Management and Leadership: Roles, Theories, and Application Report

This report explores the critical roles of leaders and managers within organizations, focusing on their distinct characteristics and functions. It delves into various leadership theories, including contingency, situational, and system theories, illustrating how these approaches are applied in diverse workplace situations, such as labor turnover and interpersonal conflicts, with a specific focus on the Marriott hotel. The report evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of different leadership approaches, examining the practical implications of transformational, contingency, and system theories. By analyzing these theories and their application, the report provides a comprehensive understanding of effective leadership and management practices, offering insights into how leaders and managers can navigate challenges and foster a positive work environment.

Management and operation
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Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION 3
LO 1 3
P1 Define and compare the different roles and characteristics of a leader and a manager 3
M1 Differentiate between role of a leader and functions of a manager by effectively applying a
range of theories 4
D1 evaluate the different theories & approaches of leadership 4
LO 2 5
P2 Application of roles of a leader and function of a manager in different situations 5
P3 Different theories & models of approach including situational, system and contingency
leadership 6
M2 Strengths and weaknesses of different approaches to situations 7
REFERENCES 8
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INTRODUCTION
This study will show about the importance of leaders and manager in an organisation.
Managers and leaders both play a vital role in a company as they motivate, direct and make new
ideas for developing their business. There are various styles of leadership and approaches of
management that helps them in completing their tasks in an effective manner. In various types of
situations which occur at workplace, leaders and manager both play a significant role in handling
that type of situation in order to maintain a healthy and strong relationship with employees.
This report will also show about different approaches of operational management like total
quality management, just in time approach which helps the hotel in reducing their wastes and
overall cost of the hotel. By following that approaches of operational management, leaders and
managers increases their sales and productivity (Heizer and et.al., 2017). There are some external
and internal factors that impact and influence decision making process of leaders and managers
and also to operational management.
LO 1
P1 Define and compare the different roles and characteristics of a leader and a manager
Leadership is the process of setting a new direction for a group of people and employees of
a company. On the other hand management is a process of controlling and managing all the
things of and group of people according to the values & principles.
Leadership Management
Leadership has followers who follow their
instructions
Managers have Subordinates who helps
managers in order to manage all the activities
and operations of the company.
Leaders are the one who are responsible for
achieving the vision of the company by
implementing ideas made by managers.
A manager makes new and innovative ideas.
Leaders have the power of influencing and
they lay keen emphasis on inspiring their
followers.
Managers have the power of ruling their
subordinates and they lay keen emphasis on
managing activities.
Leaders use motivation style for motivating
their followers in order to achieve a common
goal.
In order to do and make work done from their
subordinates a manager use an authoritarian
style.
Leader of Marriott hotel have various skills
like communication, delegation and motivation
by which they lead their followers.
Manager of the hotel also have various skills
such as interpersonal skills, organisation skills
and forward planning skills which make them
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able to manage their subordinates.
Leaders and managers both have different characteristics and roles with the same aim of
developing their business. They play a vital role in Marriott hotel. A manger makes a structure of
roles and responsibilities of employees or delegates the authority and leader of the hotel provide
a clear guidance and direction to their followers about the task. They have the same aim of
achieving vision and inspiring their employees.
M1 Differentiate between role of a leader and functions of a manager by effectively applying a
range of theories
There are various differences between roles of leaders and managers but they both have the
same aim that to achieve determined goals of the hotel. According to contingency theory of
management, manager’s effectiveness us depends upon their skills, behaviour and situations.
They play their roles and skills according to situation which make them able in managing
effectively (Vasilescu, 2018). On the other hand with the help of situational theory of leadership,
leader manages and adjusts their style according to the situation of an organisation. They try to
manage situation by managing their styles and adopt the best style according to the situation
which occur at workplace.
D1 Evaluate the different theories & approaches of leadership
There are various theories and approaches of leadership such as trait and behavioural theory,
contingency, situational and system theory. There are other styles of leadership and leaders
which are known as Henry Fayol who is director of Mines and developed business administrative
theory. This theory has various principles that can help the leader and manager of Marriott hotel.
Some principles of this theory are: Division of work, discipline, unity of direction, remuneration
and equity. With the help of these principles, leader can lead their employees by dividing of
work according to skills of employees and by remuneration principle they can motivate them
which can solve various problems.
Lord Alan sugar is also a good leader for various reasons. The main reason which makes
them able and successful is they adopt and follow visionary leadership style as they had a long
term vision from an early age to be wealthy and successful in the future. Alan Sugar has an
inspiring nature in order to encourage their followers and the success.
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LO 2
P2 Application of roles of a leader and function of a manager in different situations
Leader and a manager of Marriott hotel play an important role in different types of situations.
There are various types of situations arise which become the barrier in the growth of the hotel.
Sometimes situations create conflicts among employees which has impact on the relationship of
employees. It also creates a bad working environment and also have negative impact on their
customers. There are various types of situations happen in which leader and the manager play
their significant role which are described below:
Labour turnover: Labour turnover is the main problem and situation which arise in Marriott
hotel. There are various reason which create this type of problem such as discrimination, unfair
wages, interpersonal relationship and ineffective communication. Leader of The hotel find out
the reasons of problem and then take actions accordingly. In this type of situation the leader
motivate their employees by financial and non-financial benefits. Leader tries to fulfil their all
the needs by inspiring and motivating them (YARDAN and AYDIN, 2018). On the other hand,
manager of Marriott hotel implement policies of anti-discrimination and provide fair wages to
employees according to their work. The manager of the hotel focus on interacting with each
employees face to face in which they try to understand their problems and then manage them by
managing activities.
Interpersonal conflicts: Interpersonal conflicts and conflicts among employees happen for
various reasons such as: ineffective communication, work load and pressure of work. Work
pressure makes them frustrated and tired and they make errors and mistakes in their work. Due to
frustration they do not focus on their work and have to face various problems. It becomes the
reason of interpersonal conflicts. In this situation, a leader of the hotel tries to find out the reason
and then try to focus on improving communication method. Communication is the main reason
of creating conflicts so they focus on maintaining their relationship and select the best mode of
communication. On the other hand manager focuses on team working in order to improve theior
interpersonal relation. With the help of team work and collaboration, they are more likely to
remove this type of problem. In addition manager take feedbacks from employees I order to
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know their views and opinion and understand their needs and demands and their reason to
conflict and then take appropriate actions.
Sometimes employees feel demotivated due to lack of knowledge and they do not get
opportunity of promotion as compare to other. In this type of situation they feel discriminated
from other employees by their manager. In this type of situation, manager helps training and
development program for their employees in order to strengthen their skills and knowledge. By
getting training they make themselves able for increasing their skill related to their work and
concentrate on their work. Roles played by leaders and manage help to resolve all these type of
problems.
P3 Different theories & models of approach including situational, system and contingency
leadership
There are various theories and approaches of leadership which help them in leading employees in
an effective manner. The best theories if leadership includes system theory, situational theory
and contingency theory.
Situational leadership theory: According to this theory, no leadership style is the best
for all type of situation as it all depends upon the situation. Leaders have to adapt their style
according to the situations which occur at workplace. It is the best theory and style of leadership
as they adapt and make them able according to the situation and sets a beneficial balance for the
whole organisation and the hotel. In this style, leader has some skills by which they make
themselves able to adapt all types of situations and use their skills according to the situation.
Skills which leaders have include: telling, participating, selling and delegating.
System leadership theory: System leadership is the best because it makes the leader
able to create a situation in which all levels of employees and different types of leaders can work
together productively (Amanchukwu, Stanley and Ololube, 2015). It is the best strategy which the
leader of the hotel can adopt as it provides the tool to leader in order to predict their employees’
behaviours and needs. It makes them able to build an effective system for working
collaboratively and productively.
Contingency theory: Contingency theory is similar to the situational theory yet it has
some differences. This theory states that the best leader’s effectiveness is depend upon its style
and the situations. It is also concerned with that there is no style of leadership is the best. Leaders
have to make their style fit in the situations and they have to adapt the situations by their
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effectiveness. Leader of Marriott hotel have to adapt the situation rather than goal in order to
match their style according to the situation.
Transformational leadership: Richard Branson is a leader and is an English author and
entrepreneur who focus on transformational leadership style. They focus on their team and work
with them in order to identify their needs. They create vision with the help of their subordinates
and then guide them in order to achieve them. Leader of Marriott hotel also adopt this style in
some situations and create vision of the future. This type of leader motivates their employees and
builds trust based relationship with them.
M2 Strengths and weaknesses of different approaches to situations
There are some strengths and weaknesses of leadership theories and approaches.
Transformational leadership is difficult to implement and taught because it is the combination of
many leadership theories. Sometimes followers and employees get manipulated by their leaders
and it increases the chances that they lose more than they gain. On the other hand it has some
strengths as leader solve problems by finding experiences that make them sure that old patterns
do not fit in the situation. This style also focuses on increasing their team’s capability and
capacity.
Contingency theory also has some strengths and weaknesses as this theory can be used to
create a leadership profiles for the company. It is also good and has strength to make leaders able
to adapt the best style and develop their various styles and the situations. This theory is
predictive in the nature. On the other hand this theory is complex as manager finds difficulties
when put it into practice. This theory id reactive in the nature and not proactive.
System theory also has advantages and limitations such as it with the help of this theory
and style, a leader can easily manage changes through interaction with the environment. It also
takes feedback by which it can improve and change situations easily. This theory recognizes
importance of super system (Hawkins, 2017). This provides an effective approach in order to
understand and analyse about employees and organisation. Whereas, this theory does not specify
techniques & tools for practicing leaders. Leader finds difficulties in order to implement this in
practical problems.
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REFERENCES
Books and journals
Heizer, J. and et.al., 2017. Operations management: sustainability and supply chain management, 12/e.
Pearson Education.
Vasilescu, M., 2018. Management Versus Leadership: A Key Theoretical Distinction. Annals-Economy
Series, 6, pp.170-175.
YARDAN, E.D. and AYDIN, G.Z., 2018. Strategic Leadership in Healthcare. Health Sciences Research in
the Globalizing World, p.874.
Amanchukwu, R.N., Stanley, G.J. and Ololube, N.P., 2015. A review of leadership theories, principles and
styles and their relevance to educational management. Management. 5(1), pp.6-14.
Cunha, M.P.E. and et.al., 2016. Ambidextrous leadership, paradox and contingency: evidence from
Angola. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, pp.1-26.
Hawkins, P., 2017. Leadership team coaching: Developing collective transformational leadership. Kogan
Page Publishers.
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