Chi-Square Analysis of Labor Productivity in Construction

This assignment, submitted by a student, focuses on analyzing labor productivity in building construction using the Chi-Square method for hypothesis testing. The research begins with a literature review identifying factors affecting labor productivity, followed by a questionnaire survey distributed via Google Forms to gather public and expert opinions. The survey includes 10 key questions addressing issues such as inaccurate drawings, low payments, poor construction methods, and technology use. Data analysis is performed using a Likert scale and the Chi-Square test to compare expected and observed values. The study examines several factors impacting labor productivity, including technology adoption, workflow variations, labor migration, sanitation, alcoholism, and incentive schemes. The conclusions, based on the Chi-Square test results, determine whether the null hypothesis is accepted for each factor, providing insights into the significant and insignificant influences on labor productivity in the construction industry. The student's work provides a comprehensive analysis of the factors affecting labor productivity in building construction.

TOPIC – HYPOTHESIS TESTING using Chi-Square method on LABOR
PRODUCTIVITY IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Assignment no 2
Subject – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
SUBMITTED TO – Dr Abhay Tawalare SUBMITTED BY : Anand Verma
ROLL NUMBER : MT19CTM003

Purpose of the study
• Based on the literature review, one can realise that although a lot of such as factors affecting
labor productivity, methods for labor productivity improvement, construction labor
productivity trends and comparison are identified .the primary focus is based on how to
achieve maximum labour productivity.
• In this report I have tried to co-relate issues inefficient labour productivity by using public
and expert opinion from respondents who are aware about the Indian construction industry
in general.

Research Methodology:
• Effective labor productivity is the key to success of any construction project. Literature review clearly
indicates that there is a dire need to emphasize on the aspect of productivity.
• In this report, questions were based on the following aspects responsible for reduced labor
productivity on site ,they can be listed down as follows:
1. Inaccurate drawings/specification
2. low payment.
3. poor construction methods,
4. Inefficient use of technology/level of mechanization.
5. delay in material delivery etc.
• A set of 10 important questions was selected for the final questionnaire survey and responses were
collected by using Google form.
(Questionnaire:https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeQu_WVbfDD4XihM51WMHUswHZIc
VUvHfu6Yokk9gqd1WQmzA/viewform?usp=sf_link)
• Data Analysis was done using Likert Scale which was put under Chi Square test and conclusions were
obtained. The expected data was assumed based on literature review and experience. The main aim
was to make sure that expected results were in line with the observed results/responses.

Research Question : Understanding LABOR PRODUCTIVITY IN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
No of Responses taken : 30
No of questions prepared for questionnaire survey : 10
Method used : Chi-Square method
Formula : X2 = [(Oi – Ei )2]/ Ei
Procedure: compare X2 value from formula and critical X2 value from normal
distribution curve.
If critical X2 value from curve greater than value from formula ,then we will
concluded that hypothesis test accepted Other wise hypothesis not accepted.
Based on my study on literature reviews, I assumed the expected values for each
question in questionnaire survey.
Link for
Questionnaire:https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeQu_WVbfDD4XihM51WMHUswHZIc
VUvHfu6Yokk9gqd1WQmzA/viewform?usp=sf_link

Choice Expected value
( E i )
Observed value
( O i )
X2 =(O i – E i )2 / E i
( % ) (nu) ( % ) (nu)
Strongly disagree 0 0 3.2 1 0
Disagree 16.7 5 9.7 3 0.8
Neutral 16.7 5 12.9 4 0.2
Agree 50 15 41.9 13 0.27
Strongly agree 16.7 5 32.3 10 5
Level of significance =
5%
Critical x2 = 9.348
a = 0.05
K = 5
DOF = 4
Total Chi-Square
value =
6.27
1. Explorations of new technology or transfer technology are very essential to develop better performance
of project in line with globalization in construction industry.
* There is no difference b/w the expected and observed values
since Null hypothesis accepted
conclusion :

Choice Expected value
( E i )
Observed value
( O i )
X2 =(O i – E i )2 / E i
( % ) (nu) ( % ) (nu)
Strongly disagree 0 0 0 0 0
Disagree 16.7 5 13.3 4 0.2
Neutral 16.7 5 36.7 11 7.2
Agree 50 15 40 12 0.6
Strongly agree 6.7 5 10 3 0.8
Level of significance =
5%
Critical x2 = 9.348
a = 0.05
K = 5
DOF = 4
Total Chi-Square
value =
8.8
2. workflow variation is responsible for the reduced productivity
* There is no difference b/w the expected and observed values
since Null hypothesis accepted
conclusion :

Choice Expected value
( E i )
Observed value
( O i )
X2 =(O i – E i )2 / E i
( % ) (nu) ( % ) (nu)
Strongly disagree 0 0 0 0 0
Disagree 0 0 10 3 0
Neutral 16.7 5 23.3 7 0.8
Agree 66.7 20 43.3 13 2.45
Strongly agree 16.7 5 23.3 7 0.8
Level of significance =
5%
Critical x2 = 9.348
a = 0.05
K = 5
DOF = 4
Total Chi-Square
value =
4.05
3. Construction laborers are migratory in nature and therefore geographically searching for
employment.
* There is difference b/w the expected and observed
values since Null hypothesis can be accepted
conclusion :

Choice Expected value
( E i )
Observed value
( O i )
X2 =(O i – E i )2 / E i
( % ) (nu) ( % ) (nu)
Strongly disagree 0 0 0 0 0
Disagree 16.7 5 20 6 0.2
Neutral 33.3 10 16.7 5 2.5
Agree 33.3 10 50 15 2.5
Strongly agree 16.7 5 13.3 4 0.2
Level of significance =
5%
Critical x2 = 9.348
a = 0.05
K = 5
DOF = 4
Total Chi-Square
value =
5.4
* There is no difference b/w the expected and observed
values since Null hypothesis can be accepted
4. Poor sanitation and hygiene of the construction site and the temporary shed
is responsible for reduced labor productivity.
conclusion :

* There is no difference b/w the expected and observed
values since Null hypothesis can be accepted
5. Alcoholism is one of the major reason for decrease in labor productivity.
conclusion :
Choice Expected value
( E i )
Observed value
( O i )
X2 =(O i – E i )2 / E i
( % ) (nu) ( % ) (nu)
Strongly disagree 0 0 0 0 0
Disagree 16.7 5 20 6 0.2
Neutral 16.7 5 20 6 0.2
Agree 50 15 36.7 11 1.06
Strongly agree 16.7 5 23.3 7 0.8
Level of significance =
5%
Critical x2 = 9.348
a = 0.05
K = 5
DOF = 4
Total Chi-Square
value =
2.26

Choice Expected value
( E i )
Observed value
( O i )
X2 =(O i – E i )2 / E i
( % ) (nu) ( % ) (nu)
Strongly disagree 5 2 2.5 1 0.5
Disagree 15 6 10 4 0.667
Neutral 20 8 22.5 9 0.125
Agree 55 22 52.5 21 0.045
Strongly agree 5 2 12.5 5 4.5
Level of significance =
5%
Critical x2 = 9.348
a = 0.05
K = 5
DOF = 4
Total Chi-Square
value =
5.837
Choice Expected value
( E i )
Observed value
( O i )
X2 =(O i – E i )2 / E i
( % ) (nu) ( % ) (nu)
Strongly disagree 0 0 3.3 1 0
Disagree 16.7 5 0 0 5
Neutral 16.7 5 16.7 5 0
Agree 50 15 53.3 16 0.07
Strongly agree 16.7 5 26.7 8 1.8
Level of significance =
5%
Critical x2 = 9.348
a = 0.05
K = 5
DOF = 4
Total Chi-Square
value =
7
* There is no difference b/w the expected and observed
values since Null hypothesis can be accepted
6. Productivity can help a company gain competitive advantage and slim profit margins.
conclusion :

Choice Expected value
( E i )
Observed value
( O i )
X2 =(O i – E i )2 / E i
( % ) (nu) ( % ) (nu)
Strongly disagree 5 2 2.5 1 0.5
Disagree 15 6 10 4 0.667
Neutral 20 8 22.5 9 0.125
Agree 55 22 52.5 21 0.045
Strongly agree 5 2 12.5 5 4.5
Level of significance =
5%
Critical x2 = 9.348
a = 0.05
K = 5
DOF = 4
Total Chi-Square
value =
5.837
Choice Expected value
( E i )
Observed value
( O i )
X2 =(O i – E i )2 / E i
( % ) (nu) ( % ) (nu)
Strongly disagree 0 0 0 0 0
Disagree 0 0 6.7 2 0
Neutral 16.7 5 13.3 4 0.2
Agree 66.7 20 56.7 17 0.2
Strongly agree 16.7 5 23.3 7 0.8
Level of significance =
5%
Critical x2 = 9.348
a = 0.05
K = 5
DOF = 4
Total Chi-Square
value =
1.2
* There is no difference b/w the expected and observed
values since Null hypothesis can be accepted
7. There is lack of job incentive schemes in present construction industry.
conclusion :

Choice Expected value
( E i )
Observed value
( O i )
X2 =(O i – E i )2 / E i
( % ) (nu) ( % ) (nu)
Strongly disagree 5 2 2.5 1 0.5
Disagree 15 6 10 4 0.667
Neutral 20 8 22.5 9 0.125
Agree 55 22 52.5 21 0.045
Strongly agree 5 2 12.5 5 4.5
Level of significance =
5%
Critical x2 = 9.348
a = 0.05
K = 5
DOF = 4
Total Chi-Square
value =
5.837
Choice Expected value
( E i )
Observed value
( O i )
X2 =(O i – E i )2 / E i
( % ) (nu) ( % ) (nu)
Strongly disagree 16.7 5 20 6 0.5
Disagree 16.7 5 20 6 0.5
Neutral 16.7 5 23.3 4 0.5
Agree 50 15 40 12 0.6
Strongly agree 0 0 6.7 2 0
Level of significance =
5%
Critical x2 = 9.348
a = 0.05
K = 5
DOF = 4
Total Chi-Square
value =
2.1
* There is no difference b/w the expected and observed
values since Null hypothesis can be accepted
8. Working overtime is an appropriate method for increasing labor productivity.
conclusion :