Lewy Body Dementia as a Distinct Diagnosis or Parkinson's Syndrome?

This essay investigates the relationship between Lewy Body Dementia (LBD) and Parkinson's Syndrome (PD), exploring whether LBD is a distinct diagnosis or a part of PD. It examines the similarities and differences between the two conditions, including their symptoms, causes, and impact on patients' cognitive and motor functions. The study reviews relevant literature to determine the diagnostic challenges and healthcare implications. The essay delves into the research methodology, including research philosophy, design, approach, sampling, data collection and analysis, and ethical considerations. It discusses various themes related to LBD and PD, such as diagnosis, treatment, healthcare settings, the role of mental health counselors, and nursing interventions. The essay concludes by summarizing the findings and providing recommendations for future research and clinical practice. This assignment aims to assess whether LBD is a distinct diagnosis or a part of Parkinson’s syndrome, providing a comprehensive overview of the two conditions and their implications for healthcare providers and patients.

LEWY BODY DEMENTIA AS A
DISTINCT DIAGNOSIS OR PART OF
PARKINSON'S SYNDROME

Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1
Research Tittle............................................................................................................................1
Overview of study.......................................................................................................................1
Aim..............................................................................................................................................1
Objectives....................................................................................................................................1
Question......................................................................................................................................2
Rationale of study.......................................................................................................................2
Significance of study...................................................................................................................2
Structure of dissertation..............................................................................................................2
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................4
Terminology Lewy body Dementia and Parkinson's syndrome.................................................4
Similarities between Parkinson's syndrome and Lewy body Dementia......................................7
Relationship between Lewy body Dementia and Parkinson's syndrome....................................9
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...........................................................................13
Introduction...............................................................................................................................13
Research Philosophy.................................................................................................................13
Research Design........................................................................................................................13
Research Approach...................................................................................................................14
Sampling...................................................................................................................................14
Data Collection..........................................................................................................................14
Data Analysis............................................................................................................................15
Ethical Considerations..............................................................................................................15
CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION...........................................................................16
Theme 1: Lewy Body Dementia...............................................................................................16
Theme 2: Parkinson Syndrome.................................................................................................16
Theme 3: Diagnosis of Lewy Body Dementia..........................................................................16
Theme 4: Diagnosis of Parkinson Syndrome............................................................................17
Theme 5: Heath care setting for patients suffering from Parkinson and LBD..........................17

Theme 6: Holistic treatment to LBD and Parkinson syndrome................................................18
Theme 7: Role of Mental Health Counsellors in health care plans...........................................18
Theme 8: Factors to be considered for LBD and PD patients...................................................19
Theme 9: Differentiated symptoms of LBD and PD................................................................19
Theme 10: Nursing intervention for the patients of LBD and PD............................................20
Theme 11:Relationship between Lewy body Dementia and Parkinson's syndrome.................20
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .....................................................22
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................24

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Research Tittle
“Lewy body dementia is a distinct diagnosis or a part of Parkinson’s syndrome”.
Overview of study
Lewy body dementia is known as progressive diseases which takes place after
Alzheimer's disease. It occurs due to protein deposits in brain regions, nerve cells, memory and
also impacts movement. However, it can be said the Lewy Dementia disables motor control of
human body which is related with physical and mental processing (An Introduction to Lewy Body
Dementia, 2018). The Parkinson syndrome is health problem which is related to central nervous
system which hampers mid brain and leads to disability in physical movement of body. It is
specially related to motor control which leads to rigidity, difficulty in walking, shaking, etc.
Apparently, together dementia and Lewy body is known as DLB whereas, Parkinson with
Dementia is known as PDD.
Further, it can be said occurrence of both the syndrome origins from mental processing
due to which person losses control over its body functioning. It has become challenging
disorder. Both the diseases can be completely cured but can be controlled with proper treatment.
In accordance with this, it is the responsibility of service provider to ensure that people suffering
from PPD and DLB are not forced process and memorize something. Forcing people to
memorise something is a life threatening chance which completely paralyse human body
(Dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease dementia: part of one continuum or two
distinct entities?, 2016). The study will help in determining appropriate measures which can be
taken to handle patients suffering from Lewy Body Dementia and Parkinson Syndrome. Thus,
the focus of research will analyse relationship between both disabilities and actions which can
control and prevent mental disability.
Aim
“To assess whether Lewy body dementia is a distinct diagnosis or a part of Parkinson’s
syndrome”
Objectives
 To determine difference between Lewy body Dementia and Parkinson's syndrome.
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 To evaluate the similarities between Parkinson's syndrome and Lewy body Dementia.
 To explore the relationship between Lewy body Dementia and Parkinson's syndrome.
Question
 What are dissimilarities and differences between Lewy body Dementia and Parkinson's
syndrome?
Rationale of study
Lewy body Dementia is a mental disorder due to which person is unable to think,
recognise, remember and process information whereas Parkinson syndrome is related to central
nervous system which affects the body movement of person (Korbo, 2017). Main motive of the
study is to determine distinct diagnosis and relationship between Lewy Body dementia and
Parkinson. This study will assist in analysing health care factors which needs to consider when
dealing patient suffering from these disabilities. Thus, the study will assist in ascertaining risk of
health care providers when dealing with different service users suffering from mental disorders.
Significance of study
The study is important to determine common impact of both; disorders on physical and
mental ability of people. It will help in determining the health care factors which are required to
be considered when handling patients suffering from Parkinson and Lewy Body. It is the
situation where person loses control over his or her mental and physical processing. Thus, the
research is important to analyse factors which can help health care providers in managing safe
practices when handling patients suffering from DLB and PPD.
Structure of dissertation
Chapter 1 Introduction: This is first chapter of dissertation in which the scholar outlines the
brief about the study which is Lewy Body Dementia and Parkinson syndrome. In this step, the
researcher focuses on developing brief understanding over research tittle in order to make
process smooth and systematic. Further, in this, individual outlined significance of chosen topic
and motive like the research on mental disability to analyse significant relationship between two
disorders.
Chapter 2 Literature review: It is the second step of dissertation which is based on secondary
information on research topic. In this, the scholar focuses on collecting reviews of different
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authors on the basis of aim which is to assess whether Lewy body dementia is a distinct
diagnosis or a part of Parkinson’s syndrome. Further, review is analysed with the help of themes
which are formed on the basis of objectives. It is a complex phase of research where person is
liable to compare different studies and facts.
Chapter 3 Research Methodology: This chapter of dissertation defines methods which can help
in making study smooth by developing understanding over each and every phase like research
philosophy that helps the researcher in understanding concept of study by implementing use of
analytical thinking. Further, chapter derives the process of data collection which will be used by
scholar in order to collect relevant information to make study viable and reliable. Thus, the best
and critical part of chapter is ethical consideration where person defines values which will be
considered at time of collecting information on research tittle.
Chapter 4 Findings and Discussion: This chapter helps in understanding the collected all
information from different sources. It is the study in which researcher aims at comparing and
contrasting collected information. However, in this dissertation chapter, the scholar will compare
primary and secondary collected information in order to develop in-depth knowledge about
significant relationship between Lewy body dementia and Parkinson syndrome.
Chapter 5 Conclusion: This section in dissertation will be outlining summarized findings from
every chapter. This step is last phase in which the scholar concludes learning from secondary and
primary sources. The analysis in this chapter demonstrates efforts of researcher in data collection
and analysis process. However, it outlines the important aspect which are considered to make
investigation ethical and viable.
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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
Terminology Lewy body Dementia and Parkinson's syndrome.
As per the views of Walker, Possin and Aarsland, 2015, Lewy Body Dementia is a
progressive form of Dementia occurs due to protein deposits which hamper individual’s ability
to process, understand, learn, recognise, etc. Lack of control over nervous system leads to
increasing the disability in physical movement (An Introduction to Lewy Body Dementia, 2018).
The person suffering from lewy bodies faces symptoms like changes in reasoning and thinking.
Further, increasing effects of DLB are reflected when person gets confused significantly
regularly day to day functioning. Further, when person starts losing control over balance of body
and then the disease turns into Parkinson. However, according to Korbo, 2017, lewy body
dementia is a mental disability due to which person is unable to control the body functioning.
Deposition of proteins blocks the flow of blood which creates obstacles for mind and body over
coordinating.
The scholar has stated about average duration person lives with LBD which is five to
eight years which increases with proper treatment to two to twenty years. In accordance with this
disability, it is important for health care providers to ensure safe treatment and care facilities for
the service users because the person suffering from mental and physical disabilities becomes
vulnerable. In contrast, Wang, Yu and Tan, 2014, have discussed about Dementia which is the
primary symptom in which service users loses ability of problem solving, thinking, analytical
reasoning, etc. Further, the disability involves cognitive fluctuations due to which there are
unpredictable changes in human body and nature which impact health care services. The
inclusion of people suffering from Lewy Body dementia is critical because the patients have
unpredictable and uncertain behaviour to situation. In accordance to their disability, health care
providers are responsible for setting inclusion plan differently for every person according to their
ability to resist certain situation. The scholar stated that Lewy Body Dementia is not a rare
disease.
Approximately 1.4 million American individuals and families are suffering from LBD.
However, the person suffering from LBD undergoes from hallucination and hearing impairment
due to which the person is unable to involve in society and faces exclusion and social restriction.
In accordance with this, Aarsland, Londos and Ballard, 2009, has stated that Dementia with
Lewy bodies accounts for 10-15% of dementia cases and it is a partly the progressive mode of
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Alzheimer's disease when it is misdiagnosed. Findings clarify that disease's has distinctive
genetic signature. However, it can be said that it help improve clinical trials, and lead to more
targeted treatments. According to study, there are 1743 patients suffering from Dementia and
Lewy Body (Dementia with Lewy bodies: Unique genetic profile identified, 2017).
On the other hand, Aarsland, Londos and Ballard, 2009, have discussed about Parkinson
syndrome in which the person loses motor control which guides body movement. It is the central
nervous system disability in which person faces Tremor that is shaking of limbs and hands.
Further, in this, the person rubs own hands and fingers in order to relax body functioning.
Further, person suffering from Parkinson have slowed body movement due to which normal task
for the person becomes time consuming. In addition, the disability leads to rigid muscles which
limits body movement of person. Thus, the views of author summarized symptoms which are
faced by person suffering from Parkinson syndrome which is a progressive form of Wang, Yu
and Tan, 2014, has outlined the causes of Parkinson diseases from where it has been determined
that, disability in person can be from birth due to genetics. Also, it caused by toxins in
surroundings of person which is known as environmental triggers (Dementia. Parkinson's
disease, 2018). The scholar stated that presence of Lewy body is another major and most
prominent cause of Parkinson. It is the situation where protein cells blocks brain membranes due
to which human body is unable to coordinate with central nervous system. The risk factors of
Parkinson are as follows:
Heredity: Heredity is the cause of Parkinson holds chance of increasing any of the family
members already has dementia, Alzheimer, Lewy bodies and Parkinson. It is the situation where
treatment is possible to increase life span of person but the syndrome is incurable. However,
same is with genes, it can be prevented by taking suitable measure but can be controlled from
transfer.
Age: Parkinson is common in young adults and in old aged person. Generally, it occurs in
individuals who are above 60 years.
Sex: Parkinson is the most common in males in comparison to females.
Exposure to toxins: As per the scholar, Parkinson is common in person who have exposure to
pesticides and herbicides.
Gratwicke, Jahanshahi and Foltynie, 2015, have stated about major difference in Lewy
body and Parkinson which is body functioning where Lewy body is the cause of Dementia where
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Parkinson is commonly caused due to age and exposure to toxins. The Lewy body dementia is
the situation where individual has lost their ability to understand and process information and
Lewy body is the situation where the person loses control over physical movement.
Nevertheless, Dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease dementia: part of one
continuum or two distinct entities?, 2016, has argued symptoms of Lewy body Dementia and
Parkinson are common like understanding disorder, problem in learning, slow movement of
body, bladder problem, constipation, etc. Thus, it can be said that disorder and symptoms are
common of both disabilities but it is important for the health care organisation to diagnose both
problems under different clinical setting. Further, diagnosis of both the diseases can be different
but it is important for the nurses to ensure safe and secured practices to individuals on same note.
Likewise, it is important for the health care providers to enable inclusive care setting which it is
important to serve individuals with their holistic needs.
McKhann and et.al., 2011, has discussed about surgical treatment of Parkinson and LBD
which completely differs from each other. Like, the surgical procedure of Parkinson is on deep
brain simulation which helps in treating movement and motor control whereas it cannot be given
to patient suffering from LBD as it can lead to permanent cognitive impairment. In accordance,
the most favourable treatment for LBD is physical therapy and exercising as it aims at inclusion
of people which helps in developing learning and encouraging people to participate in different
learning activities. The service users suffering from LBD are also considered as patient with
learning disability and therefore, according to analysis, the individuals have different holistic
needs.
On the other hand Leggett, Zarit and Galvin, 2010, has stated about holistic treatments of
patients suffering from Parkinson which comprise Phospholipid Exchange Therapy which is
given to patient for removing toxic fatty oils with cleaned fatty oils by injecting component of
cellular membranes which is phosphatidylcholine. Further, there is Chelation Therapy which is
given with the use of toxic metals such as lead, cadmium, arsenic, etc. It is the therapy which is
used from ancient times and help in improving health conditions of patient suffering from
Parkinson. Further, there are IV therapies which is the last stage therapy related to injecting
nutrients and vitamins directly in body.
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Similarities between Parkinson's syndrome and Lewy body Dementia
According to Schoonenboom and et.al., 2012, LBD and Parkinson are related to nerve
cell disorder and these are progressive diseases and their symptoms increases with time. Both the
disorders are similar but in different terms like person suffering from Parkinson has high chances
of development of dementia. In addition, the author discussed about diagnosis of both the
syndrome which is related to arbitrary distinction between the time of onset of motor and
cognitive symptoms. Further, LBD is commonly related to problem in sleeping, involving with
people, learning, sleeping and difficulty in physical movement. Moreover, in both the
syndromes, brain step disrupts production of chemical messengers which makes it difficult for
the brain to transmit order which is known as Dopamine. However, formation of Dopamine is
the cause of Parkinson which slowly and gradually turns into problem in decision making,
sleeping disorders, mood changes, autonomic dysfunction, etc.
In accordance with Jones and O'brien, 2014, it has been analysed that it is important for
the health care practitioners to ensure safety of patient suffering from LBD and Parkinson. The
foremost similarities in between both the health problems is inclusion and therapy plans of
patients where care giver ensures regular physical therapy of patients in which the focus of
practitioners is to motivate patient for physical movement in which exercises comprise of
strengthening, training and involvement of people in physical fitness program in order to
improve control over central nervous system. Apart from this, the nurses focus on speech therapy
of patients where the individuals aim at reducing incapability of service users of low voice
volume, swallowing, speaking and projecting voice.
As per the views of Emre and et.al., 2018, role of mental health counsellors also play an
important role for the patients suffering from LBD and Parkinson as the individuals focus on
motivating service users for participating in group activities. However, in this, the motive of
individual is to ensure that patients develop understanding over their surroundings as it will help
the individuals in regulating proper functioning of their brain. The author outlines that LBD also
comprises of movement problems and can be treated with medication of Parkinson which is
known as Carbidopa-levodopa. Medication and treatment plans of both the syndrome are focused
on improving functioning of human body which included walking, control on shivering,
consciousness, etc.
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As per the views of Schulz-Schaeffer, 2010, person suffering from Parkinson feels
symptoms like tremor, slowness, stiffness and walking/balance/gait. These all physical problems
help the health care practitioners and families in determining development of diseases. However,
dementia in Lew Body leads to symptoms like problem in thinking abilities, decision making,
inclusion, etc. However, the combination of symptoms of Parkinson and LBD in person leads to
sleeping disorder where person is unable to determine right and wrong of the situation due to
behavioural problems. Lack of understanding over the situation leads to restriction of human
body.
Further, sleeping disorder of person can be acting in dreams, lost sleep and even injuries
to sleep partners. In addition, author discussed about risk related to health practitioner when
dealing with such patients like serves users suffering from these syndromes become vulnerable
due to which individual loses control over sense and situation. Like in case, if the individuals are
finding situation intolerable, than it is possible that the person harms themselves or become
aggressive which can be dangerous for surrounding. Thus, it can be said that it is important for
the health care providers to ensure, safe and secured surroundings in order to prevent dangerous
situations.
Similarly, as per Tomlinson and et.al., 2010, it has been analysed that the most common
factor among both the diseases is Memory where individuals become unable to coordinate with
mid brain of body which restricts it physical movement and understanding ability. Further, it
outlined common behavioural symptom of both the diseases that is depression where the
individuals are unable to deal with the issue of understanding and physical movement due to
which the person starts giving pressure to situation. It is the phase of patient’s life where the
individual restricts himself or herself from society which leads to depression. In such cases, it
becomes important for social care practitioners to ensure safe practices of inclusion of patient in
order to distract them form social isolation. Further, the most common situation of dementia and
Parkinson patient is anxiety where the person becomes restless and tries to move body or
memorise which disrupts his/her ability of resistance. Thus, this restless in patient makes the
individuals aggressive and impatient due to which they become aggressive which can be life
threatening for themselves and for their surroundings.
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Relationship between Lewy body Dementia and Parkinson's syndrome
According to Parkinson’s and Lewy Body Dementia: What’s the Difference?, 2017, study
it has been stated that person who is suffering from Parkinson Syndrome have surely chance of
developing Lewy Body Dementia. LBD and PD; both are growing diseases and can be treated
but are incurable. The relationship between both diseases is reflected by their progressive
symptoms which are relatively similar. There are approximately 1 million people in America
who are suffering from both PD and LBD. Further, both the diseases affect brain and nerve cells
of human body which restricts physical movement. In addition, the author discussed about
progressive form of diseases where the symptoms of both health problems develop to similar
with time.
Meyniel and Damier, 2017, have discussed that there is proper medication for PD and
Lbd which can help in curing,completely.However, according to scholar’s views, it has been
determined that it is important for the health care organisation to enable similar clinical setting
for patients suffering from PD and LBD but according to needs of patient. In this, the major
focus of practitioners is on holistic needs of patients as well as on safe and secured environment
around service users.
As per the views of Stinton and et.al., 2015, there is no significant way to diagnose the
symptoms of Parkinson and LBD syndrome; instead both the diseases require services of
examination and need to exactly evaluate the diseases and its impact on human body. Generally,
both the syndromes occur to old age people who are above60 years. The biggest similarities
between both the diseases is that the patient suffering from PD eventually develops Dementia
which reflects relationship between both syndromes. In accordance with the similarities of PD
and LBD, health care organisation aims at setting similar practices of care providers for service
users suffering from such disabilities. Generally, half of the population of Parkinson syndrome
develops into dementia which denotes the relationship between both diseases which is nerve
cells disorder.
However, Galvin and et.al., 2010, has stated that people suffering from Parkinson
syndrome face symptoms like emotional dis-balance, lack of concentration, delusion, visual
hallucination, depression, restlessness, anxiety, low thinking, confusion in physical movement,
etc. Scholar discussed about the treatment of patients in which it outlined that it is important for
health care providers to frame cheerful and bright environment around patients. It is the only
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practice apart from medication which will assist in encouraging people for inclusion. The
practices of health care providers are base of treatment because individuals are responsible for
creating positive and motivating situation around patients who lack confidence due to divisibility
like PD and LBD.
In contrast, Wetzels, and et.al., 2010, have discussed that 40 percent of patients suffering
from Parkinson diseases developed into Dementia and it generally happens after 60 years of age.
It is the situation when the person starts feeling vulnerable to every situation. Apparently, these
are the most critical situations for health care providers because there are majority of patients
who loses senses of living due to lack of confidence and various social restrictions. However, in
accordance with such cases, it is the responsibility of social care centres to boost individual’s
morale by organising problems of Inclusion by providing the support with their holistic needs.
Ava Butler, 2016, has outlined that case study of Ava Butlers who stated about her
husband who was suffering from Lewy Body Dementia and Parkinson syndrome. In this, she
stated that LBD is not common as Alzheimer but is the common form of Dementia.
Approximately, 1.3 million Americans are suffering from LBD but still, society is less aware
with this disability. She states that her husband Richard is suffering from progressive form of
LBD which tuned into Parkinson syndrome. Further, to create awareness, she also described that
most of the symptoms of both syndromes are common and therefore, people did not even realize
when Parkinson has turned into Dementia. Initially, Richard was facing symptoms like visual
hallucinations which used to threaten Richard.
Further, he faced communication difficulty and sometimes, he used to talk in a poetic
way. The symptoms of diseases were continuously increasing which reflect in various life
situations like when some guests arrived at ourplace and when they are gone, than after some
time Richard wakes up and turns on the light and look for them. Further, after sometime, he
forgot his name and these symptoms of dementia were difficult to manage as he was unable to
face normal situation of life as it looked to him as a challenge. Ava Butler shared that when
hallucination continued he faces difficulty in trusting close people, because he turns irresistant to
all the situation. Further, she noticed that he was changed personality where he was behaving
friendly with the person who was his enemy.
Lastly, she said that when her syndrome turned into Parkinson, he faced difficulty in
managing physical movement due to which he started behaving aggressive with slowing body
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movements. At last, he was full of emotions which were related to anger, stress, anxiety,
restlessness, etc. Thus, as per the case of Richard, it is clear that there are millions of people who
suffer from progressive form of LBD into PD. However, it is important for society to understand
the needs and emotions of persons suffering from progressive syndrome because developing
sense of living in these individuals is the option which can assist in an effective inclusion of
these individuals.
According to Leggett, Zarit, and Galvin, 2010, it has been stated that LBD and PD is
common in old age people who are already vulnerable to different situations. Therefore, in
accordance with their diseases, it is important for the health care providers to ensure safe health
care setting in order to develop sense of living among patients. Like the most common needs of
elderly people is attention, where the individuals wants people to understand their real life
situation apart from symptom which they suffering due to syndrome. In this, the foremost
responsibility of care providers is to ensure effective care plans for specific people according to
their needs. The treatment plans of old people suffering from Lewy Body Dementia and
Parkinson Syndrome require care providers to assist them in their daily activities like medication
and physical exercising.
However, the focus of individuals need to be on the involvement of people in
surroundings. To support inclusion, service providers aim at boosting the morale of patients by
interacting them. In such situation, the concentration of practitioner is to make elder people
realize their importance regardless of their diseases which restrict their movement and social
inclusion. For example: if in case the patient wants to interact with other people in social care
setting, but the individual restrict himself or herself from interaction due to communication
difficulty, then it is the responsibility of care providers to support service users in establishing
connection with other people.
In contrast, Robinson, Dickinson and Exley, 2011, have outlined the nursing intervention
which plays a crucial role in health and social care setting. In this, the focus of practitioner is to
make sure that staff is adequately trained and have knowledge over medication sensitivity in
order to ensure control over behavioural disorders of person suffering from LBD and PD.
Informing about every minor medical details to physician in order to prevent medical errors at
time of medication to patients. Further, the intervention of practitioner is focused on analysing
situation of patients which is different from every person suffering from LBD and PD. Informed
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consent is another step which helps in securing the interest of every person involved in care
process that is patient, health care provider, family and physician.
As per the views of Tomlinson and et.al., 2012, first step of nursing intervention is to
frame team of appropriate members who are responsible for managing care for patients of PD
and LBD. The team comprises of medical professionals, social workers, professional physician,
support workers, neighbours and close friends. Second step of intervention plan comprises of
knowledge of health practitioners where the individual focuses on understanding different
situations which can arise when handling patient of Lewy Body Dementia and Parkinson
Syndrome. In this, developing knowledge plays a critical role because it is related to minimize
the errors of medication and clinical practices.
Third step of intervention is related to development of support team because the patients
suffering from syndrome are vulnerable which needs to treated in harmless and cheerful
environment. However, the support team of intervention plan will help the health care and social
care centre in managing safe and effective inclusion of patients. The support team in plan will
comprise of community members, family or immediate guardians and health care practitioners.
The next step of intervention plan will be developing lifestyle challenges which comprise of
challenging brain, social life and dietary modification. These are the three factors which relate to
treatment of individuals where the person is planned to include in various activities which is
quite difficult.
According to Cameron and et.al., 2010, involvement of people in difficult and
challenging situation will help in boosting the morale of people where individuals are forced in
certain situation to overcome. Apparently, the situation created by practitioners is safe and
secured as well as focused on encouraging people to overcome their disability like lacking
communication, difficulty in physical movement, etc. Plan for future with the help of
professional care is the last thing which helps in establishing effective nursing care plan. In this,
the health care practitioner seeks for more help and care advice from professionals that can assist
in setting beneficial treatment measure for future recovery of patients.
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CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction
Research methodology plays an important role in dissertation and research process as it
helps the researcher in deriving use of best tool with regard to entire study. There are various
types of research tools such as philosophy, approach, data collection and analysis which help the
scholar in setting smooth pattern for conducting study. However, in this chapter, investigator will
outline all the search tools which are being implemented to further investigation.
Research Philosophy
Philosophy in research plays an important role as it helps researcher in understanding the
motive of search aim and objective as well as information which is needed to be collected. There
are various types of research philosophies that is realism, pragmatism, positivism and
interpretivism where positivism philosophy helps the scholar in making logical argument on the
basis of observation. However, in interpretivism, individual implements the use of theories and
model to derive findings on the basis of aim and objectives of study. Further, there is pragmatism
research philosophy in which the scholar is able to mix different content which is relevant to
investigation in order to draw final solution. Apparently, there is realism philosophy in which the
scholar is liable to make assumption on the study and collected data. Thus, in this dissertation,
the researcher will implement the use of realism approach where the person will draw findings
and discussion hypothetically with own level of understanding about secondary collected
information.
Research Design
Research design is the tool which act as blue print to study and derive components which
can be considered in further study. The focus of design is on coherency, logical reasoning,
measurement and analysis of data (Geerts, 2011). The design of study comprises research
methods, longitudinal data, sampling and data collection as well as analysis strategies. There are
different types of designs, that is, experimental, correlation, descriptive, semi-experimental,
exploratory, explanatory, etc. Every design offers different ways and strategy of managing study
and information. Thus, the research aims to analyse whether Lew Body Dementia is a distinct
diagnosis or a part of Parkinson’s syndrome. Therefore, to ensure effectiveness of data collection
and analysis investigator will implement the use of exploratory design in which focus of
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individual will derive various relevant sources which can be considered for gaining insight over
both the health problems.
Research Approach
Approaches of research in study helps in making general information into specific and
specific information into general. It is the step which helps scholar in determining effectiveness
of information. However, it can be said that it is the process which helps in developing critical
understanding over research title and objectives (Lushey and Munro, 2015). There are two types
of research approaches, that is, inductive and deductive where deductive allows the researcher in
implementing use of relevant theories and models to data in order to make general information
into specific. Whereas, in inductive approach, the scholar aims at logical reasoning in which
researcher aims to make specific information into general. Thus, to gain insight on Lewy body
dementia is a distinct diagnosis or a part of Parkinson’s syndrome, the investigator will
implement use of deductive approach in which individual will implement use of theories to
develop understanding over relationship between Lewy Body Dementia and Parkinson
Syndrome.
Sampling
Sampling is most complex process of study in which the aim of researcher is to choose
small sample from a large group of sources or population. There are various types of sampling
methods like cluster, random, probable, non-probable, stratified, etc. Every sample type is
completely different from each other. However, in this study of Lewy Body Dementia and
Parkinson syndrome, the scholar will implement the use of random sampling (Simple Random
Sampling and Other Sampling Methods, 2018). Further, for the study, sample of survey is based
on three or four case studies which assist in collecting relevant information with regard to
research aim which is to analyse whether Lewy body dementia is a distinct diagnosis or a part of
Parkinson’s syndrome.
Data Collection
Collecting data is the most critical function of research process in which it is the
responsibility of researcher to analyse the best way which helps in gathering relevant information
with regard to aim of study. There are two types of data collection processes, that is, primary and
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secondary where primary information is based on current and fresh information and therefore, it
is collected through interview, questionnaire, focus group, survey, etc. (Qualitative Research
Methods & Methodology, 2018). However secondary data is based on past studies and facts and
is collected through governmental publication, online journals, books, articles, magazines, etc.
Thus, in this research, the scholar collected information through secondary sources which are
case studies and online journals which will related to research tittle.
Data Analysis
Data analysis is the crucial and most prominent part of study as it helps in deriving results
of study. It is an effective tool of research methodology which is used for findings and discussion
(Zumitzavan and Michie, 2015). Further, there are two types of analysis tools which are
qualitative and quantitative where quantitative is one that helps in deriving results in quantifying
measures i.e. in numerical terms. However, there is qualitative analysis in which the individual is
able to analyse gathered data in descriptive and theoretical format. Thus, in this dissertation,
researcher implemented the use of qualitative analysis where the scholar will outline findings
and discussion with the help of thematic evaluation.
Ethical Considerations
Ethical consideration is foremost responsibility of researcher in which the individuals
assure that sources from which information will be collected are appropriate and reliable (Ethical
Considerations, 2017). In this, the person will assure that before researching any case student
and secondary source for information, individuals will seek for permission if required. The
assumption on study will be made on relatable basis and not to harm anyone beliefs, values,
morals and emotion. On the other hand, individuals focus on appropriate referencing in order to
enable evidence to findings and secondary information. Hence, to make research more ethical,
and viable the individual will cite every quoted sentence of author as per different case studies.
15

CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Theme 1: Lewy Body Dementia
Theme 1 will be focused on evaluating concept of Lewy Body Dementia which has been
identified from secondary sources from which it can be stated that it is a disease which leads to
deposition of protein in nerve cells. Further, it has been found that it is a progressive form of
Alzheimer's in which the person starts losing their ability of understanding and logical reasoning.
However, it has been identified that it is state in which human body loses control over processing
of information which further leads to lack of control over motor which hampers physical
movement of human body (Dementia with Lewy Bodies, 2018). As per the views of scholar, it
has been discovered that it is the state in which body of person is unable to coordinate with mind
due to which patients face difficulty in movement which leads to shivering and lack of physical
movement. On the other hand, it has been analysed that LBD can be treated but is incurable
because deposition of Lewy body block's control of human body over thinking and moving
abilities of person.
Theme 2: Parkinson Syndrome
From the collected secondary sources, it has been determined that in Parkinson
syndrome, person losses motor control due to damaged central nervous system. The damage to
mid brain causes lack of physical mobility of human body. It is the situation in which patients
become restless to enable body movement due to which individual experiences shaking, rubbing
pans, thumbs hands and fingers (Litvan and et.al., 2012). The diseases are common in old age
like in people who are above 60 years. Further, from the review, it has been discovered that risk
factors of Parkinson syndrome are heredity, age, sex and exposure to toxics. Thus, it can be said
that cause of Parkinson's disease is unknown, but as per the researcher, main causes of disability
are environmental triggers and genes. However, it has been evaluated that the person suffering
from diseases can also face learning disabilities and become vulnerable.
Theme 3: Diagnosis of Lewy Body Dementia
As per theme 3, it can be stated that first sign of Lewy Dementia are changes in reasoning
and thinking ability in which the person is unable to process and memorize information.
Nevertheless, the person suffering from these diseases feels confused in normal situation like
regular day to day work. Further, the person suffering from LBD also faces hallucination and
16

delusions which makes individual restless. Apart from this, DLB is also leads to lack of
movement which is reflected in symptoms like rigid muscles, hunched posture and trouble in
initiating body movement (Dementia with Lewy Bodies, 2018). On the contrary, it has been
found that the confirmation of DLB can only give proper diagnosis through Magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) which is done by health professionals.
Theme 4: Diagnosis of Parkinson Syndrome
As per theme 4, it has been derived from secondary review that diagnosis of Parkinson
syndrome in medical term is after Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans but on the hand
deficiency of dopamine can also be discovered in basal ganglia with specialized test. However,
as per diagnosis, it has been analysed that Parkinson is the second most dangerous
neurodegenerative disorder and is progressive. Further, it occurs in form of tremor in 75% of
patients. It is not a constant feature, but a standard ‘pill-rolling’ tremor is almost diagnostic of
idiopathic Parkinson's syndrome (International Parkinson Disease Genomics Consortium, 2011).
Apart from medical diagnosis, there are various serious disorder which helps in determining that
the person is suffering from syndrome like Autonomic dysfunction, postural hypertension, severe
dementia and Supranuclear gaze palsy which is related to difficulty is looking down.
Theme 5: Heath care setting for patients suffering from Parkinson and LBD
According to theme 5, it has been analysed that heath care setting for the patients
different from LBS is completely different from patient suffering from Parkinson. The setting by
care providers are organised according to holistic needs to patients. Like the patient suffering
form LBD faces serious disorder in learning, understanding and processing information.
Therefore, in accordance to theses patients, it has been evaluated that its important for the service
providers to ensure effective inclusion plan by supporting them with addition needs. In
accordance to such patients it is the responsibility of nurses to provide them extra attention
according to level of their syndrome However, the holistic needs of individual suffering form
Parkinson are related to support in movement which be customised or manual. Supporting people
in physical movement helps them in overcoming their movement disability which proper support
from health and social care. Providing tools to support impairment is another measure which
assist in development and care of patients suffering from Parkinson syndrome. Apparently, the
holistic needs of people suffering from Lewy Body dementia is related to specific care like
attention, inclusion with social. Further, the individual needs time to understand different
17

situation therefore it is said that it is important for the care takers behave politely with patients of
LBD and provides them impairment tools to assist their inclusion with normal people.
Theme 6: Holistic treatment to LBD and Parkinson syndrome
As per theme 4, it can be stated that it is important for the health care providers to analyse
the best holistic treatment to patient diseases like the patient suffering from LBD faces problems
in understanding and learning. However, as per the research it has been identified that it is
important for the care workers to ensure effective inclusion for patient in positive surrounding
(Martinez‐Martin and et.al., 2011). Involvement with different people by getting support from
additional support form impairment tools boost individuals morale for learning and
understanding different situation. Apart from this for the patients suffering from Parkinson it is
important for the care providers to enable them support from customized tools like wheel chair,
standing stick etc. for managing physical movement. Thus, from the study it has been derived
that medical treatment for both the syndromes are complete different because Parkinson is a
progressive form of Lewy Body Dementia.
Theme 7: Role of Mental Health Counsellors in health care plans
According to reviews of author, it has been determined that person suffering from LBD
and PD lacks confidence which leads to social isolation and developing hallucination. As per the
progression in disease, it is important for the health care providers to ensure positive and cheerful
care environment for the people. Further, from the secondary sources it has been determined that
involving mental health counsellors in care setting plays and important role because it helps in
boosting morale of patients by understanding their situation. The patients suffering from LBD
and PD isolates them due to anxiety, lack of physical movement and also due to communication
issues. However, the argument outlined in secondary reviews reflects that talking to people about
their situation and supporting them with their holistic needs is the approach which can helps in
developing health care plans (Forsetlund and et.al., 2011). Apparently, metal health counsellors
in plans assist care providers in deriving different holistic needs and environment around patient
according to their symptom of diseases. Thus, as per the study it has been found out according to
different authors there are various needs and situation of patients which needs to supported in
order to deliver effective treatment plans of services users according to their syndrome.
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Theme 8: Factors to be considered for LBD and PD patients.
As per the views and case studies, it has been evaluated that Parkinson Syndrome is a
progressive form of Lewy Body Dementia which starts form visual hallucination, problem in
communication, interaction and ends up with shaky body, slowing physical movement, memory
loss, vulnerability, lack of understanding etc. However, the situation make patients resistant to
surroundings due to which person faces restlessness, depression and anxiety (Parkinson and
Parker, 2013). Thus, according to research it has been found out that when dealing patients
suffering form LBD and PD, it is important for the individuals to consider mental status of
person where, it is the responsibility of health care practitioners to ensure safe and secure
surroundings around the patients because there are circumstances where the person become
dangerous and starts harming themselves or people around them. Therefore, as per the study it
has been demonstrated that timely medication, physical exercising, suggested therapies, effective
inclusion and mental support are the factors which needs to considered when handling patients
suffering from Lewy Body Dementia and Parkinson Syndrome.
Theme 9: Differentiated symptoms of LBD and PD
As per the researcher, it has been analysed that symptoms of both the syndromes are
different but progressive like the person suffering from Parkinson syndrome has probability of
developing dementia. In accordance to case studies it has been analysed that the symptoms of
both the syndromes are different at initial level. Like, In LBD the person faces lack of confidence
to memory loss, disability in communication and processing information. In this syndrome the
person is unable to recognising whereas in Parkinson Syndrome is related to lack of mobility to
loss of control over motor. In this the body is either shaky, shivery when the person tries to move
any of the body part (Lewy Body Dementia and Parkinson Disease Dementia, 2018). Moreover,
the study evaluated movement of problem with progressive dementia is incurable because in this
the person looses control over situation and memory. These are the situation which impact
confidence and inclusion of patients. Thus, from the theme it can be concluded that both the
syndromes have differentiated but related symptoms if compared to situation of patients. Apart
from this, the study reflects that Lewy Body Dementia is progressive for of Parkinson Syndrome
and therefore it is important for the health care providers to ensure different and safe
environment for service users according to their level of comfort.
19

Theme 10: Nursing intervention for the patients of LBD and PD
In accordance to theme 10, it can be stated that nursing intervention plays an important
role in health care practices for the patients suffering from LBD and PD as it helps the care
providers in establishing step wise process of managing safe care practices of patient. The
nursing intervention allows the health care organisation in managing treatment plans which
comprise, medication sensitivity, behavioural disorder and one acceptance to disability.
However, on the other hand the scholar argued about team role in nursing intervention which
includes medical professionals, social workers, professional physician, support workers,
neighbours and close friends of patient (Shim, Landerman and Davis, 2011). Further, the author
in study argued over knowledge of care workers when treating patients. As per the discussion it
has been analysed knowledge over individual diseases plays an important role because it helps
the practitioner in deriving several ways of effective inclusion of service users. On the hand,
from intervention discussion it been found out that support team of intervention plan helps health
care and social care centre in managing safe and effective inclusion of patients.
Theme 11:Relationship between Lewy body Dementia and Parkinson's syndrome
There exists a direct relationship between Lewy body dementia, also termed as LBD and
Parkinson which is basically a former stage of LBD. Apart from this, there are some major point
of similarities and distinction among both these diseases. On the basis of their diagnosis, signs,
symptoms as well as prognosis, both LBD and Parkinson are very much similar to one another.
Some vital similarities among them is in terms of their existence where near about 1 million US
based individuals are known to get affected from both LBD and Parkinson. Also, both of these
diseases are chronic in nature and are known to impact upon the nerve cells of an individual’s
brain. Beside this, both of these illnesses are not known to have any permanent treatment with
only some set of medicinal cures to manage or reduce the arising symptoms. Moreover, both
LBD and Parkinson diseases are required to be detected with a series of tests and medical
examination. Lastly, LBD as well as Parkinson illness are normally diagnosed nearly at an
elderly stage of 60 years or so.
Although, there together exists some vital differences among both these diseases in terms
of their distinct set of characteristics. Herein, the Parkinson disease is usually being categorised
by the motor signs such as resting quiver, stiffness, sluggishness along with problems in walking
or balancing. The existence of Parkinson’s is being detected on the rate of slowness and tremors,
20

etc. In addition to this, people suffering from Parkinson disease will also experience cognitive
issues that can range from a mild state of cognitive damage to a severe level of impairment that
ultimately leads to dementia. However, this creates a revolving difference among both where
everyone suffering from Parkinson’s are not known to suffer from memory related issues and not
everybody diagnosed with memory problems are apparent to have dementia. Beside this,
individual suffering from dementia cannot be stated to have LBD where people suffering from
Parkinson can together have other type of dementia like Alzheimer or vascular dementia, etc.
Finally, the motor symptoms of LBD also differ from that to the Parkinson disease where people
may suffer from visual delusions also known as hallucinations with an inconsistent level of
concentration.
21

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The dissertation was based on analysing whether Lewy body dementia is a distinct
diagnosis or a part of Parkinson’s syndrome. To make systematic process, scholar discussed the
research in systemic formation where first chapter was focused on Introducing Parkinson
syndrome and Lewy Body Dementia from which it has been analysed that LBD is the medical
situation in which the person is unable to process certain information, memorize, recognise,
learning, understand and lacks analytical thinking. However, Parkinson syndrome is the problem
in which the person faces difficulty in movement of physical body and ends up with rigidity,
difficulty in walking, shaking. Further, the entire dissertation is based on three objective and one
question which are focused on analysing differences in LBD and PD and on evaluating
relationship between Lewy body Dementia and Parkinson's syndrome. The chapter has outlined
the rationale of conducting research which is to analyse health care factors of both disease
instead of medical concerns. Hence, the introduction helped in determining that LBD is a
progressive form Parkinson Syndrome.
The chapter 2 of dissertation outline literature review in which the scholar evaluated
views of several authors on the basis of three key themes. However, the themes are framed in
research with the help of objective in order to avoid the chance of errors and elimination of any
concerned topic. Further, the views outlined person suffering from LBD faces symptoms like,
hallucination, lack of understanding, ability of analytical reasoning etc. The problem of LBD are
clearly reflected in one' s personality due to which and due to which the person is unable involve
in society like every other person. Apart from this, it has been concluded that the person
suffering from Parkinson syndrome faces difficulty in physical movement. From the views of
various author it has been evaluated that it is the situation where the person looses infection with
mid brand due to which the body is unable connect and instruct for movement. In addition,
theme 1 of literature review summarized that the person suffering from Lewy Body and major
chances of developing Parkinson which is the situation when protein cells blocks brain
membranes due to which human body is unable to coordinate with central nervous system.
Further, from theme 2, it has been analysed that yes both the syndromes are related to each other
because the person suffering from either of diseases have high chance of progressive other
syndrome. It stated that it is important for the health care practitioner to strengthen care when
treating patients with LBD and PD. On the other hand, it discovered medication and treatment
22

plans of both the syndrome are focused on improving functioning of human body which included
walking, control on shivering, consciousness. Thus, the chapter concluded by analysing
relationship between both diseases which stated that LBD is progressive Parkinson which
restricts physical movement of human body.
The third chapter of dissertation is focused on methodological tools which helped the
researcher in analysing best tool to analyse and conduct smooth research process. In this phase of
research scholar outlined research philosophy of study which is realism that helped the
individual in making feasible assumption of gathered information, It is the philosophy which
helped the researcher in outlining the best observation over Lewy body dementia is a distinct
diagnosis or a part of Parkinson’s syndrome which is a medical concern but here the focus of
scholar was to analyse health concern out of both syndromes. Further, the chapter outlined
research design and approach for making entire study systematic and smooth. However, for this
purpose the scholar implemented use of inductive approach to frame logical reasoning of study
with the helps of exploratory design. Apart from this, the author summarized data collection and
analysis tool to conduct entire process. Apparently, to make study effective the researcher
implemented the use of secondary research which is focused on past collected and summarized
facts. This is the tool which helps the individual in outlining appropriate and relevant data as per
the aims and objective of research. The last chapter of dissertation is based on findings and
discussion in which the researcher framed 11 themes on the basis of secondary research. The
themes are completely different from each other and has outlined every aspect of study in order
to develop critical understanding and concluded with determining all the measure which reflects
similarities, differences and relationship between Lewy body dementia Parkinson’s syndrome.
In accordance to entire study, there are various recommendation which can be like, The
health care practitioner should implement the use of effective nursing intervention to support
leaning and involvement of disabled people. Further, the health care workers should ensure that
no person suffering from LBD and Parkinson syndrome is neglected (Pretzer-Abof, Galik and
Resnick, 2011). In addition, it can be suggested that person suffering from disability should be
supported with addiction holistic needs because it is the tactic which can helps the healthcare
and social organisation on boosting morale of patients.
23

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