Law and Criminology Report: Privacy, Terrorism, and Legal Frameworks

This report from the Department of Law and Criminology addresses key legal issues and their impact, focusing on privacy rights and terrorism. Exercise 1 examines a case involving a Prime Minister facing blackmail related to his private life, analyzing the application of the Privacy and Human Rights Act 1998, and proposing options for the Prime Minister to protect his reputation and privacy. Exercise 2 explores the concept of terrorism, its origins, and its impact on society, highlighting anti-terrorism legislation and strategies employed by European countries to combat terrorism, including responses to foreign fighters, counter-terrorism coordination, and the EU counter-terrorism strategy, as well as measures to combat money laundering and terrorist financing. The report emphasizes the importance of legal frameworks in protecting individuals and society from criminal activities and terrorism.

DEPARTMENT OF LAW
AND CRIMINOLOGY

INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
EXERCISE 1...................................................................................................................................1
Key issues and its impact............................................................................................................1
EXERCISE 2...................................................................................................................................4
Terrorism.....................................................................................................................................4
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................7
REFRRENCES................................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION
Law is a cluster of rules and regulations which are designed and enforced through
governing bodies for controlling various wrongful activities from societal place in order to
establish a risk free environment (Savelsberg, 2010 ). In fact , their main objective is to prevent
the rights of common people by guiding them about fundamental norms which is applicable of
entire community. Beside this, crime is also increasing day by day which may harm the life of
normal people such as; harassment, human trafficking, terrorism, rape, assault and so on. Thus,
assignment is going to highlight the suitable laws which is enacted by legitimate bodies for
resolving criminal acts from the society. Along with this, past cases related with particular issues
is also describing in this report for making corrective decision on numerous wrongful acts.
Hence, entire project is outlining the policies, norms , beliefs , rules and regulations that are
designed by legal department for reducing criminal activities.
EXERCISE 1
Key issues and its impact
European area is facing a number of problems and issues regarding wrongful acts which
may create a risky environment amongst individual and it may hamper the life of common
people. In fact, human beings are even not aware about their rights and various policies which is
implemented by governing bodies to protect them from several dangerous attacks. As per
legitimate bodies numerous of cases are identified at juridical court such as; rape, sexual
harassment, discriminatory activities incurred at various business place and so on. Therefore,
court of justice get enforced to conduct several amendments in respect with cases for minimize
the probabilities of mistakes in future ( Hogg, 2013). According to given case study it has been
derived that Edward Kinsley is a prime minister who is engaged in conducting various societal
campaigns for preventing entire community from fraudulent acts. Along with this, he plays a
very eminent role in promoting education, employability and encouraging youth towards self
development by introducing various sessions. Moreover, governing bodies is also supporting one
of the most appropriate legislation that is “traditional” family life. At the same time Prime
minister get a call from unknown source which says that “he caught the Edward while
involving in sexual liaison with male prostitute in public toilets”. Next action is that the
person who is blackmailing the Edward is going to published this story in newspaper for
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destroying his reputation at societal place. Additionally, caller is also having pictures of minister
while doing this shameful activity as well as seen him when he is coming out from that park
which is popular for these kind of actions (Stanley, 2013).
.
After analysing this scenario it is identified that every individual have their privacy and
no other member having right of interfering in person personal life. If a particular person don't
want to share their personal detail with other then no one have such authority that they can
interpret in others matter. Privacy and the Human Right Act 1998 as well this act integrated the
European convention on Human Right into United Kingdom law. Article 8(1) of this convention
render that everyone has right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his
correspondence. On the other hand it is seen that acts which might be done by Minister is not yet
proven is illegal as per the law because privacy act states that every member have authority to
live their life on the basis of their terms and conditions. On contrary to this, one more thing must
be observed that Edward is a Prime minister of nation and he is responsible for developing the
nation of country. In order to maintain their positive image at societal place he is trying to take
major actions by proffering laws and order ( Hafner-Burton, 2013). In the eye of law if his
mistake is proven then Edward might go through major problem that is suspended from his
position and hated by entire society as well as future is also get darken. Thus, Edward have
various choices for resolving this problem in better manner by considering necessary terms and
conditions. Some of the steps which might taken by Edward to control this unwanted
circumstance is discussed below:-
Option 1:- After analysing the entire scenario it has been assessed that Edward Kinsley is
a Prime minister of a nation who is having a lots of authorities and power as well as roles or
responsibilities towards growth of society. It means, he must have contact with legal parties,
government servants like guards, policemen and so on. After getting this kind of call from
stranger he have the opportunity to contact with few major members or legal agents for passing
this information that if anyone can get wrong information about minister then kindly avoid it. If
any newspapers publisher get these type of data then kindly inform Edward in order to provide
correct explanation on that content.
Option 2:- Second option is that Edward is a minister due to which he have the authority
to give a public statement such as; “don't believe on strangers or any inappropriate evidence
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against minister as it a strategy of some political enemies and terrorist to destroy the
peacefulness of nation”. With these kind of speech on television and parliament helps minister to
defend him from any sudden incident. In fact, he is saying that some of the strangers are
disturbing by calling with unknown sources in order to interfere in private life ( Kim and
Sikkink, 2010) .
Option 3:- Third step is that according to law every one have their private life and no one
have authority to interfere in personal matter . It means, minister must use Right of privacy act if
anyone is going to disturb their personal matters and involving it. According to law it Edward
have the right to claim against and file the case for punishing the unknown caller as he is
observing prime minister without any reason. Along with this interfering the personal life of a
person which is illegal in the eye of law. Therefore, Edward can easily defend him from this act
but there is also chance of mistakes or error.
Option 4:- Lastly, one more solution is that Edward might resolve this problem with a
mutual understanding with caller by exchanging money with them in order to protect his image
because goodwill is most indispensable factor for any government servant. Therefore, it is
essential to have a healthy discussion with unknown person for acquiring actual information and
to go in depth information.
Hence, by considering all the above options it has been assessed that Edward have the
right to protect himself from this danger by taking confidence of legitimate bodies and tackle this
problem very calmly. Along with this, it is essential to focus on each or every aspect before
making any final decision because one single mistake affects the overall personality of Edward.
However, right to privacy act is applied in this case because someone is interfering in personal
matter of another members such as; Edward is going through this problem which is seen as
wrongful act in the eye of law. Apart from this numerous other cases are also identified resemble
with this only because UK is full of complex problems because people from other culture come
across in Europe world to acquiring more revenue ( Beirne, 2013) .
Instead of all this English law is engaged in offering best suitable rights to their public by
enacting several laws under Human right act section 8 and 10. Thus, as per article 8 every
individual have the authority to prevent his personal and family life from others whereas article
10 says that common people is having power to express their views and opinion on certain
subject area without any fear. In fact , natural person can easily claim for the misuse of property
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and it is illegal to publish information about an individual without his /her consent. As a result if
anyone is misusing it then owner have the right to charge against this wrongful acts. It means
Edward can easily protect his image from unknown source whomsoever is claiming or
blackmailing to publish personal information in daily newspapers.
EXERCISE 2
Terrorism
World is full of danger, harmful acts and uncertainty which is not predict by common
people because of that they are encountering a major traumas. In fact, an individual don’t have
any idea about sudden accidents as future is unpredictable. Some people get hammed without
any reason because terrorist are not having any sentiments or emotions because they believe in
accomplishing assigned activities instead of thinking about result. Basically, entire world is
going through several types of problem but terrorism is seen as one of most dangerous acts
because it harm the life of individual ( South and Brisman, 2013) .
Terrorism:- It is a broader term whose main objective is to create terror amongst masses,
public place and crowded area in order to attain their ideological motive. However, this word
terrorism is originated from French revolution which was occurred around late 18th century but
acquired popularity at the time of US presidency Ronald Regan. In other words, wrongful
activities and violence on innocent people is known as terror which may harm the individual and
his/her life. Every nation are having their own history on terrorism attacks due to involvement of
country in some other activities which is hampering the society. Basically, laws and order are
facing numerous of crime cases that are full of complexity , suspense, conflicts and so on. It
means legal bodies are liable for making a very vague or difficult judgment
Anti terrorism legislations can be described as such rules or norms which are helpful to
fight with terrorism ( Decker and et. al., 2015).
. Various kinds of terror activities are happened in all over the world and it is very necessary to
take appropriate and strict actions against it. These kind of activities are harmful as they spoil
things as wide range from which people cannot overcome easily. Various countries has
established their laws to efficiently fight with problem of terrorism. Several nations has security
agencies and safety forces to get rid of such issues. Europe has established certain strategies to
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reduce terror attacks and damage groups of terrorists like ISIS. Some of policies in Europe are
explained below:
Response to foreign fighters :- They have accept an effective strategy to tackle with
issue of those terrorists who are come from outside and then apply bombarded activities. These
rules involve strengthened of norms to prevent fresh forms of terrorism. Strict checking on check
posts or external borders through commandos or black cat forces. They have prepared certain
strict norms to stop online hacking and many other terror aspects takes ace through internet.
Counter terrorism coordinator :- They have appoint a counter terrorism coordinator to
obverse and analyse properly each and every small to large activity of terrorism to stop them and
catch responsible terrorist as soon as possible to protect country from such dangerous aspects. It
is also important to monitor strategies or policies that were implemented to sop terrorism in
nation ( Aas and Gundhus, 2014).
EU counter terrorism strategy :- This is really compulsory to prevent such terrorism,
protect citizens of country and pursue things against such dangerous event along with respond
strictly towards these terrorist communities. It is important for security agencies to catch them
out and damage their whole community so that world will feel safe and free of terrorism.
Fight against money laundering and terrorist financing :- There are different types of
people who provides funds and money which is applied to render terrorism training to youngsters
so that they will become dangerous terrorists. They have established several strict rules so that it
will become possible to stop funding activities to these communities that are harmful for people
of country. Those people who cheated with their nation and render money to terrorists then they
should be identified and arrested then without funds, such aspects may automatically get
stopped.
Passenger name record data :- There are different people who are fond of travelling
outside the country to visit several tourist or historical places as per their interests. By taking
benefit of such citizens, many of terrorist enter the nation through fake identity and do dangerous
activities like bombarding, hacking, kidnapping, high-jacking etc. Europe has apply such norms
of making records of passengers and maintaining them for future investigation and support.
The above factors are mandatory to be followed by Europe government and security
agencies to monitor as well as control terror attacks, bombarded and many other activities to
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provide safe environment to people of country. As these are really harmful for everyone then
legal rules should be strict to tackle with them.
Terrorism is defined as an act of violence in order to create terror among masses of
people or to create an environment of fear, to achieve a financial, political, religious aim. Europe
is facing terrorism from a long time and is a popular place form terrorist attacks. It is because,
large number of population are Muslims and have been living in Europe for past two- three
generations. It is easier for ISIS to radicalize people who are already Muslims than to convert
non- Muslims to Islam’s and then radicalize them. Another reason is that, Europe has western
civilizations and this is the greatest enemy of radical Islamist groups such as ISIS. A particular
activity which brings joy to terrorists is publicity of their terrorist attacks. When a attack
occurred in other countries, they don't react much and people of that particular country try not to
think about it as they are used to terrorism ( Ellison and Boyd, 2013) . But in case of Europe, the
media covers all the details of attacks with bullet headlines and wait for the responses generated
by people after watching their news. This gives total enjoyment to the terrorists.
According to data, it has been identified that numerous of terrorist attacks are identified
in great Britain which affects the peacefulness of entire society as well as harm the natural
things. Along with this act as major barrier in development of a nation because these things
demotivate multinational companies to establish their business because of life taking fear. Thus,
some of the major attacks which was identified in a British are discussed below:-
 1605 Gunpowder plot:- Conspiracy of pro catholic was occurred for harming the king
James IV at the time of opening of parliament where general assembly of England take
place. Thus almost 36 barrels gunpowder was identified under the palace Westminster .
 1939-1940:- A major case of bombing was incurred against the military, army and
economic infrastructure of Britain.
Consequently, it is assessed that these two attacks shows that nation are going through
major trauma due to terrorist, fraudulent activities, wrongful conducts and so on. Along with this,
all these acts effect the entire society from growth and development. Mainly, it is analyzed that
overall world is going through this problem due to inappropriate working and fraudulent
activities which may hamper the life of common people in distinct ways. Legal bodies are
playing a very major role in reducing these kind of issues by enforcing laws for human rights
whose main motive is to provide necessary information on necessary data such as; get updated
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about fundamental rights which authorize by governing bodies to protect them from harmful
attacks. Almost every nation are encountering terrorism attacks because of some instability in
their political norms, problems between members and misunderstanding between common
people. Additionally, conflicts emerges at every community because individuals are having
distinct opinions and thoughts towards specific subject due to which it create a chance of
conflicting situations ( Metz, 2011).
European nation is encountering a major problem due to issue creates between various
members which may affect the success of country. Terrorism effects the nation or common
people in various manner such as;
 Create fear amongst society.
 Major incidents and accident which resulted in a negative environment at nation.
 Influence the education of common people like children’s, kids, teenagers and so on.
 Harm the natural environment from distinct attacks.
 Create major misunderstanding between human beings.
 Maximize the problem
 Life taking incidents.
 Demoralize the public by decreasing the confidence level of each or every person.
It means terrorism is affecting the nation in various extent but at the same time governing
bodies is also introduced numerous of laws and acts for defending members from fraudulent
attacks. Along with this punish the criminals due to which entire society is getting affected and
failed to live their life comfortably. For example; English law was enacted a particular
department for handling a criminal cases.
CONCLUSION
From the above report it has been summarized that business laws are playing a very
eminent role in facilitating consumers with useful acts and amendments. In fact, numerous of
norms, policies, rules and regulations are framed by governing bodies to facilitate entire society.
Main objective of the assignment is to show the human rights that is offered by legal bodies and
level of crime increases at societal place. According to report, terror attacks are maximizing in
coming time frame because every one becoming more greedy and trying to generate more
revenue. Therefore, above report was showing one of case study that is based on privacy act that
means every individual of a nation is having authority to live their life as per their own terms and
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conditions. On the other hand, project was also showing several acts that is framed by court of
justice to prevent innocent people from terrorism.
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REFRRENCES
Books and Journals
Savelsberg, J., 2010. Crime and human rights: Criminology of genocide and atrocities. Sage.
Hogg, R., 2013. Criminology beyond the nation state: global conflicts, human rights and the
‘new world disorder’. In Critical criminology (pp. 203-235). Willan.
Stanley, E., 2013. Towards a criminology for human rights. In Expanding the criminological
imagination (pp. 180-209). Willan.
Hafner-Burton, E., 2013. Making human rights a reality. Princeton University Press.
Kim, H. and Sikkink, K., 2010. Explaining the deterrence effect of human rights prosecutions for
transitional countries. International Studies Quarterly, 54(4), pp.939-963.
Beirne, P., 2013. Animal rights, animal abuse and green criminology. In Issues in green
criminology (pp. 77-106). Willan.
South, N. and Brisman, A. eds., 2013. Routledge international handbook of green criminology.
Routledge.
Decker, M.R and et. al., 2015. Human rights violations against sex workers: burden and effect on
HIV. The Lancet, 385(9963), pp.186-199.
Aas, K.F. and Gundhus, H.O., 2014. Policing humanitarian borderlands: Frontex, human rights
and the precariousness of life. British Journal of Criminology, 55(1), pp.1-18.
Ellison, N.B. and Boyd, D.M., 2013. Sociality through social network sites. In The Oxford
handbook of internet studies.
Metz, T., 2011. Ubuntu as a moral theory and human rights in South Africa. African Human
Rights Law Journal, 11(2), pp.532-559.
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