Study on Work Pressure and Turnover Intention: Hong Kong Teachers

This report presents a literature review and research methodology for a study on work pressure and turnover intention among kindergarten teachers in Hong Kong. It defines key terms such as pressure, workload, and turnover intention, exploring various perspectives on pressure points, including stimulating orientation, reaction orientation, and interaction orientation. The report examines factors contributing to work pressure, such as workload, teaching effectiveness, pressure on interpersonal relationships, and unfair acquisition, and discusses their relationship with turnover intention. The research methodology includes details on methods, research targets, sampling, research tools (surveys and interviews), research procedures, ethical considerations, and analysis methods. The literature review synthesizes the views of various authors on these topics, highlighting the impact of work pressure on teachers' physical and mental health, interpersonal relationships, and teaching effectiveness. The study aims to understand the complex interplay of these factors and their implications for teacher retention in Hong Kong kindergartens. The report concludes with a discussion of the research gap and the significance of the study.

A STUDY ON WORK PRESSURE AND
TURNOVER INTENTION OF
KINDERGARTEN TEACHERS IN HONG
KONG

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW..............................................................................1
2.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................1
2.2 Definition of terms...................................................................................................1
2.2.1.1Stimulating orientation pressure perspective.....................................................1
2.2.1.2(2) The pressure points of reaction orientation..................................................2
2.2.1.3 (3) The pressure points of interaction orientation.............................................3
2.2.2.1 Workload.......................................................................................................... 3
2.2.2.2 Teaching Effectiveness.................................................................................... 4
2.2.2.3 Pressure on Interpersonal Relationships..........................................................4
2.2.2.4 Pressure of Unfair Acquisition..........................................................................5
2.2.3 Definition of Turnover Intention............................................................................5
2.3Kindergarten Teachers' Sources of Work Pressure.................................................6
2.4The Relationship between Work Pressure and Turnover Intention of Kindergarten
Teachers.......................................................................................................................7
2.5 Conclusion..............................................................................................................8
2.6 research gap...........................................................................................................8
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..................................................................9
3.1 Methods..................................................................................................................9
3.2 Research target......................................................................................................9
3.3 Sampling...............................................................................................................10
3.4 Research tools......................................................................................................11
Survey and interview pls refer to the ethical form.......................................................11
The content of the questionnaire................................................................................12
3.5 Research procedure.............................................................................................16

3.6 Ethical issues........................................................................................................17
3.7 Analysis method................................................................................................... 18
3.8 Conclusion............................................................................................................18
REFERENCES...............................................................................................................19

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
A literature review is being regarded as the process of evaluating different
secondary sources with an aim to get an answer to the research questions (Sandilos
and et al., 2018). In other words, it can also be said that literature review is the scholarly
papers that possess knowledge and information concerning the specific topic in an
effectual way. Here, with regard to the current study different secondary sources will be
reviewed. These are books, journals, and online articles, etc.
2.2 Definition of terms
In this part, views and opinions of different authors are being reviewed. Here, all
the basic terms that are associated with the given study has been defined.
2.2.1Definition of Pressure
According to the viewpoint of Yang and et al. (2018), the pressure is being
defined as the burden of both physical as well as mental distress. On the other hand,
Suhonen and et al. (2018) have depicted that pressure is being defined as the amount
of force that is being put up by an individual in some specific area. Pressure is work
always causes a direct impact on the physical as well as the mental condition of an
individual. Thus, due to this, a specific person will be affected by a high level of stress.
Thus, the given thing will have a direct impact on the type of work that is being
performed by them. On the other hand, it has also been seen that in high pressuring
situation an individual will not be able to give its best in relation to the task that is being
assigned to it.
2.2.1.1Stimulating orientation pressure perspective
As per the viewpoint of Coste (2017), it has been analyzed that academic
pressure in preschool has been repeatedly which is shown to be insufficient for lasting
educational success. The academic instruction is presumed which inhibit the intellectual
development by directly fostering the superficial learning of simple responses instead of
real understanding along with the ability of problem-solving which having a negative
impact on social-motivational variables which have an impact on learning-related
behaviors such as persistence of efforts. Additional pressure on Kindergarten programs
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comes from the primary teachers, which assist in facing the requirements for more
effective instruction along with higher pupil achievement. A growing number of states
along with the localities which have raised the age of Kindergarten eligibility as it offers
the change expectations for the education and Kindergarten children
According to Coste (2017), it has been examined that the issue is not whether in
keeping the children with age-mates and may stimulate with the support children
development. It assists in continuing to uphold the pictures along with the program
which is predicated on failure. It may not foster the success of any students. Decreasing
the class size, making the curriculum which is less abstract and it is associated with the
conceptual development of children. Along with this, the child-oriented teachers who are
placed in the Kindergarten programs as well as assuring the child access to high-quality
programs to attain the educational goal of success for all students.
2.2.1.2(2) The pressure points of reaction orientation
As per the viewpoint of Goulden (2012), it has been examined that student-
teacher relationship is a function of both teacher’s reaction to the student along with the
student’s reaction to the teacher. This result is neither teacher, nor student behaviors
operate in a vacuum and also assist in playing an important role in an overall
relationship. The rationale of using the particular measure is that it is recognized as a
reliable measure for the self-reported reactions to the stressful events as well as assist
in explaining another dimension of a child’s life. If a child or family is experiencing
stressful life events at home, the level of stress has an impact on the performance of the
child at the school.
As per the viewpoint of Goulden (2012), it has been analyzed that the teachers of
Kindergarten using the social learning theory emphasizes the importance of observing
as well as modeling the behaviors, attitudes along with the emotional reactions of
others. Students of Kindergarten assist in observing the behaviors of the other students
along with the responses of teachers to these behaviors, and this could be motivating a
child to behave differently across the classrooms and over time.
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2.2.1.3 (3) The pressure points of interaction orientation
According to Booren et al. (2012), it has been analyzed that Kindergarten
teachers in Hong Kong have been criticized for not incorporating the perspective into
their practice. This failure is justified by the pressure of external constraints such as
demand of academic curriculum, the expectation of parents related to success along
with the emphasis on discipline with the Chinese culture. In the Kindergarten, the
characteristics of the classroom, pupil-teacher interaction along with the classroom
management have been examined which is an attempt so that they can understand the
diversified stages of the development or improvement of teachers. According to…, the
interactive decision making of the effective teachers help in conducting the effective
research on expert differences as well as it is postulated in involving the rapid judgment,
classification of information and data as well as differentiation of important from the
unimportant information and data. The work of teaching concern with the interaction of
children and teachers, whether the teacher teaches the class as a whole, groups or
individuals. This assist in maintaining the setting for the interaction between teacher and
pupils which is held to lie at the heart of learning along with the teaching process as well
as aid in determining the pattern and character.
2.2.2.1 Workload
According to the viewpoint of von Suchodoletz and et al. (2019) workload is
being defined as the amount of work that needs to be performed by an individual during
the specific time frame. In addition to this, the Jeon, Buettner, and Grant (2018) have
also depicted that workload includes the number of obligations as well as tasks that
need to be performed by the person in the specific time frame. For example, if an
individual is given more work than its capacity, then the given type of circumstances are
called as the workload. Here, McDonald (2018) has depicted that it is very important for
the organization that it should always make efforts in terms of avoiding the workload
type of situation. This is because; if it is not done then in this situation the impact of the
same will be seen on the sales and profitability related situation of the firm. Thus, it is
very significant for the firm that it should take measures in terms of segregating the work
among different individuals so that pressure cannot be created on the one single person
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in an effectual manner. Višnjić Jevtić and Halavuk (2018) have entailed that this will also
ensure the betterment of the firm and it will lead the firm in the right direction.
2.2.2.2 Teaching Effectiveness
As per the opinion of Ouellette and et al. (2018), teaching effectiveness basically
defines the preparedness level of the teacher in relation to the subject that they are
going to teach to their respective students. Besides this, the Skinner (2018) has defined
that a teacher will be considered as effective if its students score goods in an exam. In
this regard, it can be said that the type of score that students get in class is being
regarded as the one and only way with an aim to assess the teaching effectiveness of
the teacher. Here, if the teacher will not work then in this situation, he/she will have to
leave the job. Herein, Bolton (2018) has entailed that it is very important for the teachers
that it should always horn their teaching skills. This is because; it is by complying with
the given type of activity only they will be able to give their best services to the students.
The given thing will also improve the brand name of the school where the specific
teacher is studying the students in an effectual way. However, Johannessen and et al.
(2018) have defined that it is important for the teachers that they should always follow
different principles of teaching. It is through this way only they should improve their
teaching effectiveness.
2.2.2.3 Pressure on Interpersonal Relationships
Interpersonal relationship is basically the bond that is being identified between
two or more people. In kindergarten school, the teacher develops a relationship with
different individuals. These individuals consist of their colleagues, students, and office
helpers, etc. Herein, the Pilarz (2018) has defined in their study that the work pressure
tends to have a direct impact on the interpersonal relationships between individuals.
This happens because pressure always reduces the individual capability of thinking
logically and effectively.
On the other hand, work pressure also influences the behavior of an individual.
Thus, it will make a person more aggressive in nature. As a result of this, an individual
misbehaves with another person. Thus, the given type of thing will tend to affect the
relationship between two people. However, its significant effect will also have an impact
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on the goals and objectives of the firm. This is because; goals of the firm can be
achieved if all individual work in a collaborative manner. But, in case the high amount of
work pressure will be there then in this situation there is very less number of chances
that people will work in a collaborative manner.
Furthermore, as per the viewpoint of Eddy and et al. (2018), it is very important
for the individuals that they should always create a good relationship with their
colleagues. This is because it is through this way only they can get quick solutions to
the problems incurred in front of them in an effectual way. The given thing will also allow
them in the process of giving their best services to the school. It is the reason why it is
essential for the administrator that it should reduce work pressure on school teachers.
2.2.2.4 Pressure of Unfair Acquisition
The unfair acquisition is securing a competitive advantage by burglary, extortion,
or the unlawful just as deceptive acts. As indicated by the perspective of Lynch (2015),
it has been examined that creation kids read and compose at five years old which isn't
reasonable for all the students and tell that they are coming up failing because they
cannot be unfair. In the Kindergarten, the remaining task at hand of instructors is
expanded when they are required to train the subjects with which they are new and
unfamiliar. According to the perspective of the Parliament of Australia (2019), in
Kindergarten, there is a lack of trained instructors, particularly in science and in rural
zones, it is hard to enroll subject authorities. The work of greater extents which
increment the likelihood that instructors will be required to educate in territories outside
their specialization. Such a circumstance is unjustifiable to both the educators and
understudies. It gives a commitment to the educator worry just as not exactly ideal
learning results for the understudies. In the school organization, the coming of
innovation has little which facilitate the weight on schools. The regulatory staff of
schools has been called upon to procure the new abilities with no lessening in their
different tasks.
2.2.3 Definition of Turnover Intention
As per the opinion of Bosman and et, .al (2018) turnover intention is basically the
type of measurement which measures whether the employee who is working in a firm is
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planning to leave or not. In a simple way, the word turnover intention can be divided into
two parts. It is of turnover and intention. Here, the word turnover is defined as the type
of decision that is being taken by employees in which it plans to leave the firm and get a
job in some other corporation. On the other hand, the intention is defined as the feeling
that an individual has in relation to the specific aspect. In accordance with the given
context, Langford and et al. (2018) have depicted that turnover intention is basically a
feeling in which employees feel that he/she should take a decision of leaving the
specific firm in which it is working. Such type of intention came in the mind of individuals
due to many reasons. Thus, it is very important for the firm that it should always try to
minimize the given type of intentions among its respective employees. This is due to the
reason that if this is not done, then its result could be very worst. On the other hand, the
firm could also lose its highly talented and skilled employee in an effectual manner.
2.3Kindergarten Teachers' Sources of Work Pressure
There are different sources examined that tends to create work pressure on
kindergarten teachers. In accordance with the given context, as per the viewpoint of Yim
(2018) long working hours is being regarded as one of the most significant sources of
work pressure on the kindergarten teachers. In this context, it is examined that the
teachers of kindergarten have to work from early morning till 6 in the evening. This is
because, after taking classes in the morning the teachers will have to prepare the notes
for their next class. On the other hand, apart from taking classes in school, they will also
have to perform different other works also such as making student evaluation report and
checking the notes of students, etc. Thus, the given thing indicates that a kindergarten
teacher has to carry out lots of many works in a limited time period. Thus, due to this
they tended to feel highly stressed and exhausted all the time.
In addition to this, the Sucuoğlu and Bakkaloğlu (2018) have depicted that the
compulsory on the job training has also increased the workload on the kindergarten
school teachers. Herein, it is also identified at present with an aim to compete in a
highly competitive business environment each and every firm has to make efforts in
terms of giving training to its respective employees. Thus, the given thing is also
performed by kindergarten school also. Here, in on the job training teachers will have to
attain their training classes after taking a class of their students. Thus, performing two
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tasks at the same time sometimes become very much hectic and thus due to this
teachers feel highly pressurized and stressed in an effectual way.
On the other hand, it is to be critically evaluated by Hustedt and et al. (2018) that
work pressure is part of teachers work. Thus, it is very important for the teachers that
they should start accepting the same. This is because, if they do not do such type of
things then in this situation they will not be able to get a good job in any school in an
effectual way. Furthermore, according to the viewpoint of the Nitta and et al. (2018), the
changing roles and responsibilities of teachers in the school are also being regarded as
another most effective source of work pressure for kindergarten school teachers. Here,
it is examined that earlier the role of a kindergarten teacher is just limited to study the
students. But, now they have to do everything. For example, they are taking care of
children, feeding them and nurturing them, etc. The given thing will entail that they have
become more of a caretaker instead of a teacher. Thus, the increased roles and
responsibilities on teachers tend to create work pressure on them in an effectual way.
The given thing will also have an effect on the type of services that is being given by
them to the school.
Besides this, according to the viewpoint of Briggs, Russell and Wanless (2018) at
present teachers has to prepare the evaluation report of their students. In this regard, it
can be said that it is not an easy task to prepare the evaluation report of 50 students.
Thus, the given thing is like extra work from the teaching activity of teachers. Hence, it
can be said that it is also being regarded as one of the most significant sources that are
creating pressure on kindergarten teachers in an effectual way. Due to this only, they
are taking a decision to leave the firm.
2.4The Relationship between Work Pressure and Turnover Intention of Kindergarten
Teachers
There is a relationship exit between work pressure and the turnover intention of
kindergarten teachers. In this regard, as per the viewpoint of Johannessen and et al.
(2018), high pressure at work tends to raise the level of stress among teachers. In this
context, it is identified that each and every individual are very much concerned about
their health. Thus, due to this, they will always try to avoid working in a high pressuring
situation. It is because of the given aspect only teachers of kindergarten take the
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decision to leave the firm in an effectual way. This is because; in such situation, they
are not in the position to give their best result to the firm. Thus, because of the presence
of a given aspect only they think that it’s better to leave the firm.
On the other hand, Višnjić Jevtić and Halavuk (2018) have stated that work
pressure always has a negative relationship with turnover intention. This is because
each individual always desires for some settle and stressless job. Thus, with an aim to
get the same there are many individuals who work hard also. However, in the case due
to any reason if they will not get the same then in this situation they take the decision to
leave the firm. Furthermore, Skinner (2018) has depicted that work pressure has a
direct impact on the intention of an individual. Here, due to work pressure, people start
developing a negative feeling in relation to the specific aspect. Thus, as a result of this,
they will take a decision to leave the firm in an effectual way. Thus, it is essential for the
firm that it should make efforts in terms of reducing the level of work stress among its
respective employees.
2.5 Conclusion
From the whole study, it can be said that working in kindergarten is not an easy
affair. This is because; there are lots of pressuring sources in the given job that tends to
influence teachers with respect to leave the particular job in an effectual way.
2.6 research gap
From the conducted analysis, it can be said that there are lots of many sources
are being identified in relation to the selected topic. However, all study only states the
sources that create work pressure on the teachers. Here, there is no such type of study
available that could entail the way to minimize or eliminate the given sources.
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CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Methods
The research method is being regarded as the systematic process with an aim to
collect the data in relation to the specific study in an effectual manner. Herein, it is
examined that the success of any research study totally depends on the type of data
that is being collected by the researcher. Here, if the researcher will not collect its data
appropriately then in this situation the impact of the same will be seen on the final result
of the study in an effectual manner. In accordance with the given context, there are two
different types of research methods examined. The detailed description of the same is
given below:
1 Quantitative and qualitative
According to the viewpoint of Ledford and Gast (2018) quantitative research is
being regarded as the structured way of conducting a study on any topic. However, here
efforts are being made by the researcher with regard to collect the quantifiable data for
the study in an effectual manner. On the other hand, in terms of qualitative research, it
is applied when a researcher is more interested in the process of studying the
behavioral and the psychological aspects that are being related to the study. However,
for the selected topic understudies such as analyzing the work pressure and turnover
intention of kindergarten teachers in Hong Kong, both research methods have been
taken into consideration. Here, it is with the help of these both methods; the only
researcher is able to get detail information in relation to the major problem of the
conducted study. It is through this way only aim and objective of the study has been met
in an effectual way.
3.2 Research target
Research target defines the sample of the specific study. In other words, it can
also be said that research target basically gives information about the people to whom
the researcher will conduct its study in an effectual manner. In accordance with the
given context, it can be said that it is very important for the scholar that it should select
its participants for the study appropriately. This is due to the fact that if a given thing is
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