University Law Reform Report: Federalism, Encryption Laws, and Policy

This report examines core concepts of law and government, focusing on federalism, unitary systems, and the liberal-democratic state in Australia. It analyzes Australia's encryption laws, including the legislative process, existing legislation amendments, and key features. The report explores the government's rationale for introducing these laws, the recommendations of the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security, and the concerns raised by various organizations. It also delves into the interplay between law enforcement, data security, and the challenges of balancing national security with individual privacy. The report concludes by assessing the validity of the concerns raised and the urgency with which the government should address them, offering insights into the broader implications of these laws on Australian society.

LAW GOVERNMENT AND
POLICY

Table of Contents
PART A Core Concepts...................................................................................................................3
Q1. What are advantages and disadvantages of federalism with comparison to unitary system
government. Give examples of policy problems required by Australia's state and federal
government ti cooperate? ..........................................................................................................3
Q2.What is a liberal-democratic state? To what extent does Australia uphold the values of
liberalism and democracy, and in which areas does it need to improve?....................................4
Part B: Encryption Laws..................................................................................................................5
Q3.When bill passes from House of Representatives and the Senate and receives royal assent?
.....................................................................................................................................................5
Q4. What existing legislation did the encryption laws amend, and where in that legislation can
the powers be found? ..................................................................................................................5
Q5. What are the major features of Australia’s encryption laws, as enacted? ...........................5
Q6. What reasons did members of the federal government give for introducing the encryption
laws? Why did they see the laws as necessary?...........................................................................6
Q7.Who are the members of the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security,
and what did they recommend in their April 2019 report on the encryption laws?....................6
Q8.What concerns did different companies and organisations raise in their submissions to the
PJCIS inquiry? How valid are these concerns, and how urgently should the federal
government address them? ..........................................................................................................7
REFRENCES ..................................................................................................................................9

PART A Core Concepts
Q1. What are advantages and disadvantages of federalism with comparison to unitary
system government. Give examples of policy problems required by Australia's state
and federal government ti cooperate?
In Federal sates government and state-level authority of an country differs within its
varies from fundamental to fundamental authority.(Richter, 2020). As power that is been given
by Central government can be used by sate government according to its conditions emerged
within state. Though board has given necessary authority in its policy and framework but the
basic structure of constitution cannot be disturbed by any of the government of an country
weather state or central. (Valle-Cruz and et. al. 2019).
A unitary government is where most of the power is held by the federal government.
Advantages
The advantages of the unitary government are that it is a single and definitive
administration. It is generally more productive to use cost dollars, but fewer individuals trying to
achieve the goal.
Disadvantages
The obstacles to using this type of framework are the government's influence on it. For
example, there is no state National Guard that could be deployed in an emergency, soldiers had
to be mobilized by public power. Finally, it has a large organization which is much larger than
that of this country.
Advantages of Federalism
Each region has its own political, social and financial issues which are strange to its
neighborhood. Ordinary government representatives live closely with individuals and are like
most bargains from a similar local area.
Disadvantages of federalism

The division of forces between the Center and the United States covers two points of
interest and the weakness of the alliance. In some cases job coverage and trimming may be the
result of who is responsible for what(Stanhope, 2017).
In discussing the Australian government's views on the crisis of brutal terrorist attack in
Bali on 12 October 2002. In this priests and all government responses has to be shaped in proper
manner.
Q2.What is a liberal-democratic state? To what extent does Australia uphold the values of
liberalism and democracy, and in which areas does it need to improve?
In discussing the Australian government's views on the crisis, it is useful to consider the
political situation. With groups following the priests, the entire government response will be
shaped by the strength of political clarity and unanimity among the settlers. The response to the
brutal terrorist attack in Bali on 12 October 2002 reflects this view. From the beginning, the
Prime Minister's direction towards the high authorities was clear: the response of the public
authority should have been broad and robust. Financing issues could not be approved to address
the potential future approach. There was strong bipartisan support for the public authority
process (Khan, Hounshell and Fuchs, 2018).
The Constitution of Australia was not the result of transformations or a long cycle of
institutional battles. It was designed by men who paid attention to the two government cadres.
When the British called member states for Australian states, a constitution was made important
to the Alliance in 1901. The Australian Constitution in this way says nothing about an executive
or bureaucratic workplace, and they are almost ideological groups. An easy revision of the
Constitution of Australia gives the impression that the Governor-General is the funniest
entertainer in matters of public law. The lack of principles that have been unfairly passed on to
the government is not as surprising as one might expect. The UK has no constitution established
in any way, based on specific demonstrations and legislation.

Part B: Encryption Laws
Q3.When bill passes from House of Representatives and the Senate and receives royal
assent?
First, a representative sponsors a bill. The bill then falls to an scrutiny advisory group.
Each time it is tabled by the board, the bill is put on the table for decision, debate or correction.
Finally, a meeting advisory group made up of individuals in the House and Senate will outline
any conflicts between House and Senate amendments to the bill (Hou and et. al., 2020). A bill
does not become law until it has been passed by both Houses and has not received royal assent.
Royal assent is a key piece of the legislative process.
Q4. What existing legislation did the encryption laws amend, and where in that
legislation can the powers be found?
Australia now has laws requiring suppliers to comply with profit-making
communications with the police. This is now possible if a group of specialists uses some form of
encryption that allows them to see a messaging message. However, recently, administrations like
WhatsApp, Signal, and others have added an extra layer of security called startup encryption.
Start completing encryption by allowing only the sender and recipient to see a message,
preventing it from being unauthorized by the specialized organization. Australia and various
countries have reported that psychological and criminal militants are abusing this tactic for
observation (Harland and et. al., 2019). The Electronic Frontier Foundation said the police could
hire individual IT engineers to perform specific capabilities without their organization's
knowledge. This could mean that Australian tech companies don't even realize they've been in
demand. There is also an examination of the speed with which the laws were passed. An
unprecedented bill was introduced in August.
Q5. What are the major features of Australia’s encryption laws, as enacted?
Australia’s encryption laws, also known as TOLA, have created a tiered management
plan under which law enforcement and knowledge agencies can request or request innovation
groups to provide specific assistance. TARs require deliberate assistance and leaders can grant
legal permission or an expert body for a wide range of purposes that are identified by the
elements of these experts. This includes defending gross injustice, safeguarding public safety,

consolidating unfamiliar relationships or the wealth of Australian public money, and maintaining
electronic data security.
There is no escape from the technology companies that can be provided by TOLA. You can
contact a "designated interchange provider" (DCP), a broadly defined term that covers 15 types
of organizations. These include organizations specializing in media communications, web-
enabled administrations, program and equipment providers, any 'office based' organization and,
more generally, any organization offering electronic support that has at least one end customer in
Australia '' (Telecommunications Act, s 317C). In this regard, the plan goes far beyond the
scrutiny of major multinational organizations.( Ebaid, A. and Bahari, Z., 2019).
Q6. What reasons did members of the federal government give for introducing the
encryption laws? Why did they see the laws as necessary?
Encryption Law or Cryptography Law deals with legislation ensuring that data is
protected and communicated in private, just as strategies intended to keep encryption secure
from hands of unauthorized persons and unknown forces. The public authority has implemented
some tools to modify information through cryptography updates to prevent unauthorized or
unauthorized alterations of statutory and public sensitive data. New communications technology,
including encryption, is pushing the end of Australian legal requirements and a security bureau
to seek genuine criminal guidance and secure Australians. The bill also contains measures to
strengthen the capacity of Australian law enforcement and public security offices to handle
cryptography problems (Demieva, Chepus and Mamitova, 2018).
Q7.Who are the members of the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and
Security, and what did they recommend in their April 2019 report on the encryption
laws?
Individuals on the council are advised under the 1989 Official Privacy Act and have
access to materials collected in the course of their duties. The council holds confirmation
meetings with government ministers and high authorities. Parliament elects nine people from
both the House of Commons and the House of Lords, after considering an election of the Prime
Minister, which took place following discussions with the opposition leader. The Committee
elects its own President from among the individuals. The clergy cannot be individuals, but

people may have already held pastoral positions. The individuals of the council cease to be
individuals when the Parliament is dissolved and new ones are elected after the convocation of
the new Parliament.
An increase in the margin for assisting companies in crimes with a maximum penalty
exceeding three years is ordered; TAN and third country nationals will be open to legal
deadlines, just like promotion, reinstatement or any combination with information; the default
provisional provision to apply to all exhibits and postal objects; and the double green part of the
ratification by the Attorney General and the Minister of Communications is required, with the
report stating that the Minister of Communications "will immediately yield to the concerns of the
sector concerned in order to be considered a characteristic of the support circle".(Chatfield and
Reddick, 2018) .Similarly, the report’s recommendations call for a year and a half after the bill
came into effect with the Independent National Security Legislation Monitor; TANs granted by
the State and Regional Police must be approved by the Federal Police Judge of Australia;
organizations provided by centers may contact the Attorney General to find out publicly that they
have received a TCN; and the board of directors will review the enacted enactment in the new
year and report by April 3, 2019, close to when they will be responsible for the following policy
decision.
The report contains only 38 pages, almost 33% of which are devoted to two versions of the 17
recommendations, reflecting the enthusiastic and humiliating nature with which the board has
treated non-viewers agree.
Q8.What concerns did different companies and organisations raise in their submissions to
the PJCIS inquiry? How valid are these concerns, and how urgently should the
federal government address them?
This has led to speculations that some companies around the world may have blocked.
Australian withdrawal laws. Controversy is raging between organizations seeking to offer
more protection to their customers and government law enforcement offices that forcefully argue
that these measures prevent them from ensuring the country's security and taking care of their
jobs. Furthermore, the collective interpretation stated that data and letter innovation buyers and
specialist associations have a "general duty" to offer "further assistance" to law enforcement.
Specialized organizations that "deliberately make legal arrangements for access" will have "the

opportunity to decide" how to do this. “Such an agreement can be a valuable way to address
current problems. Thus, in the 21st century, there is a constant conundrum between defense and
security and the change of the two is very important (Bhattacharjea, Deand Gouri, 2019).
Australia’s public safety laws were fundamentally defined in response to the world
psychological war in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks. According to David Martin Jones, the
government authorized 54 parts of the enactment that were hostile to psychological warfare
somewhere between 2001 and 2011, despite state-level enactment. However, there was no real
view of code matches. The Bill contains critical estimates that government claims are serious and
important in addressing the test law that authorizing and knowledge bodies’ face in their trials
when code-switching is provided. Maintaining legal access to media communications content
and information for public security and law enforcement purposes is a test with worldwide
dimensions: the fundamental problem studied by several lawyers and presented by the virtual
reality of cryptology. The Bills Digest also mentions Australia's membership of the Five Eyes
Union, which at the end of August 2018 added to a system for resolving the issue of "drilling
development" for dialogue with the industry. (Id. A 10.) The bill is the primary enactment agreed
with the standard Five Eyes statement on this issue, with the Summary of Bills noting [[l] The
UK has laws and New Zealand forcing industry to help access letter encryption, although the
U.S. and Canada have not changed existing agreements to impose similar requirements on new
providers, customization.

REFRENCES
Books and journals
Bhattacharjea, A., De, O. and Gouri, G., 2019. Competition law and competition policy in India:
How the competition commission has dealt with anticompetitive restraints by
government entities. Review of Industrial Organization. 54(2). pp.221-250.
Chatfield, A.T. and Reddick, C.G., 2018. The role of policy entrepreneurs in open government
data policy innovation diffusion: An analysis of Australian Federal and State
Governments. Government Information Quarterly. 35(1). pp.123-134.
Demieva, A.G., Chepus, A.V. and Mamitova, N.V., 2018. The comparative analysis of the law
policy of parliamentary responsibility of the executive government of the Russian
Federation and foreign states. The Journal of Social Sciences Research. pp.499-502.
Ebaid, A. and Bahari, Z., 2019. The Nexus between Government Expenditure and Economic
Growth: Evidence of the Wagner’s Law in Kuwait. Review of Middle East Economics
and Finance. 15(1).
Harland, C and et. al., 2019. Implementing government policy in supply chains: An international
coproduction study of public procurement. Journal of supply chain management. 55(2).
pp.6-25.
Hou, A.Y.C and et. al., 2020. What is driving Taiwan government for policy change in higher
education after the year of 2016–in search of egalitarianism or pursuit of academic
excellence?. Studies in Higher Education. pp.1-14.
Khan, H.N., Hounshell, D.A. and Fuchs, E.R., 2018. Science and research policy at the end of
Moore’s law. Nature Electronics. 1(1). pp.14-21.
Richter, H., 2020. The law and policy of government access to private sector data (‘B2G data
sharing’). Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper. (20-06).
Stanhope, M., 2017. Government, the Law, and Policy Activism. Foundations for Population
Health in Community/Public Health Nursing-E-Book. p.105.

Tyson, C.J., 2018. From Ferguson to Flint: In Search of an Antisubordination Principle for Local
Government Law. Harv. J. Racial & Ethnic Just.. 34. p.1.
Valle-Cruz, D and et. al. 2019, June. A review of artificial intelligence in government and its
potential from a public policy perspective. In Proceedings of the 20th Annual
International Conference on Digital Government Research (pp. 91-99).
Wolitz, R.E., 2019. The Pay-Twice Critique, Government Funding, and Reasonable Pricing
Clauses: Georgia State University, College of Law Journal of Legal Medicine
Symposium. Journal of Legal Medicine. 39(2). pp.177-211.