Decision Making in Leadership Management: Assignment Solution

This document presents a comprehensive solution to a decision-making assignment, addressing key concepts and providing practical examples. The assignment begins by outlining the fundamental steps in understanding and solving problems, including breaking down complex issues into manageable parts, defining goals, and setting decision goals. It then delves into the decision-making process, emphasizing the importance of identifying the decision, gathering relevant information, identifying alternatives, and weighing evidence. The solution further explores a case study involving a student's academic underperformance, offering insights into potential causes and strategies for improvement. It also includes personal decision-making examples, decision goals, and strategies. Additionally, the assignment covers cognitive biases, such as current moment bias, confirmation bias, framing effect, bandwagon effect, and projection bias, providing examples of each. Finally, it explores different decision-making strategies, including authoritarian, subgroup, majority, and consensus approaches. The solution is supported by cited works, providing credibility and further resources for learning.

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Name
Instructor
Course
Date
Decision making
Question 1
1. Understanding your problem
One should understand the problem that he or she is experiencing. Understanding your
problem helps in coming up with best ways to solve it. One should study the nature of his or her
problem in order to decide on the best ways to solve it.
2. Breaking the problem into manageable parts
After understanding the problem, try to handle a small section of the problem at a time
instead of trying to solve the entire problem at once.
3. Definition of problem goals
For every part of the problem identified, it is important for one to figure out the goals for
solving the problem (Hilbert 211). One has to know what he or she is aiming at. If one does not
have a goal for the problem solving, it will not be easy for him to know the steps to take in order
to solve such a problem.
4. Setting decision goals in solving the problem

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This is an important step as one finds measures towards accomplishing the set goals in the
process of solving the problem (Chao 350). This step involve coming up with the mechanisms to
solve each part of the problem. It involves strategies one takes to meet the goals already set.
Question 2
1) Identification of the decision – identification of decision involves evaluating if the steps
taken to solve the problem are effective or not (Wei 243).
2) Gathering relevant information-collection of basic information is important step of the
action plan. Some of the external information helps in selecting the best decision to
take towards the problem solving.
3) Identification of alternatives –in the process of collecting the information, possible
alternative actions are considered.
4) Weighing the evidence-The information collected can be weighed based on one's
emotions as well as the imaginations as decision action plan.
Question 3
1. Julian could be undergoing lack self-confidence in her academics. She could not be having
that sense of self-confidence that she can make it in academics. Any course has its challenges
and one has to accept the challenges and focus on the positive side of the results. In addition,
Julia could be having external or internal disturbances such as lack of financial support leading
to her underperformance. In addition, Julia might be serious in her studies or making an
assumption that she will pass automatically which is not the case in academic since one has to
study extensive and intensive for good performance.

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2. Julia is supposed to identify the cause of her underperformance problem. She should
evaluate why is she performing poorly, what is the cause and how can she resolve that.
3. If Julia performance improves, then I can say the decision she took is good because it is
reversing her performance to the best.
Question 4
a)
Decision 1: I should advance in my
studies
Decision 2: Business related
field is my choice and
decision
Decision 3: I should go to
one of the best school in
business courses
Decision 4: My school of choice to
study business course is Geneva
Business School

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b)
Question 5
1. Current moment of cognitive bias –this type of bias involves overspending in things which
are not basic (Yang and Wen-Bin 208). It results to overspending on buying unimportant thing
(s) instead of saving. E.g. buying a radio because you need to feel the comfort of it and failure to
save for household basic needs
Goal achieved this
year: First distinction
in business study
Decision 1: Development
of positive attitude
towards business study
Decision 2:
seeking guidance
on how I should
study business
Decision 4: forming
and participating in
group works based on
my field of study.
Decision 3:
studying intensive and
extensive in business

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2. Confirmation cognitive bias-this involves tendency to seeking for the information
interpretation that satisifies your needs fully. Eg. Seeking the phone features with the mentality
they all fit what one is interested at which may not be the case in the market.
3. The framing effect cognitive bias-when information is presented to us regardless of whether
negative or positive about what we need to buy, it may lead to poor purchasing decision
(Zsambok 24). E.g refusing to buy a phone type because the other person says his or her same
type of phone easy gets cracked on the screen which might not be the case to all phones of the
same type.
4. The Bandwagon Effect cognitive bias –it involves following the beliefs or decisions made
by the large group of individuals which may lead to wrong decision in purchasing a product. Eg.
Buying wrong electronic device because other people say it’s best for them.
5. The projection cognitive bias-This involves the assumptions that we make about other
people (Wei 11671). It may lead to overestimation about common thought in buying the product
hence the wrong decision. Eg. Assuming every one like the type of car you’re buying which may
not be the best to everyone.
Question 6
1. Authoritarian
In this type of the decision strategies, the team leader makes the final decisions.
2. Sub-group
This is where the small part of the entire team gains a sufficient influence in forcing the team
leader to adopt a certain type of the decision.
3. Majority

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This involves voting in which the majority decides what decision to be made as per
agreements.
4. Consensus
This is a strategy in which all the members agree on what decision to be made. Each member
must agree to the decision before it is imposed.

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Works cited
Chao, Yu-Chieh. "Decision-making biases in the alliance life cycle: Implications for alliance
failure." Management Decision49.3 (2011): 350-364.
https://www.google.com/search?q=YC+Chao+-+Management+Decision%2C+2011+-
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Hilbert, Martin. "Toward a synthesis of cognitive biases: how noisy information processing can
bias human decision making." Psychological bulletin 138.2 (2012): 211.
https://www.google.com/search?q=M+Hilbert+-+Psychological+bulletin%2C+2012+-
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Wei, Gui-Wu. "Gray relational analysis method for intuitionistic fuzzy multiple attribute
decision making." Expert systems with Applications 38.9 (2011): 11671-11677.
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
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Wei, Gui-Wu. "GRA method for multiple attribute decision making with incomplete weight
information in intuitionistic fuzzy setting." Knowledge-Based Systems 23.3 (2010): 243-247.
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
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Yang, Mu-Li, and Wen-Bin Chiou. "Looking online for the best romantic partner reduces
decision quality: The moderating role of choice-making strategies." Cyber psychology, Behavior,
and Social Networking 13.2 (2010): 207-210.
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/cyber.2009.0208
Zsambok, Caroline E. "Naturalistic decision making: where are we now?." Naturalistic decision
making. Psychology Press, 2014. 23-36.
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