Laser Cladding of Alloys: Principles, Techniques, and Case Studies
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This report provides a comprehensive overview of laser cladding, a surface treatment technology crucial for enhancing the lifespan of engineering products by mitigating corrosion, wear, and fatigue. It begins with an introduction to the principles and techniques of laser cladding, emphasizing the importance of material selection, process parameters, and dilution control. The report then delves into the specifics of various alloys used in laser cladding, including cobalt-based, nickel-based, and iron-based alloys, along with additive manufacturing powders and aluminum-based alloys. Detailed descriptions of each alloy type are provided, including their compositions, properties, and applications. A significant portion of the report is dedicated to a case study on the laser cladding of a cobalt alloy, presenting experimental procedures, results, and discussions. This case study includes analysis of microstructures, hardness measurements, and the effects of different additives. Finally, the report concludes with a summary of key findings and conclusions drawn from the analysis of various alloys and the case study.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
INTRODUCTION AND SYNOPSIS.............................................................................................3
2. PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES...........................................................................................3
3. ALLOYS IN LASER CLADDING.............................................................................................5
3.1. Cobalt-based alloys...............................................................................................................5
3.2. Nickel-Based alloys..............................................................................................................8
3.3. Iron-based Alloys................................................................................................................11
3.4. Additive Manufacturing Powders.......................................................................................12
3.5. Aluminum-based alloys......................................................................................................16
4. CASE STUDY...........................................................................................................................17
4.1. LASER CLADDING OF COBALT ALLOY....................................................................17
4.1.1. Abstract............................................................................................................................17
4.1.2. Introduction......................................................................................................................18
4.1.3. Experimental....................................................................................................................19
4.1.4. Results and Discussion.....................................................................................................22
4.1.5. Summary and Conclusion................................................................................................32
5. REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................35
1
1.
INTRODUCTION AND SYNOPSIS.............................................................................................3
2. PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES...........................................................................................3
3. ALLOYS IN LASER CLADDING.............................................................................................5
3.1. Cobalt-based alloys...............................................................................................................5
3.2. Nickel-Based alloys..............................................................................................................8
3.3. Iron-based Alloys................................................................................................................11
3.4. Additive Manufacturing Powders.......................................................................................12
3.5. Aluminum-based alloys......................................................................................................16
4. CASE STUDY...........................................................................................................................17
4.1. LASER CLADDING OF COBALT ALLOY....................................................................17
4.1.1. Abstract............................................................................................................................17
4.1.2. Introduction......................................................................................................................18
4.1.3. Experimental....................................................................................................................19
4.1.4. Results and Discussion.....................................................................................................22
4.1.5. Summary and Conclusion................................................................................................32
5. REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................35
1
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TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Section of coating using the indentations of hardness Vickers (Fu et al. 2015)............22
Figure 2: Micrograph of the cross-section containing Stellite 6(Fu et al. 2015)...........................22
Figure 3: Micrographs of Stellite 6(Fu et al. 2015).......................................................................23
Figure 4: Interdendritic space details (Fu et al. 2015)...................................................................23
Figure 5: Stellite 6 with 0.5% Y2O3 in the SEM microstructure micrographs (Fu et al. 2015)...24
Figure 6: Eutectic microstructure in the zone of interdendritic zones (Fu et al. 2015).................25
Figure 7: Stellite micrographs with 0.5% ZrO2(Fu et al. 2015)....................................................26
Figure 8: Details of interdendritic spaces (Fu et al. 2015)............................................................26
Figure 9: The micrographs of Stellite 6+0.5% TiC in SEM microstructure (Fu et al. 2015)........27
Figure 10: Details of the same microstructure (Bohidar, Sharma and Mishra 2014)....................28
Figure 11: Graphical illustration (Bohidar, Sharma and Mishra 2014).........................................29
Figure 12: Measurement of Vickers hardness (Bohidar, Sharma and Mishra 2014)....................31
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: The elemental composition of S235 structural steel and Stellite 6 cobalt alloy (Leyens and Beyer
2015)..................................................................................................................................................19
Table 2: Parameters of lasers (Leyens and Beyer 2015)............................................................................20
Table 3: Highest Temperature achieved by each powder (Leyens and Beyer 2015)..................................29
2
Figure 1: Section of coating using the indentations of hardness Vickers (Fu et al. 2015)............22
Figure 2: Micrograph of the cross-section containing Stellite 6(Fu et al. 2015)...........................22
Figure 3: Micrographs of Stellite 6(Fu et al. 2015).......................................................................23
Figure 4: Interdendritic space details (Fu et al. 2015)...................................................................23
Figure 5: Stellite 6 with 0.5% Y2O3 in the SEM microstructure micrographs (Fu et al. 2015)...24
Figure 6: Eutectic microstructure in the zone of interdendritic zones (Fu et al. 2015).................25
Figure 7: Stellite micrographs with 0.5% ZrO2(Fu et al. 2015)....................................................26
Figure 8: Details of interdendritic spaces (Fu et al. 2015)............................................................26
Figure 9: The micrographs of Stellite 6+0.5% TiC in SEM microstructure (Fu et al. 2015)........27
Figure 10: Details of the same microstructure (Bohidar, Sharma and Mishra 2014)....................28
Figure 11: Graphical illustration (Bohidar, Sharma and Mishra 2014).........................................29
Figure 12: Measurement of Vickers hardness (Bohidar, Sharma and Mishra 2014)....................31
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: The elemental composition of S235 structural steel and Stellite 6 cobalt alloy (Leyens and Beyer
2015)..................................................................................................................................................19
Table 2: Parameters of lasers (Leyens and Beyer 2015)............................................................................20
Table 3: Highest Temperature achieved by each powder (Leyens and Beyer 2015)..................................29
2
Table 4: Rate of cooling of each powder in degree Celsius (Leyens and Beyer 2015)..............................30
Table 5: Mean values for Vickers (Bohidar, Sharma and Mishra 2014)....................................................31
1.INTRODUCTION AND SYNOPSIS
Corrosion, wear and fatigue are the three primary processes that are known to be responsible for
limiting the productive life of any product of engineering. Their combined efforts and impacts
strongly affect the economy of most of the countries. This is because they cause repair, material
replacements, maintenance among others that attract various charges. Moreover, control of wear
and reduction of corrosion is important to increase the lifetime of the biosystems and machinery
in order to make these products of engineering more efficient (Chen and de Aldana 2014). Such
activities also lead to the conservation of resources of materials, improvement of safety and
saving of energy. For these reasons, the processes of lowering derivative phenomena have been
under development.
Laser cladding refers to upcoming technology in the field of engineering that deals with the
surface treatments. The versatility, high energy density and selectivity property of the laser beam
normally allow for the production of a high-quality coating of metallic type through fusion
bonding to the substrate. This is also characterized by low dilution. Rapid prototyping and
component repairing apply the specific characteristics of this technology. The quality of the laser
and the properties are directly influenced by the choice of the material, cladding equipment,
parameters of the process and finally the duration of the exposure. The quality is also sensitive to
the complexities that occur during the processes.
3
Table 5: Mean values for Vickers (Bohidar, Sharma and Mishra 2014)....................................................31
1.INTRODUCTION AND SYNOPSIS
Corrosion, wear and fatigue are the three primary processes that are known to be responsible for
limiting the productive life of any product of engineering. Their combined efforts and impacts
strongly affect the economy of most of the countries. This is because they cause repair, material
replacements, maintenance among others that attract various charges. Moreover, control of wear
and reduction of corrosion is important to increase the lifetime of the biosystems and machinery
in order to make these products of engineering more efficient (Chen and de Aldana 2014). Such
activities also lead to the conservation of resources of materials, improvement of safety and
saving of energy. For these reasons, the processes of lowering derivative phenomena have been
under development.
Laser cladding refers to upcoming technology in the field of engineering that deals with the
surface treatments. The versatility, high energy density and selectivity property of the laser beam
normally allow for the production of a high-quality coating of metallic type through fusion
bonding to the substrate. This is also characterized by low dilution. Rapid prototyping and
component repairing apply the specific characteristics of this technology. The quality of the laser
and the properties are directly influenced by the choice of the material, cladding equipment,
parameters of the process and finally the duration of the exposure. The quality is also sensitive to
the complexities that occur during the processes.
3
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2.PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES
The model definitions that can be used in the description of the entire exercise to predict the
properties of coatings, therefore, become very fundamental. Some of the materials that are used
in the laser cladding include alloys of various substances. Also, the process of dilution negatively
affects the warm oxidation conduct of the amalgam. The oxidation rate increments on expanding
dilution and disastrous oxidation have been seen in the most exceedingly terrible preparing
conditions, for example, elevated cladding and high temperature. Indeed, even with restricted
dilution at interfaces, the relative diminishing in the oxidation rate between the first as well as
the second stage essentially indicates the reduction of the oxidation conduct amid test samples.
An unmistakable relationship amongst microhardness and process of dilution is uncovered
likewise in the cladds created with the NiBSi combination. Once more, this conduct is brought
about by the microstructure of the composite. On expanding weakened interface, microstructure
advances in two distinctive ways. The microstructure turns out to be increasingly dendritic since
iron dilution changes the compound creation of the NiBSi amalgam. This is relied upon to move
a long way from eutectic focuses along these lines thereby promoting proeutectic fusion.
In addition, with the expansion in weakening process, eutectic morphology advances towards
the development of the γ-nickel-boride eutectic and a silicon-rich component to the detriment of
the nickel-boride and nickel-silicide eutectic, which will, in general, vanish for the case of this
alloy. At the point when an alloy of iron has utilized a role as a substrate, the NiBSi combination
demonstrates the equivalent microstructural change; in the expansion, on expanding weakening
interfaces and the effectiveness of the graphite layer is confirmed. The morphology of this
4
The model definitions that can be used in the description of the entire exercise to predict the
properties of coatings, therefore, become very fundamental. Some of the materials that are used
in the laser cladding include alloys of various substances. Also, the process of dilution negatively
affects the warm oxidation conduct of the amalgam. The oxidation rate increments on expanding
dilution and disastrous oxidation have been seen in the most exceedingly terrible preparing
conditions, for example, elevated cladding and high temperature. Indeed, even with restricted
dilution at interfaces, the relative diminishing in the oxidation rate between the first as well as
the second stage essentially indicates the reduction of the oxidation conduct amid test samples.
An unmistakable relationship amongst microhardness and process of dilution is uncovered
likewise in the cladds created with the NiBSi combination. Once more, this conduct is brought
about by the microstructure of the composite. On expanding weakened interface, microstructure
advances in two distinctive ways. The microstructure turns out to be increasingly dendritic since
iron dilution changes the compound creation of the NiBSi amalgam. This is relied upon to move
a long way from eutectic focuses along these lines thereby promoting proeutectic fusion.
In addition, with the expansion in weakening process, eutectic morphology advances towards
the development of the γ-nickel-boride eutectic and a silicon-rich component to the detriment of
the nickel-boride and nickel-silicide eutectic, which will, in general, vanish for the case of this
alloy. At the point when an alloy of iron has utilized a role as a substrate, the NiBSi combination
demonstrates the equivalent microstructural change; in the expansion, on expanding weakening
interfaces and the effectiveness of the graphite layer is confirmed. The morphology of this
4
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graphite appears to change from spheroidal to vermicular and then falls on a ratio of G/R, for
example on expanding weakening zones (Qiu and Liu 2013). In the coatings created with a
blend of either Stellite12 or Stellite 21 powder or tungsten carbides, carbides disintegration
happens amid laser cladding and affects the last properties of the coatings used. Disintegration is
to a great extent affected by the preparing conditions during the examination. Disintegration gets
higher with the expansion in the laser control and when the substrate is preheated, fundamentally
in view of the increment in temperature of the liquefy pool which improves disintegration
marvels. Synthetic structure of the Stellite base powder additionally impacts disintegration: a
lower substance of tungsten and carbon supports the disintegration of the tungsten carbides.
In the network where no tungsten and 0.25% of carbon are available, carbides disintegration
prompts an increment in the microhardness, which beats the reduction in the content, along these
lines prompting an increment in the hardness of the coating itself. On the inverse, framework
microhardness of the stellite rich in tungsten and carbon does not get any benefit by carbides
disintegration: as an outcome, the hardness of the coating somewhat diminishes because of the
reduction of the content (Zhou et al 2016).
3.ALLOYS IN LASER CLADDING
3.1. Cobalt-based alloys
Alloy 1
Type of powder: Alloy 1
Composition in Nominal class: W 12.0; Cr 31.0; Si 1.0; C 2.5 and Co Bal.
5
example on expanding weakening zones (Qiu and Liu 2013). In the coatings created with a
blend of either Stellite12 or Stellite 21 powder or tungsten carbides, carbides disintegration
happens amid laser cladding and affects the last properties of the coatings used. Disintegration is
to a great extent affected by the preparing conditions during the examination. Disintegration gets
higher with the expansion in the laser control and when the substrate is preheated, fundamentally
in view of the increment in temperature of the liquefy pool which improves disintegration
marvels. Synthetic structure of the Stellite base powder additionally impacts disintegration: a
lower substance of tungsten and carbon supports the disintegration of the tungsten carbides.
In the network where no tungsten and 0.25% of carbon are available, carbides disintegration
prompts an increment in the microhardness, which beats the reduction in the content, along these
lines prompting an increment in the hardness of the coating itself. On the inverse, framework
microhardness of the stellite rich in tungsten and carbon does not get any benefit by carbides
disintegration: as an outcome, the hardness of the coating somewhat diminishes because of the
reduction of the content (Zhou et al 2016).
3.ALLOYS IN LASER CLADDING
3.1. Cobalt-based alloys
Alloy 1
Type of powder: Alloy 1
Composition in Nominal class: W 12.0; Cr 31.0; Si 1.0; C 2.5 and Co Bal.
5
FST p/n: M-489.93 M-489.95.
The range of size: -125+45μ -150+45μ.
Applications and properties:
These are cobalt alloys that are made from the composition of a chemical similar to
stellite
It is considered to be the hardest of the known standard alloys from cobalt.
It can keep its hardness up to a standard of 725 degrees.
It is more sensitive to crack than other cobalt alloys.
It has a high content of carbide in the matrix of cobalt. This leads to excellent resistance
to abrasion and erosion of solid particles.
Alloy 6
Type of Powder: Alloy 6
Composition in Nominal class: W 5.0; Cr 28.0; Si 1.0; C 1.0 and Co Bal.
FST p/: M-489.93 M-489.95
The range of Size: -125+45μ -150+45μ
Applications and properties:
It is the most commonly used alloy that provides excellent resistance to various forms of
mechanical and chemical degradation over a big range of temperatures.
It has perfect resistance to cavitation and impact.
6
The range of size: -125+45μ -150+45μ.
Applications and properties:
These are cobalt alloys that are made from the composition of a chemical similar to
stellite
It is considered to be the hardest of the known standard alloys from cobalt.
It can keep its hardness up to a standard of 725 degrees.
It is more sensitive to crack than other cobalt alloys.
It has a high content of carbide in the matrix of cobalt. This leads to excellent resistance
to abrasion and erosion of solid particles.
Alloy 6
Type of Powder: Alloy 6
Composition in Nominal class: W 5.0; Cr 28.0; Si 1.0; C 1.0 and Co Bal.
FST p/: M-489.93 M-489.95
The range of Size: -125+45μ -150+45μ
Applications and properties:
It is the most commonly used alloy that provides excellent resistance to various forms of
mechanical and chemical degradation over a big range of temperatures.
It has perfect resistance to cavitation and impact.
6
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It is capable of keeping hardness up to 500 degrees.
Alloy 12
Type of powder: Alloy 12
Composition in Norm: 8.5; Cr 30.0; Si 1.5; C 1.5 and Co Bal.
FST p/n: M-481.93 M-481.95.
Range size: -125+45μ -150+45μ.
Applications
This is a cobalt-based alloy that has a similar chemical composition as stellite 12.
It has better resistance to erosion and corrosion than alloy 6.
It has better resistance to thermal shocks and impacts.
T-400
Type of powder: T-400
Composition in Nominal class: Mo 28.0; Cr 8.5; Si 2.5 and Co Bal.
FST p/n: M-494.93 M-494.95.
Range size: -125+45μ -150+45μ.
Applications
This is an alloy with a similar chemical composition as Tribaloy T-400.
7
Alloy 12
Type of powder: Alloy 12
Composition in Norm: 8.5; Cr 30.0; Si 1.5; C 1.5 and Co Bal.
FST p/n: M-481.93 M-481.95.
Range size: -125+45μ -150+45μ.
Applications
This is a cobalt-based alloy that has a similar chemical composition as stellite 12.
It has better resistance to erosion and corrosion than alloy 6.
It has better resistance to thermal shocks and impacts.
T-400
Type of powder: T-400
Composition in Nominal class: Mo 28.0; Cr 8.5; Si 2.5 and Co Bal.
FST p/n: M-494.93 M-494.95.
Range size: -125+45μ -150+45μ.
Applications
This is an alloy with a similar chemical composition as Tribaloy T-400.
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It has high resistance to corrosion.
It has high resistance to oxidation at higher temperatures.
It has high resistance to galling with other metals as well as wear.
T-800
Type of powder: T-800
Composition in Nominal class: Mo 28.0; Cr 17.0; Si 3.0 and Co Bal.
FST p/n: M-499.93 M-499.95.
Range Size: -125+45μ -150+45μ.
Applications
This is an alloy of cobalt whose chemical compositions the same as that of Tribaloy T-
800.
It has high resistance to corrosion.
It has high resistance to the effects of the oxidation at relatively elevated temperatures.
It has high resistance to galling and war effects. This translates to hot hardness properties
3.2. Nickel-Based alloys
Powder type: Alloy 625.
Composition by Nominal class: Cr 21.5 Mo 9.0 Nb 3.5 Fe<1.5; Ni bal.
FST p/n: M-341.93 M-341.95.
8
It has high resistance to oxidation at higher temperatures.
It has high resistance to galling with other metals as well as wear.
T-800
Type of powder: T-800
Composition in Nominal class: Mo 28.0; Cr 17.0; Si 3.0 and Co Bal.
FST p/n: M-499.93 M-499.95.
Range Size: -125+45μ -150+45μ.
Applications
This is an alloy of cobalt whose chemical compositions the same as that of Tribaloy T-
800.
It has high resistance to corrosion.
It has high resistance to the effects of the oxidation at relatively elevated temperatures.
It has high resistance to galling and war effects. This translates to hot hardness properties
3.2. Nickel-Based alloys
Powder type: Alloy 625.
Composition by Nominal class: Cr 21.5 Mo 9.0 Nb 3.5 Fe<1.5; Ni bal.
FST p/n: M-341.93 M-341.95.
8
Range size: -125+45μ -150+45μ.
Applications and properties
These are Nickel based alloys that have a similar chemical composition as Inconel 625.
It has excellent resistance to corrosion this suitable for wide range of use in
environmental work.
High resistance to corrosion of stress that causes cracks.
The resistance of alloy to temperatures of oxidation.
They are normally used in in the repair of other nickel-based unalloyed and alloy that are
underlying the internal streets.
Type of Powder: Alloy C-276.
Composition by Nominal class: Cr 16.0; Mo 15.5; W 4.0; Fe 3.0 ; Ni bal
FST p/n: M-341.93 M-341.95.
Range Size: -125+45μ -150+45μ.
Applications and properties:
This is basically an alloy of Nickel that is having properties the same as that of Hastelloy
C276.
It has perfect resistance to corrosion in mineral acids that are hot and contaminated.
It has high resistance to strong oxidizers and chlorine gases that may be wet.
9
Applications and properties
These are Nickel based alloys that have a similar chemical composition as Inconel 625.
It has excellent resistance to corrosion this suitable for wide range of use in
environmental work.
High resistance to corrosion of stress that causes cracks.
The resistance of alloy to temperatures of oxidation.
They are normally used in in the repair of other nickel-based unalloyed and alloy that are
underlying the internal streets.
Type of Powder: Alloy C-276.
Composition by Nominal class: Cr 16.0; Mo 15.5; W 4.0; Fe 3.0 ; Ni bal
FST p/n: M-341.93 M-341.95.
Range Size: -125+45μ -150+45μ.
Applications and properties:
This is basically an alloy of Nickel that is having properties the same as that of Hastelloy
C276.
It has perfect resistance to corrosion in mineral acids that are hot and contaminated.
It has high resistance to strong oxidizers and chlorine gases that may be wet.
9
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It is also resistant to cracking and corrosion of crevice.
Type of Powder: NiCrSiB 40HRC.
Composition by Nominal class.: Cr 10.0; Fe 2.5; Si 3.1; B 2.1; C 0.4 and Ni Bal
FST p/n: M.772.93 M-772.95.
Range Size: -125+45μ -150+45μ.
Applications and properties:
NiCrBSi alloys have good resistance to wear and corrosion.
They are normally used in cases where higher machinability is required.
The range of hardness is actually 40 HRC which is normally considered sufficient.
Type of Powder: NiCrSiB 50HRC.
Composition by Nom.: Cr 12.5; Fe 3.8; Si 3.7; B 2.2; C 0.55; Ni Bal
FST p/n:M-776.93 M-776.95.
Range size: -125+45μ -150+45μ.
Applications and properties
It has perfect resistance to wear corrosion. The resistance to abrasion can be reduced by
the use of Tungsten Carbide.
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Type of Powder: NiCrSiB 40HRC.
Composition by Nominal class.: Cr 10.0; Fe 2.5; Si 3.1; B 2.1; C 0.4 and Ni Bal
FST p/n: M.772.93 M-772.95.
Range Size: -125+45μ -150+45μ.
Applications and properties:
NiCrBSi alloys have good resistance to wear and corrosion.
They are normally used in cases where higher machinability is required.
The range of hardness is actually 40 HRC which is normally considered sufficient.
Type of Powder: NiCrSiB 50HRC.
Composition by Nom.: Cr 12.5; Fe 3.8; Si 3.7; B 2.2; C 0.55; Ni Bal
FST p/n:M-776.93 M-776.95.
Range size: -125+45μ -150+45μ.
Applications and properties
It has perfect resistance to wear corrosion. The resistance to abrasion can be reduced by
the use of Tungsten Carbide.
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Powder Type: NiCrSiBCuMo.
Composition by Nominal categories: Cr 16.5; Fe 3.0; Si 4.5; B 3.8; C 0.55; Cu 2.1; Mo 5.0; Ni
Bal
FST p/n: M-777.93 M-777.75.
Range Size: -125+45μ -150+45μ.
Applications and properties
The alloys of NiCrBSi are normally obtained through the addition of Cu and Mo.
It has a perfect corrosion resistance in the solution of alkaline and acidic.
They have perfect resistance to such media as compared to CU and Mo alone.
3.3. Iron-based Alloys
Type of powder: 316L
Nominal Composition: 17.0; Ni 12.0; Mo 2.5; Si<0.75; C<0.03; Fe Bal
FST p/n:M-684.93 M-684.95.
The range of size: -125+45μ -150+45μ.
Applications and typical properties:
It is resistant to corrosion up to a temperature of 400 degrees Celsius.
It allows for easy machining and possible mirror finishing.
11
Composition by Nominal categories: Cr 16.5; Fe 3.0; Si 4.5; B 3.8; C 0.55; Cu 2.1; Mo 5.0; Ni
Bal
FST p/n: M-777.93 M-777.75.
Range Size: -125+45μ -150+45μ.
Applications and properties
The alloys of NiCrBSi are normally obtained through the addition of Cu and Mo.
It has a perfect corrosion resistance in the solution of alkaline and acidic.
They have perfect resistance to such media as compared to CU and Mo alone.
3.3. Iron-based Alloys
Type of powder: 316L
Nominal Composition: 17.0; Ni 12.0; Mo 2.5; Si<0.75; C<0.03; Fe Bal
FST p/n:M-684.93 M-684.95.
The range of size: -125+45μ -150+45μ.
Applications and typical properties:
It is resistant to corrosion up to a temperature of 400 degrees Celsius.
It allows for easy machining and possible mirror finishing.
11
Powder Type: 431.
FST p/n: M-687.93 M-687.95.
The range of size -125+45μ -150+45μ.
Applications and typical properties:
This is commonly referred to as Martensitic steel of nickel chromium.
It has better resistance than steel 410 or steel 403 which offers good resistance to
corrosion (Qiu and Liu 2013).
It has perfect wear resistant.
3.4. Additive Manufacturing Powders
1.Type of Powder: Fe-Based | 20HRC (316L).
Composition in terms of Nom: Cr 17.0; Mo 2.0; Ni 12.0; Mn 2.0; Si 0.75 and Fe Bal.
FST p/n: AM-613.33
Size of range: -53+20μ.
Applications and properties
UNS S31603 DIN 1.4404
Physical properties
12
FST p/n: M-687.93 M-687.95.
The range of size -125+45μ -150+45μ.
Applications and typical properties:
This is commonly referred to as Martensitic steel of nickel chromium.
It has better resistance than steel 410 or steel 403 which offers good resistance to
corrosion (Qiu and Liu 2013).
It has perfect wear resistant.
3.4. Additive Manufacturing Powders
1.Type of Powder: Fe-Based | 20HRC (316L).
Composition in terms of Nom: Cr 17.0; Mo 2.0; Ni 12.0; Mn 2.0; Si 0.75 and Fe Bal.
FST p/n: AM-613.33
Size of range: -53+20μ.
Applications and properties
UNS S31603 DIN 1.4404
Physical properties
12
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