Evaluation of Leadership and Management Theories and Programmes

This report provides a comprehensive overview of leadership and management, exploring key concepts and theories. It begins by defining leadership and management, highlighting their similarities and differences, and then delves into various leadership theories, including trait theory and transactional leadership, with examples. The report then evaluates a leadership development program, specifically the one offered by the NHS, analyzing its structure, eligibility, and training methods. It identifies the benefits of this program for both the organization and individuals, providing a well-rounded understanding of leadership development in practice. The report also discusses the importance of leadership in training and development, highlighting the role of leaders in motivating and guiding teams to achieve organizational goals. It uses the NHS as a case study to analyze and evaluate the training and development programs conducted by companies.

Organisations: Leadership
and Management

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
DISCUSS LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT THEORIES....................................................2
Concept of Leadership............................................................................................................2
Concept of Management.........................................................................................................2
Similarities and Differences between Leadership and Management.....................................3
Leadership Theories...............................................................................................................4
EVALUATION OF LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME.......................................7
Leadership training and development programme.................................................................7
Importance of Leadership in training and development.........................................................7
Analysing the leadership training and development programme...........................................8
Identify and evaluate the benefits of this leadership programme for both the organisation and
individual................................................................................................................................9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
Leadership is a process through which an individual motivates all its followers and help
them to perform in a particular manner to achieve certain per determined personal and
professional goals. Leader influence individuals towards hard work so that performance level of
followers can be improved to meet requirements of organisation. Leaders possess their own goals
and objectives in order to achieve their objective to creating a highly motivated team. Together
with leaders in organisation managers plays important role for managing various organisational
activities. Management involves controlling a group of people and directing them to work for
achieving goals. Management involves various activities through which resources available in
the business are utilised in effective manner for generating best productive results. Management
and leadership are the two different terms as management is related to planning and controlling
all the organisational activities and leadership is related to motivating human resources to work
hard (Adler and Laasch, 2020).
There are number of management and leadership theories available and application of
each theory is based on the organisational culture. Application of suitable organisational
management and leadership theory is important so that it can be easily accepted and applied in
the organisation. Leadership development program is introduced to enhance productivity,
improve moral and retain employees for long term. In this project report NHS organisation is
considered for appropriate explanation of leadership and management programme. Management
and leadership of the organisation required to be evaluated in order to improve over a period of
time for better results.
In the report literature review of Management and leadership is conducted evaluate the
leadership and development programme. basically the report is divided into two parts in the first
part a discussion is conducted on leadership and management theories there first the concept of
leadership and management are explained along with the definition of leaders and managers are
also provided. While discussing the leadership and management concepts evaluation is
conducted in which difference between leadership and Management is highlighted along with
respective similarities among them. Missing father two leadership theories are discussed and
elaborated in relation with large organizations that are trait leadership theory and transactional
Leadership theory. These two theories are identified and analytically described there their
1

implementation and more specifically leader’s role in the organization according to these
leadership styles is also elaborated.
The second part of the report is Focus towards a leadership and training programme that is
conducted by NHS learning academy. In this part of the report the practice of training and
development it is conducted by companies is evaluated. Here once after analyzing and
understanding the meaning of training and development programme its importance is highlighted
in relation with leadership and the role of leaders (Busch and graser, 2020). Moreover at the end
a leadership training and development of programme which is provided by NHS leadership
academy is thoroughly examined. First introduction is produced of the programme moving
forward with understanding the eligibility criteria structure and training methods use in the
programme. Furthermore the benefits of this leadership training and development programme for
the organization and for the individual applying for it are identified as well.
DISCUSS LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT THEORIES
Leadership and management is a process through which a goal is targeted to be achieved
and a mission is planned to accomplish the targeted objective. Management plans all the
activities and control them to achieve targets and leadership motivates the entire workforce to
work in best manner so that all the objectives are achieved. Leadership and management both are
separate terms and available with some similarities and differences. The concept of leadership
and management is explained below along with its similarities and differences.
Concept of Leadership
Leadership
The leaders are the individual who helps the individual and themselves to do the right
things. The leaders set direction for their team members, build vision and create new ways and
manners for individuals to work with for becoming most effective. Therefore, leadership is a
concept of mapping out a path for workers and team members in order to win all tasks and attain
all objectives. This practice and position is exciting, needs dynamic nature person who is flexible
and who is an inspiration for others (Bush, 2020).
Concept of Management
Management
2

Management is referred as an art or a science, which is essential for keep running the
company smoothly and in an organised manner. Management tool is a backbone of a successful
and healthy organisation where all resources are allocated at the correct place and managed
properly. Management means getting things done in a prescribed manner which enable an entity
to achieve all its predetermined objectives effectively.
Similarities and Differences between Leadership and Management
Similarities:
 Management and leadership is a task which involves performing activities with human
resource or the personnel’s of company.
 Management and leadership performs operations of influencing people for making them
work according to the organisation and in for attaining organisational goals in an
effective manner.
 Management and leadership create a well-defined structure for people of their entity
through which they are able to work appropriately and in a way by which goals and
objectives needs to be achieved.
 Management and leadership performs their operations in such manner so that allocation
of all the resources can be done in well-defined manner, no resource is wasted and
optimally used which creates synergy in business and increases its productivity (Fard and
et., al., 2020).
Differences:
Management Leadership
Management team make Organisational plans
and budgets in order to accomplish set
strategies and plans on set timelines.
Leadership of an entity Establish a direction of
employees towards organisational vision to
achieve goals.
Management creates and set priority task to be
completed by the workforce who are associated
with the entity. Management is at higher level
and accordingly they are responsible for
looking over the overall performance according
to the priorities set.
On the other hand, Leadership helps to
assembling a team to accomplish all the task,
motivate and inspire them positively and direct
them in right direction for fulfilling their job
roles and attain team objective for contributing
to overall motives of company.
3

Management review the work performed to
improve its quality and meet with the
performance standards.
Leadership is concerned to motivate workforce
for creating an example of hard work and
success.
All the activities and project scope is controlled
by the managers of the business organisation as
they are the higher authority.
Leadership is concerned to identify when the
scope of the project needs development for
improved performance.
Leadership Theories
In big multinational organisation application of leadership is based on certain leadership
theories. The structure of company is huge due to its vast spread operations in different
geographical locations. Some of the leadership theories used in the organisation are as follows-
Trait Theory
(Fleeson and Jayawickreme, 2015) defines Trait theory of leadership as, leaders are born
with possessing correct qualities and learning they can be suited for leadership. Through this
theory human behaviour is studied and evaluation for leaders is made to know their potential for
success and failure. Focus of this theory is on the leadership and the characteristics that a leader
possesses while performing various leadership activities. Trait theory is the one of the oldest or
the first academic theory of leadership and highlights on the fact that why one individual or a
person is tends to be a good leader. This theory is based on features and characteristics of a
leader both successful and unsuccessful. Some of the most common and impressive leadership
traits which are identified in an effective leader are confidence, honesty, integrity, emotional
intelligence, energy, initiative and many others. It is important to use trait theory of leadership in
an organisation in order to understand different personalities of individuals while performing
various operations in business organisation. But as time is changing, business environment and
practices are also evolving. Along with it current market trends have great impact on the
leadership styles which are adopted by leaders of an organisation (Fowler, 2020). Therefore,
Trait theory of leadership is becoming out dated and old. This is one of the drawbacks of trait
theory which affect its implication and effectiveness when applied in an organisation.
(Cattell and a Dual, 2018) while evaluating the concept of characteristics of a leader
provides that a leader is available with number of traits. Availability of a trait among an
4

individual is an inborn quality which can be improved with learning. This theory helps to create
an understanding of people behaviour working in a business organisation. As companies are
working with huge human resource employed in different departments. These employees possess
different characteristics, background and journey and in order to make all of them work together
as a team application of trait theory of leadership is important. As organisations are working
towards achievement of a goal which is common to all the employees and in order to accomplish
that goal willingness must be generated among employs at each level. It is important for leaders
to understand their followers so that motivational technique can be implemented in effective
manner. Some of the characteristics that are appreciated in organisations are positive thinking,
confidence and capacity to inspire others (Golensky and Hager, 2020). Self-review and
continuous learning is one of the essential tools demanded at each level for the workforce so that
effective development can take place. The leaders of entities can make use of their different
traits, features and characteristics for leading their teams and making them work in an effective
manner. The leaders trait of inspiring others is will add value and employees will be inspired to
work by adopting new ways which are productive. The team members of firms will be guided by
the leaders which will create confidence in them and enable team to work together effectively
towards their common goal of the team and contribute their part in company's ultimate aims and
objectives. Applying trait theory of leadership will benefit the entity in making their staff acquire
various features, improve their skills set as they develop dynamic nature and attitude which will
be boosting their performance level and working manners.
Transactional Leadership
According to the view of Cheery, (2019), Transactional Leadership, is also known a
managerial leadership. This leadership style focuses or concentrates on the supervision skills,
overall organisation and group performance. This main focus of applying this form of leadership
style, the leader puts their efforts on specific tasks which are assigned to individuals. According
to the task or job role which is given to team or personnel, the leader set their rewards or
punishments if work is not done in a proper manner (Cattell and a Dual, 2018). The leaders make
use of rewards for motivating staff and increasing individual’s enthusiasm in order to make them
work most effectively and efficiently. The effectiveness of this leadership style depends upon the
number of assumptions such as, once individual have clarity of task they work in proper manner,
also the followers obey their leaders and follow their commands, this is their main aim for being
5

effective and efficient. In accordance to leaders the assumption is that they focus mostly on their
employees and carefully monitor and supervise their task in order to meet the expectations of
company. The theory is based on behavioural approach of leadership and revolves around or
works upon the basis of rewards and punishments. The rewards makes the employee enthusiastic
and motivate them on them on the others side the fear of punishment keeps them in order a
discipline making them work effectively and in efficiently.
Transactional leadership works in a particular way, where the nature of rewards and
punishments is contingent and depends upon the performances and productivity of employees.
There are specific rules, procedures and standards which are made essential for individuals to
follow while transactional leadership style is followed by leaders of organisations. The
transactional leaders excel in setting standards and expectations which can help in improving and
enhancing the efficiency and productive of overall organisation. The leader’s gives regular
feedbacks about the performances of employees to the management and higher staff in order to
bring better output accordingly and increase their efficiency (Gümüş and et., al., 2020). In
transactional leadership style, the leaders motivate their teams to increase their efficiency by
improving their performance level rather than adopting new ways to work. Basically leaders,
makes team member work with old techniques by which entity is working and motivate them to
be more effective and make optimal use of resources allocated. They do not make use of hit and
try method in search of new effective ways of performing. This type of leadership approach
helps Companies in case of crises and emergency, as then focus will be on accomplishing certain
task rather than on finding news solution to the problem.
Leadership is the ability and power of individual to influence and guide their staff or followers in
correct directions while working in organisation. The companies have large number of operation
which is spread in wider world locations. This implied that the organisations needs to have
synergy and operates commonly in all different locations. Therefore, the leaders make use of
transactional leadership style; it states that the focuses of leaders are on guiding staff for
improving their efficiency by working with same old techniques. This style is adopted by
organisations and their leaders by keeping in mind the end goal of developing and inspiring
representatives since they are remunerated for their execution of plans and fulfilment of goals
( Fleeson and Jayawickreme, 2015). It is the obligation of directors or the management staff of
entities to develop strategies in an order which will remunerate the workers according to their
6

execution of work and performance levels. Then the role of leaders start where they are required
to direct and guide all the employees in right directions and also to those they are responsible for
those individuals who are not able to give their output and efforts (Thorpe, 2020). In this case
leaders will put more efforts and put more input in those individuals who are unable to make the
most out of their talents. The leaders of different firms give the employees or representative
legitimate trainings in those areas where they lack. These trainings will develop positive culture
in the organisation and also increases the motivation level of workforce, inspire them to work in
potentially and in an effective manner for attaining excepted performance level. The rewards and
punishments which are related to the performance of individuals also, encourage staff of Tesco
to render higher level of performance in order to earn higher level of rewards.
EVALUATION OF LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
Leadership training and development programme
Training and development is a programme of an organisation which enhanced the
improvement of employee’s skills and knowledge of a particular individuals or group
performance. Training and development is an activity which is undertaken by every entity for the
development and enhancement of their employees where they keep the staff updated and
improve their skills sets. The training programmes can be for long or a short term and the
trainings can be given on-the-job or off-the-job (Hafford-Letchfield, 2020).
The Leadership Training and Development is comprises to those activities which
improves the competencies and confidence of respective leaders. Even though, it focuses to those
key skills which have wide range of gap influencing the performances of individuals or group.
Importance of Leadership in training and development
According to Alex Hamilton, 2017, the importance of leadership in training and
development is creates the opportunities of workforce where they can improvised the skills and
knowledge as well it provides some methods and techniques which improves the better work
qualities. The importance of leadership in training and development are given below:
 Improves work productivity- By providing the training to leaders with effective
leadership skills, where the employees as well as leaders can increase their work
productivity. Therefore, leaders are available to provide the right guidance and ensuring
that are they performing well as per the expectations.
7

 Emotional intelligence develops- In training and development the Emotional
Intelligence plays an important role as leadership traits which focus to make a great
leaders. It better defines about how emotions can affect to others that people are
enhancing towards with efficiency and considerably. Leadership training programs set up
the strong importance on emotional intelligence because it leads towards the more
prosperous outcomes.
 Strong Adaptability- It increases the power of adaptability in terms of risk taking during
at workforce as well it improvised the flexibility to adapt according to prevailing
situation. Thus, it facilitates effective decision making to encounter the specific situation.
An effective decisions maker can choose right alternative but wrong alternative can
penalised a huge cost which not reflect the characteristics of leadership.
 Project leadership- Leaders will face conflicts to handle all prospect of a project if there
would be not any sufficient project skills. This difference might cause the project flow
and it will gain significant loss to the business. There should be proper understanding of
effective leadership skills in which respective leader will manage their teams and
accomplish the projects in a given time schedule.
Above the importance of leadership in Training and development can facilities workers to
skills improvisation by which they can deliver the better work productivity, they can learn and
adapt new thing regarding of workforce services through leaders as well as increase the decision
making power of an particular individuals or groups (Snelling, Exworthy and Ghezelayagh,
2020).
Analysing the leadership training and development programme
Mary Seacole Programme within NHS leadership academy is developed by with
partnership of global experts that is associated with leadership and management and in order to
increase their knowledge and skills. The concept of learning and becoming a successful leader is
very difficult. Therefore, Mary Seacole programmes is based on reality and applicable on real
workplace application. The aim of Mary Seacole programmes of leadership of is to create
balance in learning and applying theory in practical scenario. This programme was designed for
individuals those who are in first formal leadership role, empowering them to turn their success
into the success of the whole team and ultimately of the organisation.
Eligibility
8

The programmes are for those individuals who are in any formal position in NHS. That
means the individual holds an authority to become a leader, who has responsibilities of people
and services and ability to relate their learning with workplace and practical scenario
(Radoynovska, Ocasio and Laasch, 2020).
Structure
Mary Seacole programme is a six month long programme which involves 100 hours of
long trainings and online study. It also has three face to face behavioural workshops for the
applicant which is delivered to them locally in their domestic region. The programme can be
undertaken in two ways that is nationally with number of intakes in a year. Or through a locally-
tailored programmes provided by the NHS at training hub.
Training methods and intended outcomes
Mary Seacole programme is conducted by NHS leadership academy virtual campus, it
holds programmes files, interactive contents, online resources and Mary Seacole Programme
session forums. Also, the face to face training workshops will be given by experts and facilitators
around the country locally.
This the brief information of the whole Mary Seacole programme leadership programme which
is offered and conducted by the NHS leadership academy (Leithwood, Harris and Hopkins,
2020).
Identify and evaluate the benefits of this leadership programme for both the organisation and
individual
Mary Seacole programme of leadership learning is the training session which is
conducted for the persons working in an organisation and holds any formal position to become a
leader or who are managing and responsible for any persons and services. This programme is
advantageous and beneficial for both the individual who is registering for the programme and for
the NHS as organisation as well. It enhances the skills of person taking the programme and in
context of organisation it helps as the practical applicant Mary Seacole Programme on of theory
which is learned by the person is done in the organisation itself making it more effective.
Therefore, more applicable and elaborated benefits of this programme on individual and
organisation are as follows:
Benefits for individual:
9

 Motivate- Mary Seacole programme of leadership encourages the person to be more
evaluative and search for better leadership style rather than copying others and comparing
themselves with other leaders. The leaders of NHS can be benefited with this programme
as they will be motivated and encouraged to search for better innovative and creative
ways of leading staff and directing them towards the respective motives and ultimate goal
of their team.
 Awareness- Mary Seacole programme of leadership enables to be more informed and
increase their awareness about them; they recognize more abilities which are in them. It
gives them more clarity about their strengths and the styles which they can adopt to lead
their staff. The leaders of NHS get the clarity about their behaviours and its impacts upon
others and more importantly on their subordinates so as to keep them informed and more
enthusiastic for performing in the most productive and more potential manner while
providing their services to the patients and other health care needed individuals (Moran,
2020).
 Asset- This programme is techniques or a tool which changes the emotion of the leader
into their assets and develops more skills to be more efficient and productive. The skills
and abilities of better leadership is the asset to all the leaders and this programme will
provide more potentials to the leaders of NHS bringing better critical and analytical
thinking that will allow them to develop better directions for staff and motivate them to
the highest level.
 Change- The leader will be more authoritative, develop more enthusiasm and motivation
to be most effective in their job role and accordingly implement change in an efficient
manner. NHS requires the most motivated leaders as it is a service provider which makes
it important for them to be the best and the leaders encouragement levels will
automatically affects their productivity and that will directly enhance their productivity
bring better change in their leadership styles and approaches which will enhance the
performance of employees as well.
All these benefits of the Mary Seacole programme of leadership helps individual to be more
aware, this higher awareness, emotional intelligence will enable them to work more efficiently
with others, lead them in an appropriate manner and increase their productivity (Nghia and et.,
al., 2020).
10

Benefits for organisation:
 Succession planning- NHS will be benefited too; the planning and strategies which are
developed by individuals for the future of company will be more potential as the
capabilities of their leaders will increase. NHS leaders will be become better and
motivated which will boost them to bring better and more creative plans towards the
success and growth of NHS.
 Professional skills- The NHS leaders will develop new skills and abilities which
increases their professional skills, this implies that they will draw better ideas within
organisation to work on and change the operations into more effective one.
 Culture- The culture of NHS will improve as the leaders will implement better
approaches and effectively manage their teams keeps them in order and develop effective
culture. The culture is the most influential element on the success and smooth running of
an organisation and better culture development in NHS will automatically bring better
results for the running and functioning of the health care institute (Moreno and et., al.,
2020).
 Healthy competition- The level of competition in NHS will increase as more degree of
challenges will flourish throughout the organisation rather than just at senior or higher
level. The competitive approaches of NHS leaders to prove themselves the best will more
significantly benefits the organisation as the leaders and employees will be most
productive and most potentially working.
 Evidence based decisions- The knowledge which is developed by the leaders of NHS
will be practised in company that is the Mary Seacole Programme theoretical knowledge
will be applied in organisation by the individual. This will develop a structured and
evidence based perspective which will enrich the level of decision making impacts the
company positively.
CONCLUSION
The report concludes that leadership and management is a very important concept for an
organisation. This allows company to be in order, follow all rules and regulations to be in order
and achieve all organisational goals in the given time frame and in effective manner. The concept
of management and leadership is considered same, but they are two different concepts which are
followed in an organisation. The management is above and hold the highest level of authority,
11

which are involved in developing strategies and plans on behalf of company. On the other side,
the leadership concept is related to the managing and handling the workforce of company. The
leaders role is to guide and direct their followers towards aims and objectives of company. The
leaders map a path for individuals to follow and be most effective. The leaders adopt various
leadership styles to motivate the personnel’s in order to make them most efficient. The
leadership style which is suggested to the entity is trait theory which is based on the inbuilt
features and characteristics of a leader to lead the staff effectively. The traits which a leader
holds make them successful or unsuccessful. On the other side the leaders of organisation
follows transactional leadership style which is based on the nature of reward and punishment.
The motivation level of an individual will be dependent on the efforts they make and the rewards
they receive. This theory makes the entity and its workforce perform potentially with regularly
increasing productivity.
At the end, concept of leadership training and development is highlighted for which NHS
leadership academy has many programmes which can be undertaken by the individual to excel in
their skills. The Mary Seacole Programme of leadership is evaluated in the report which is a
leadership programme for individuals who have a formal position of responsibilities and
services. The leaders by this programme will enhance their skills and talents of leading staff or
their team members. This leadership programme is beneficial for the individual and the
organisation both. More skills and talents are developed by the person and when theoretical
knowledge is applied in organisational context it improved the operations of company and its
productivity. Therefore, overall leadership and management are a very essential and beneficial
concepts for the organisation. Training and development is considered as one of the most
important and essential activity for an organization to undertake for improving and enhancing the
skill sets and competencies of workforce working in it. In relation with the training and
development leadership training programme which is divided by NHS leadership academy is
examined and identified for NHS and for the leaders of the company. The help of this
programme it is evaluated that training and development is an essential and very important tool
for a company like NHS as it is a very large size and scope. Along with it this leadership training
and development programme is beneficial for leaders and for NHS both making it very
influential on the productivity standards of initially on the leaders and for the company as well
12

because the productivity standards of organization increases with the help of development of the
staff and more specifically of the leaders.
13

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Adler, N.J. and Laasch, O., 2020. Responsible leadership and management: Key distinctions and
shared concerns. The Research Handbook of Responsible Management. Cheltenham:
Edward Elgar.
busch, t. and graser, m., 2020. leadership during times of change: breaking down silos through
collaboration.
Bush, T., 2020. Knowledge production in educational leadership and management: Broadening
the base.
Fard and et., al., 2020. Leadership in project management: a scoping review. International
Journal of Project Organisation and Management, 12(1), pp.74-116.
Fowler, J., 2020. Do you have the building blocks for leadership?. Dental Nursing, 16(1), pp.34-
35.
Golensky, M. and Hager, M.A., 2020. Strategic leadership and management in nonprofit
organizations: Theory and practice. Oxford University Press.
Gümüş and et., al., 2020. Science mapping research on educational leadership and management
in Turkey: a bibliometric review of international publications. School Leadership &
Management, 40(1), pp.23-44.
Hafford-Letchfield, T., 2020. Leadership and management skills in social work. In Introducing
Social Work (pp. 149-159). Learning Matters.
Leithwood, K., Harris, A. and Hopkins, D., 2020. Seven strong claims about successful school
leadership revisited. School Leadership & Management, 40(1), pp.5-22.
Moran, R.A., 2020. Trump@ Work: Really Huge Lessons on Leadership, Believe Me.
Moreno and et., al., 2020, January. Organizational behavior: psychophysiology assessment of
leadership and management in team work and conflict resolution. In 15th International
Symposium on Medical Information Processing and Analysis(Vol. 11330, p. 1133015).
International Society for Optics and Photonics.
Nghia and et., al., 2020. Implementing the student-centred teaching approach in Vietnamese
universities: the influence of leadership and management practices on teacher
engagement. Educational Studies, 46(2), pp.188-204.
Radoynovska, N., Ocasio, W. and Laasch, O., 2020. The emerging logic of responsible
management: Institutional pluralism, leadership, and strategizing. The Research
Handbook of Responsible Management. Chelthenham: Edward Elgar.
Snelling, I., Exworthy, M. and Ghezelayagh, S., 2020. The Chief Registrar role in the UK:
leadership capacity and development of hybrid leaders. Journal of Health Organization
and Management.
Thorpe, A., 2020. Why has critical realism not been used more in educational leadership and
management research? A critical realist exploration. Journal of Critical Realism, 19(1),
pp.29-44.
Fleeson, W. and Jayawickreme, E., 2015. Whole trait theory. Journal of research in
personality, 56, pp.82-92.
Cattell, R.B. and a Dual, B., 2018. Inheritance to Life History Theory. Life History Evolution: A
https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-transactional-leadership-2795317Biological Meta-
Theory for the Social Sciences, p.293.
14

Online:
Hamilton A., 2017. Leadership training should be essential to every business. [Online].
Available Through: < https://growmap.com/reasons-leadership-training-business/>
Cherry. k., 2019. Transnational leadership. [Online]. Available Through:
<https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-transactional-leadership/>
15