same and researcher could also make valid outcome towards it (Flick, 2015). Along with this, it
can be further said that usage of this method simply helps out researcher in presenting overall
gathered information in front of readers in such a manner which is highly understandable for
them. Also, they can easily draw valid outcome towards the same.
3.2) Systematic Review Method
Systematic review method is considered as the effective method used by the investigator to
draw valid outcome on their study with simply developing few question associated with the
proposed topic so that they can easily determine, select and critically appraise the related
research. In this method, overall findings are developed from information gathered from the
available sources mainly secondary. In other words, it has also been analysed that the systematic
review is basically acknowledged as the kind of research method that has been adopted by the
researcher in order to review available research literature. In order to do so in effective manner,
the respective investigator emphasizes on making use of effective secondary sources with which
they can easily make use of rightful data that ultimately contributes in drawing valid outcome on
the proposed topic (Bresle and Stake, 2017). Here, main preferences are provided to the findings
drawn on previous research that have been drawn from primary data. It can be said that this
method is only possible when questions of the previous and the current investigation are same or
similar with one another. Systematic reviews can evaluate a range of evidence; qualitative,
quantitative or both. Appropriate methods of synthesis should be used for different types of
evidence. With reference to the present study, qualitative review have been performed by the
investigator.
3.2.1) Introduction to Systematic Reviews
A systematic review is comprehensively said to be as the overall collection of the possible
studies which is highly related to the proposed topic as well as design. This gathered information
is further analysed by the investigator in detailed manner with the motive of attaining proposed
outcome effectively. In addition to this, it can be said that while going through the overall
process of systematic review the main focus of investigator is on analysing the results associated
with this in terms of core quality. In addition to this, systematic review is also supportive in
executing whole research in such a manner that would definitely maximise the overall output the
investigation in the best possible manner. With reference to the present study conducted on the
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topic impact of COVID- 19 on the tourism industry of Jordan, it can be said that here
investigator have given main preference to the systematic review as the respective method is
helpful in completing the investigation by simply executing the maximum information in the
present study. In order to execute this research with the usage of the systematic review method,
investigator would definitely give preference to all authenticate secondary sources which have
can be easily trusted by them as they have been having positive experience with the similar sort
of sources and also attained proposed outcome in the past study. This would be considered as the
time saving activity as well as the best method that would go with the current situation as they do
not have to personally interact with anyone while gathering information which would also
maintain the provision of social distancing given by the government effectively. As a result, it
can be said that usage of systematic review method had definitely gone with the current situation
and also provide better understanding to the readers about overall impact of Coronavirus over
tourism industry of Jordan.
3.2.2) Components of Systematic Review
Systematic review includes of range of components which collaboratively provides support
in executing overall research in the systematic manner. Here, it can be said that systematic
reviews must be carried out in an pre planned manner that directly contributes in executing
whole research in such a manner that help in obtaining valid research outcome towards the same.
It also provides an detailed overview of the methodology that is being used by the investigator
for reviewing overall proposed topic in appropriate manner. It has also been component of
systematic review are huge in numbers. With reference to the present investigation, the
researcher here emphasizes on using the component of the systematic review. All of the core
components of systematic review are specified as below in detailed manner:
 It is the first and foremost component which clearly emphasises on systematic and extensive
searches with the motive of determining all the associated information published in several
literature sources. Along with this, it also includes unpublished literature sources that
contribute in drawing valid outcome towards the same in rightful manner.
 This is second component which emphasizes on selecting the overall gathered information
by simply reviewing it by simply matching it with the eligibility criteria in rightful manner.
In addition to this, it can be further said that selection of data is done by simply by
evaluating overall reliability of the data with the proposed topic in effective manner.
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 At the third component of the investigator while making of this method is to assess the
overall risk associated with information in terms of biasness. By doing so effectively, the
investigator focuses covering all the information with the truthiness’ so that valid outcome
can be drawn on the same effectively.
 In the next component, presentation of the overall findings of the investigation are shown
with the motive of the making it easier for the investigator to express their efforts to the
readers and other associated people about the cote conclusion drawn with this study in
rightful manner. These section also aware readers about the investigation core purpose and
findings of the research topic in effective manner.
 This is the last component which clearly depicts that the overall discussion made on the core
limitation of the project or the research topic over which review have been made effectively.
The systematic review process has been developed to minimize bias and ensure
transparency. Methods should be adequately documented so that they can be replicated.
3.2.3) Challenges & Limitations of Systematic Reviews
Even though systematic review is acknowledged as the effective method of executing
while investigation in rightful manner, it can be said that the respective method also contains few
limitations as well as challenges that hamper their overall execution process of the research as
well as its outcomes. The main challenge associated with the systematic review is searching of
the authentic data, its screening and synthesising every stages associated with it that will
contribute in executing whole research in rightful manner. with reference to the current
investigation, the first and foremost problem associated with the systematic review of this
investigation is that it would require a vast level of access to the databases as well as peer
reviewed journals that could be seen as the most expensive zone for the research every
researchers are not revealing their own findings for the free to anyone. This makes process of
investigation with reference to gathering information quite expensive for the current
investigation which could be determined as the main challenge for this research. Apart from
this, with the motive of gathering most desirable data investigator mainly focuses on gathering
most of the information from the most popular secondary sources. This initiative taken by the
investigator towards the topic is not at all a good activity. This is so because, COVID- 19 is
acknowledged as the most emerging disease which is spreading day by day at the rapid speed.
This simply states that information and experience related to this disease is completely new for
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everyone. Thus, it can be said that if any researcher represents data associated with the COVID-
19 and its core influence over the Jordan tourism then the present investigator must provide
equivalent opportunity to the information stated by all of them is valid as they have specified it
after conducting detailed study over it. Therefore, it can be said that by providing preferences to
the limited number of secondary source would come under the bias activity which could also be
seen as the main limitation of the systematic review for this investigation.
Along with this, it can also be said that every investigation present investigation also
have some inclusion and exclusion criteria which simply keeps the researcher away from the
attaining most feasible outcome as they are not including every information in the proposed
topic. In addition to the screening activity performed for the same investigation might affect the
overall outcome of the research in negative manner. This is so because, at the time of executing
screening activity the investigator must by mistakenly keep the essential data that could also
influence overall completion of the investigation in negative manner.
3.3) Search Strategy
In order to conduct investigation in best possible manner and obtain highly reliable outcome
from it, the respected investigator have made use of secondary method of data collection as its
core search strategy so that they can easily approach maximum information associated with the
same topic through the already available information. In order to gather maximum data, the main
focus of investigator would be obtaining information from highly reliable sources that could
bring maximum output for them in best possible manner. Here, online articles, books,
newspapers and journals have been used as the main options among all the secondary sources.
3.4) Geographical Focus
For carrying out present investigation in rightful manner, the respective investigator have
mainly emphasized on conducting research within the overall zone of Jordan that is in terms of
geographical data. With reference to the present study, it can be said that all the required
information is gathered within the regional location of Jordan only so that investigator can easily
determine the overall impact of Corona pandemic has had on the tourism sector of Jordan. This
clearly depicts the whole research is only belonging to the Jordan only and its outcome would
only justify the actual impact of COVID -19 on Jordan Tourism
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3.5) Analysis of Search Results
With reference to the present research conducted on the topic “To identify the impact of
Covid- 19 on Jordan tourism.” It can be said that investigator have made use of several methods
that are selected as per the current scenario and its feasibility with the study. Here, it has also
been analysed that after gathering information on the proposed topic from several sources
investigator has analysed the overall obtained results in order to check that whether it is useful
for them or not. The overall analysis of the search results have been done on the basis of
different parameters that whether the information have been taken from the authenticate sources
or not. Whether it is providing meaning or satisfying the core requirement of the current topic or
not.
4) Critical Literature Review
It is most important part in the research project since it effectively leads to the
development of a deep theoretical framework that enables the research as a whole to achieve real
and reliable results. Secondary sources are literature review and thus the experimental research is
not examined. Books, articles, newspapers, scholars etc are the secondary sources used in data
collection (Ahmed and Memish, 2020). The main goal of literature review is to look at opinions
of previous researchers in order to illustrate a specific topic. Literature review is that in which
knowledge is thoroughly explored. This information is collected by online sources that are
reliable and exact.
To identify the effect of COVID-19 on tourism industry
On the basis of Munnmunn Marwah (2015) COVID-19 is a virus that is linked to similar
family of the viruses as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and some other kind of the
common cold. The Coronaviruses are zoonatic and they are mainly transmitted among people
and animals. It has been found that SARS-CoV was to be transmitted from the civet cats to
people and MERS-CoV from the camels to the humans (Alzoubi and et. al., 2020). The most
common sings of the infections involve respiratory symptoms, cough, fever, breathing
difficulties and shortness of the breath. A major part of several national economies is tourism,
and immediate as well as immense impact of the Coronaviruses pandemic on the tourism sector
is affecting a broader economy. With unprecedented measures to contain the virus in
governments around world, regulations on the travel, business and interactions across the people
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have managed to bring the tourism economy to standstill. In several countries, virus is now being
combated in a new phase, and tourism economy is being re-opened.
As contrary to this, Warwick J. McKibbin and Roshen Fernando (2020) COVID-19 has
significant affect on the tourism sector because of resulting travel restrictions and slump in the
demand between the travellers. Over the past, many of countries have been considered tourism as
contributor to the economic development and accepted that throughout world massive
investments that continues to pour its development. Since several countries have imposed
restricted travel, in an effort to reduce their spread, the tourism sector was significantly affected
by Coronaviruses. Countries around the world are fighting increasing health threats and
implementing large-scale social-distance standards, while corporations and governments work
together to support the poor and to provide financial aid packages for stabilizing economic
conditions. Anticipated travel has declined by 80–90% in several of world's cities. There have
been closed various international tourist destinations such as museums, fun parks and sports
facilities. There have been main influences on each country's economy and when people begin
declining their travel budget; tourism has always been the first to be affected. However, tourism
played direct role in COVID-19, which has spread widely in countries with a significant number
of tourists. The pandemic is greatest challenge ever facing any country, as loss of up to 3 months
of travel in international travel this year can negatively affect on up to 25%. According to WTTC
(World Travel and Tourism Council), from COVID-19, the potential jobs are impacted to Travel
and Tourism industry (World Health Organization, 2020). Government will accept proposal from
the TAAI and allow full GST tax-free Holiday for tourism industry for twelve months to the day
that the recovery takes place, with impacts on both the white and blue-collar employment and up
to the 50 million workers worldwide, which represent a reduction in employment of 12 per cent
to 14 per cent. The global COVID-19 epidemic has put the economy in accordance with law and
the tourism industry has been hit by the largest number of economic sectors. Against the
backdrop of greater uncertainty, current and accurate knowledge, both for the visitors and
tourism industry, is much more essential than ever. With COVID-19 bringing the global tourism
to standstill many of the people in the quarantine has been seeking cultural as well as travel
experience from homes.
As contrary to this Antonio Santos del Vall (2019) stated that the acquisition by tourist of
products with a cultural identity, encouraging the creation of new tourist offerings, improved
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economic and social financing and investment ventures, and also the creation of stronger ties to
international promotion of cultural values of those goods brings benefits to local tourism and
economic growth. Tourism industry leaders must face immense obstacles which are not
addressed by conventional trade and communications tools. This is not enough to provide
tourists and passengers with outstanding experiences or facilities at a fair price. It is also not
enough to establish business strategy and to establish a structure that can coordinate as well as
coherently advance entire organization. COVID-19 is threatening several tourist attraction
places. They are majorly experiencing more economic loss from the drastic reduction in the
tourism numbers. There is a need to the tourist destinations to take the appropriate action so that
COVID- 19 can be controlled and restore the numbers in tourism.
To identify the impact this has had on the tourism industry of Jordan in particular
On the basis of Mohammad Al-Tawaha (2018) as greatest global health crisis of time,
COVID-19 has hit world hard, impacting markets, expectations and behaviours. In this,
Pandemic has taken toll on the tourism with this sector facing devastating repercussions in all
over the world. In Jordon, travel and tourism is economic driver and accounting for around 14%
of the national income. On the basis of World Bank, COVID-19 has the adverse impact of
industry in two different ways. First is pull factor in which travelling is ban and lockdown and
second is push factor as it pertaining to developing global economy slowdown. In past few years,
demand for the travel and tourism in the Jordon skyrocketed. The Ministry of Tourism and
Antiquities stated that number of Jordanian inbound tourists in 2019 was more than 5.3 million
compared to 4.9 million in year 2018, an 8.2 percent increase (Asahara, 2020). Moreover, 81,
4106 tourists were received by city of Petra in February 2020, an increase of 9.4 percent,
compared to 74, 413 in February 2019. In addition to this, in contrast with first two months of
2019, revenue for Jordan Pass rose by 2.4 percent in first two months of 2020. In Jordanian
national economy, contribution from tourism revenues amounted to over $5 billion in 2018, up
480% from 1999, which indicates that gross domestic product's tourism sector share was 12.4%
of same year. The market was not working which caused financial as well as cash flow
difficulties of mismatch among expected and real demand. All tourism sector players have
suffered and under the same circumstance, some businesses that go bankrupt. It is not merely
heath crisis but also severe the economic implications. Such severe losses have a drastic impact
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