Report: Laboratory Diagnosis of Various Hematology Diseases

This report focuses on the laboratory diagnosis of several hematological diseases. It begins by outlining the diagnostic process for anemia, emphasizing the use of complete blood count (CBC) and other tests such as hemoglobin electrophoresis, reticulocyte count, and iron level tests. The report then delves into the diagnosis of specific conditions, including sickle cell anemia, detailing the use of hemoglobin electrophoresis, solubility tests, and genetic testing. Iron deficiency anemia is examined, highlighting the importance of serum iron and ferritin tests. Thalassemia diagnosis, relying on CBC and special hemoglobin tests, is also discussed. Finally, the report covers the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia, detailing the use of CBC, bone marrow tests, imaging techniques (ultrasonography, CT scans), biopsy, and molecular/genetic testing. The report provides a comprehensive overview of the diagnostic tools and procedures used in hematology.

Name of the Disease: Anaemia
Diagnosis in the Laboratory:
 The first test that is done for the laboratory diagnosis of the anaemia is the complete
blood count. This is a test that measures the complete blood profiling of an individual.
The test covers the red blood cell count, white blood cell count, platelet count and the
level of haemoglobin and haematocrit. The anaemia condition can be detected if the red
blood cell count is lower than usual. A low haemoglobin level and a low haematocrit
level also suggests anaemia. Red blood cells are the oxygen carrying cells, which is also
responsible for the red colour of the blood. The haemoglobins are the proteins present in
the red blood cells, who carry the oxygen. The test for determining the haematocrit level
is also a test for determining the level of red blood cells in the blood. It is actually a
measurement of the space taken up by the red blood cells in the entire blood.
There are also other diagnostic tests such as,
 The haemoglobin electrophoresis test, which is used for detecting different types of
haemoglobin in the blood.
 Reticulocyte count, which is the count of the young red blood cells or reticulocyte;
 The test for iron level in the body, which can be either ferritin test or serum iron test.
All of these diagnostic tests are used for the detection of anaemia in an individual.
Name of the Disease: Sickle Cell Anaemia
Diagnosis in the Laboratory:
Sickle cell anaemia is also a type of anaemia condition, where the body produces
some abnormal haemoglobin known as HbS.

1DIAGNOSIS OF DISEASES IN HEMATOLOGY
 Haemoglobin electrophoresis test is one of the main tests that detects the sickle cell
anaemia in an individual. The test is also known as sickle cell screening test.
 There is also haemoglobin solubility test that detects the haemoglobin S. The test
specifically detects the HbS by noticing its decreased solubility in a solution compared to
the other forms of haemoglobin after the addition of a specific agent to the solution.
 There is another laboratory screening test, which is used for the screening of the sickle
cell anaemia. It is known as sodium metabisulfite test.
 Genetic testing, complete blood count, iron level testing and the blood smear testing are
also used as the laboratory diagnostic tools to detect the sickle cell anaemia.
Name of the Disease: Iron Deficiency Anaemia
Diagnosis in the Laboratory:
The laboratory diagnosis of the iron deficiency anaemia involves testing the iron
levels in the body. The name of those tests are,
 The serum iron test;
 The ferritin test;
The iron is an important component for the function of haemoglobin proteins and thus in
turn for the red blood cells as well. Inside the human body, iron is found in two forms mainly.
The free iron, which can be detected from the serum and the ferritin, which is stored inside
the liver.
 A low level of iron causes a low level of haemoglobin and red blood cells as well. The
haematocrit level is also low in this disease condition. Thus the complete blood count test
can also detect the iron deficiency anaemia as a laboratory diagnostic tools.

2DIAGNOSIS OF DISEASES IN HEMATOLOGY
Name of the Disease: Thalassemia
Diagnosis in the Laboratory:
Anaemia is one of the main symptoms for thalassemia. In this disease condition, there
is a lower production of haemoglobin or a part of that protein. The disease can be resulting
from either alpha subunit deficit or the beta subunit deficit of the haemoglobin protein. There
are mainly two laboratory diagnostic tests that detects the thalassemia.
 The complete blood count test. The test detects the red blood cell counts, which will be
lower for the individuals with thalassemia condition. The level of haemoglobin and the
haematocrit will also be lower for those patients.
 The special haemoglobin test is another test that detects the smaller haemoglobin proteins
in the blood of an individual, which is characteristic for the thalassemia condition.
Name of the Disease: Acute Myeloid Leukaemia
Diagnosis in the Laboratory:
 This is a cancerous condition, which can be detected by performing a complete blood
cell count. In this disease condition abnormal blood cell counts are a common
occurrence. There might be a lower red blood cell count or higher white blood cell
count.
 After this abnormality is detected there should be a bone marrow test, which will be
done for checking the amount of immature blood cells in the bone marrow.
 The ultrasonography test is also used for detecting the enlarged kidney, spleen, lymph
nodes and liver.
 The computer tomography scan or the CT scan tests are also used for detecting the
same conditions.

3DIAGNOSIS OF DISEASES IN HEMATOLOGY
 The biopsy test is also done for the diagnosis of the acute myeloid leukaemia. The
other laboratory diagnostic tests that are used for detecting this condition are the
molecular and genetic testing.