Leadership and Management Report: Leadership Theories and Practices

This report delves into the multifaceted aspects of leadership and management, examining the core elements of a successful leader. It explores the traits, skills, and various leadership styles, such as traits, skills, and styles, including the Managerial Grid and Transformational Leadership. The report f...Read More

Leadership and Management

Table of Contents
TASK.............................................................................................................................................................3
What is involved in being a successful leader?........................................................................................3
Can good leadership be developed?........................................................................................................8
What distinguishes leadership from management?..............................................................................10
Learning about leadership from my own experiences...........................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................................14

TASK
What is involved in being a successful leader?
Leadership is considered as one of the important element that help in conducting overall
operations of business. Further leader is a person who influence the behavior of individuals by
his code of conduct and inspiring act that facilitates proper execution of all working procedures
and organization structure in respect of all the changes made due of dynamic external
environment in which company need to understand rapid modification in choices, preferences
and choices in respect of company products and services (Avolio and Yammarino, 2013).
INDIVIDUAL
Three approaches of leadership are as under-
 Traits
 Skills
 Styles
Every business organization success is depended on its leadership style that is followed
by them. Hence, leaders play a vital role in order to accomplish the final objective and aim of
company in set time period. Every leader involve some traits and skills that must be inculcated in
them to be successful.
Traits: These are the qualities which make person impressive and make changes in working
styles. There is difference in every person's quality so this traits provides edge over others. Traits
can be understood with the help of five big personality model. There are five components in this
approach. This model can be understood as under- Openness to experience- There are many changes which are taking place in society.
There is need of change in plans and policies through which changes can be accepted and
it helps to learn new techniques. Conscientiousness- There must be some conscious points which has to be considered.
When working in association, leader has to work according to need and requirement of
association (Bolden, 2016).

 Extraversion- Managers has various new techniques which are significant for making
changes. There must be communication with factors of society, so this help to know and
tell about information (Chi, Lan and Dorjgotov, 2012). Agreeableness- Leader must agree on things which are significant for making changes in
working styles. This helps to know what improvement can be made in dealing with
situation.
 Neuroticism- There are various situations through which company can work according to
need and social cause of business. This is effective for dealing with situation and come
with approaches which are dealing with situations.
Steve Jobs is the best example who is ready to learn new techniques which are effective
for growth of business. He is the person who is ready to learn new techniques which are
effective for growth of business and motivate workers. Steve Jobs is the greatest leaders of all
time and found many things that has made him to bring in different thing in proper way too.
Steve Jobs had the skill to get the work done from his employees in great way which could
helped him to earn good amount of money on market and created a effective image of his
company i.e. APPLE.
Skills: There are some characteristics present in very person which helps to work with use of
techniques which is effective for achieving targets. There is use of policies which are essential to
perform job responsibilities. There are possibilities that as per situation person can change these
skills or polish them by learning it. Skills can be understood by Skills-Based Model of
leadership.
This theory is given Robert Katz in 1955 in his paper ''Skills of an Effective
Administrator''. As per this theory, there is identification of techniques through which manager
can know about use of techniques which are significant for growth of career. As in team there are
various activities which has to be considered, so this helps to distribute work according to skills
and hence positive results can be judged (Chiabrishvili and Chiabrishvili, 2013). Through
person can about skills and when needed this helps to use such skills. Mark Zumberge works
with this approach to make Facebook as Effective technique, which helps type know what can be

done through which association can work and then this helps to know what can be done through
which positive results can be known.
Styles: There are some styles of leadership which is effective for knowing changes in effective
and efficient way. There are various problems which has faced by employees so there is
requirement of regular check which is effective for making changes in roles and responsibilities.
To make workers motivated there is requirement of various policies which helps to achieve
targets. Leadership style can be understood by managerial grid which helps to distribute roles
and responsibilities significantly (Dignam and et. al. ,2012).
(Source: Blake and Mouton’s Managerial Grid, 2017)
This model was propounded by Robert R. Blake and Jane Mouton in 1964. in this model
there is description about use of techniques which h are significant for job and responsibilities of
workers. There are mainly impoverished management, Task management, Middle of Road,
Country Club, Team management. These factors explain business jobs and responsibilities
effectively (Hallinger and Bryant, 2013). There is use of techniques which are effective for
Illustration 1: Blake and Mouton’s Managerial Grid

making changes in roles and responsibilities of association. This affects business operations in
positive way and hence outcomes are positive.
CONTEXUAL
Leaders are nonetheless those people who include all the aspects of organisation to
perform different functions of management and even though act as a pool in between the top
executives and lower level (Lunenburg, 2011). They act as mediator and provide needed
information formulated by top executives for lower level so that effective working can be there
in entity. Therefore leaders can also be developed with proper training and learning in perfect
way. Learning skills and knowledge and even ability to perform and handle different thing in
right contrast too. Contingency Model- In business there are many changes which are required to be taken
place. There is need of environment which help to make changes in roles and
responsibilities As per this model, there are various situations which are not pre- planned,
so it is essential to work according to situation. Manager must be ready to act as per
situation, this can be effectively done when workers are made aware of activities which
helps to work under dynamic nature.
 Path Goal Theory- While running business or working as manager there are some goals
and targets which has to be considered by managers. Hence as per this theory actions
must be done accordingly. In this theory there is discussion about leader behavior,
contingency factors, subordinate attitude and behavior. These components helps to work
according to ultimate targets. Leader behavior has good impact on business which helps
to make change in roles and responsibilities, so this helps to know what can be done
through which employees gets satisfied. Subordinates behavior is also effective for
accepting changes and learn new techniques through which goals can be achieved
(Morrison, 2010).

RELATIONAL
In an organization variety of issues do come in between the working and in those
particular criteria, leaders are the one who manages the working in perfect way. Leaders do have
variety of leadership approaches which do help them to bring difficult situation into ease and
work hard to make it stable again (Mujtaba, 2013).
 Transformational leadership: Transformation theory says that there is need of changes in
activities so association can be in competition of external factors. There is need of
policies which are flexible for making business objectives efficiently. There are four
components in this theory. They are inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation,
idealized influence, individualized consideration. These helps to analyses market and
then take actions which is effective for growth of business. Leader must know what can
be done through which targets can be achieved (Nienaber, 2010).
Illustration 2: Path-Goal Leadership Theory

(Source: Transformational Leadership Theory, 2017)
 Leader Member Exchange Theory: LMX theory was propounded in 1970. This theory
works for the relationship between leader and team mates. This helps to create good
relations among them, so results can be positive. This theory helps to communicate
properly and exchange views. In this theory there are three stages. They are- Role taking,
Role making and Routinization (Osland and Turner, 2011). This makes good image in
group as well as out of group and task will be performed in specific manner.
Can good leadership be developed?
The change in environment has also changed the definition of leaders and researches of
great people too. Leaders are the part of management and responsible to take feedback from
employees so that what they exactly want can also be known and according to such a proper
policy and procedure in produced in perfect scenario as well.
Individuals perspective: Leaders are manipulated with the going difference in environment and
according to research it is also there that leaders are born they are not made (Renz and Herman,
Illustration 3: Transformational Leadership Theory

2016). But in today’s scenario leaders can also he developed in great criteria. Basically they are
those who have followers and guide other people to work in right direction so that they can build
up a good learning of skills and knowledge. Traits are essential to work in group and perform
activities in specific way. There are possibilities that due to use of such components association
has to work according to need of environment. There is need of change in business operations so
positive results can be gained. As per Sharma and Jain, 2013 traits cannot be developed in
person, these are in built. While at the same time skills and styles can be polished with some
measures.
Steve Jobs who is the founder of APPLE was not the born leader but experience and
learning inculcated in him a great job of leadership. Steve Jobs is considered in one of the
greatest leaders and he has cherishing personality. With his skis and knowledge of bringing
something unique out from mind always helped him to stand out from the group of people. He
uses various leadership traits through which he can guide and monitor workers. Apple has
various outlets in all over world, so they use techniques which are effective for all. As CEO,
Steve Jobs uses five big personality model, so he can learn and apply changes in business
operations.
Contextual perspective: In market environment many leaders come and gone but few of them
got themselves stable just because they had skill to manage it and handle the different situation in
perfect away although. Perhaps, with learning not every people can become a great leaders a
internal skills should also be there which make him/her different from others and its there that
these people have a unique personality which do help them to make people to follow them. There
are various characteristics required to become effective leader. There is use of techniques which
are significant for life and this helps to get use of policies which are effective for making
changes in roles and responsibilities. There is requirement of some techniques through which
changes are expected and then this helps to make changes in business operations (Shattock,
2013).
Mark Zumberge is the person who works on the approach of contingency and path goal
theory. This is company which works on the basis of using theories which are effective for
making changes as per situation. As changes are required to be taken in business environment, so
this is effective for analyzing market and this helps to work as per surroundings. As per path

goals theory he make good relations with workers, so it helps to deliver knowledge and ideas to
team mates.
Relational Perspective: Training and development is that which provide a learning cycle to
people and it is done according to grasping power of people. Hence, leaders do not show there
smartness, they just perform there duty with elegance and provide direction to employees so that
they can perform there duty in effective manner and work can be done in proper and efficient
way (Spillane and Healey, 2010). In team there are varieties of people which helps to achieve
targets. There is use of policies which are significant for business growth.
Transformational theory and leader member exchange theory is favored by famous
personality Bill Gates CEO of Microsoft. There are policies which helps to create good relations
among workers and managers. This helps to create environment in which communication is
effective for business growth. There must be some entertainment related activities which help to
increase interaction between workers and leader.
What distinguishes leadership from management?
Before understanding the differences between leadership and management it is important
to understand the term management and leadership in effective manner because in every
organization it is important for manager to ensure that all the activities and operations are
conducted in better and proper manner. This all can be possible only when coordination and
harmony exist in organization culture which can be possible with the presence of leader who
guide the employees for improving their skill and create sense of team spirit among them
(Dignam and et. al, 2012).
Meaning of management: - Management can be define as process under which all the activities
and task has been run by individuals and group of individuals that is ready to take all the type of
responsibilities for organization. Under this function like planning, organizing, directing and
controlling all the mandatory task of organization. Main objective of management to get their
work done by others under which they also guide the employees to maintain coordination and
boosting up their morale that allow organization to perform and accomplish their objectives and
goals in effective manner. Apart from it, it is utmost duty of manager to formulate different
policies, strategies and tactics that allow them to manage other function in internal organization
in proper and accurate manner (Mujtaba, 2013).

Meaning of leadership: - Leadership can be define as one of the important term which help in
influencing the behaviour of individual. Further leader is one who lead the whole team and
inspire them through their acts and effective personality and effective leadership is based fully
upon creative ideas which are original and these are properly executed when they are effectively
communicated to other workforce in organization that allow leader to regulate to whole team.
Further leaders are those personality which are born with such qualities that allow them to
increase company bottom line which start from the point of controlling the whole management
team and communicate their techniques that help in meeting all the expectation of shareholders
and higher management (Hallinger and Bryant,2013).
Therefore, both the leader and manager are two important component of organization who
conduct the overall operations of business and both of them have to maintain the relationship
between them so that they coordinately and cohesively run the whole team and direct them to
accomplish the mutual team objectives of organization. But there is huge difference between
both the leadership and management which stated below: -
Basis Leadership Management
Personality styles This term requires huge
charisma and imagination in
order to lead the people.
Further, leaders are more
comfortable in tackling all
types of risks (Sharma and
Jain, 2013).
To manage everything
appropriately lot of rationality
require in order to
optimumally use all the
resources in order to
accomplish all the goals and
objectives.
Focus Their main focus is to lead
the whole team effectively
and that person is the center
attraction of organization.
Under this case manager main
concentration on style,
structure and overall
resources of organization
(Shattock, 2013).
Attitude towards goals Under this leader adopt
personal and active attitude
towards whole workforces.
On the other hand, managers
adopt passive attitude towards
organization goals and
objectives.
Relationship with others Leaders have empathy with
other team members.
Manager adopt professional
attitude in which emotional
content is low.
Real case example of leadership

In case of taking real example then Steve jobs is considered as one of the best example who not
seen themselves as leader by birth but after starting Apple computer from his waste material in
1976 and he was fired by the board of directors in 1985 at the time when company facing huge
competition but after founding Pixar amination studio and next computer he was again rehired
and then invent IPOD, Macintosh software he was become youngest talented employee and
leader of this company who interact daily with their subordinate and guide them regarding all the
modernized techniques in their working style for better productivity and also manage all the
dynamic challenges coming in external environment.
Therefore, it can easily be analyzed both the leadership and management one of the utmost
mechanism that need to properly managed by company. In order to execute all the action plans
of company it is essential for company to organize such training programs through they enhance
the skill and ability of leader at the time of leading whole team on the other hand manager must
be focused towards all the ethical practices and rules regulation that need to be followed by
organization (Nienaber, 2010).
Learning about leadership from my own experiences
It has been clear that every person can’t be leader but leader is person which inherit with
various personality traits, skills and motivational factors that require to be present in order to
become an effective leader. However, on the other hand I believe that leadership means
generating huge impact and I personally feel that there are few individuals who affect others on
regular manner which consider as true leader in traditional region.
My own experience of being make up artist at photo studio. Further at the time of visiting
in London I came to work under various situation through which change can be made in
significant way. There is use of techniques such as great man theory which talks about learning
new things and then I apply to work place. There are various types of customer who visit parlor.
There is difference in their demand, so it is essential to work accordingly. I have to motivate
workers to provide best services, so customer gets satisfied. I put emphasis on analyzing market
and then use products. For make work I am read to learn new things which is associated with
skills based model. In my parlor there is hierarchy which work as per their authority. This helps
to work according to managerial grid theory. In festive season, marriage season there is work
load, so I motivate workers so customer satisfaction is possible (Healey, 2010).

I prefer to come with techniques which are effective for making good communication
among team mates. Under dynamic environment changes are coming in rapid speed due to
increasing needs and expectation of costumer so it is duty of mine to scan all the relevant
changes and add some attractive and innovative features which help in satisfy the needs and
requirement of customers (Avolio and Yammarino, 2013). As in make- up stream I have to select
products after testing so I give guidance to team mates to use make up product optimally.
From the above discussion it has been concluded that leadership play an essential role in
carrying out the business activities. There are number of traits, characters that must be present in
in individual to be a successful leadership. Apart from it, different between leadership and
management process is also being defined. Therefore, it is being also concluded that leaders are
not born, but is developed with time, experience, knowledge and skills.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Avolio, B .J. and Yammarino, F .J. eds., 2013. Introduction to, and overview of, transformational
and charismatic leadership. In Transformational and Charismatic Leadership: The
Road Ahead 10th Anniversary Edition (pp. xxvii-xxxiii). Emerald Group Publishing
Limited.
Bolden, R., 2016. Leadership, management and organisational development. In Gower handbook
of leadership and management development (pp. 143-158). Routledge.
Chi, H. K., Lan, C .H. and Dorjgotov, B., 2012. The moderating effect of transformational
leadership on knowledge management and organizational effectiveness. Social Behavior
and Personality: an international journal. 40(6). pp.1015-1023.
Chiabrishvili, K. and Chiabrishvili, N., 2013. Leadership vs management. Grigol Robakidze
University Academic Digest Business and Management. (1). pp.155-158.
Dignam, D., and et. al. ,2012. Management and leadership in nursing: an Australian educational
perspective. Journal of nursing management. 20(1). pp.65-71.
Hallinger, P. and Bryant, D., 2013. Mapping the terrain of educational leadership and
management in East Asia. Journal of Educational Administration. 51(5). pp.618-637.
Lunenburg, F .C., 2011. Leadership versus management: A key distinction—at least in
theory. International Journal of Management, Business, and Administration. 14(1).
pp.1-4.
Morrison, K., 2010. Complexity theory, school leadership and management: Questions for theory
and practice. Educational Management Administration & Leadership. 38(3). pp.374-
393.
Mujtaba, B.G., 2013. Managerial skills and practices for global leadership. ILEAD Academy.
Nienaber, H., 2010. Conceptualisation of management and leadership. Management Decision.
48(5). pp.661-675.
Osland, J. and Turner, M., 2011. The organizational behavior reader. Pearson.
Renz, D .O. and Herman, R.D. eds., 2016. The Jossey-Bass handbook of nonprofit leadership
and management. John Wiley & Sons.
Sharma, M .K. and Jain, S., 2013. Leadership management: Principles, models and
theories. Global Journal of Management and Business Studies. 3(3). pp.309-318.
Shattock, M., 2013. University governance, leadership and management in a decade of
diversification and uncertainty. Higher Education Quarterly. 67(3). pp.217-233.
Spillane, J .P. and Healey, K., 2010. Conceptualizing school leadership and management from a
distributed perspective: An exploration of some study operations and measures. The
elementary school journal. 111(2). pp.253-281.

Online
Transformational Leadership Theory. 2017. [Online]. Available
through:<https://managementstudyguide.com/transformational-leadership.htm >.