Leadership and Management: Theories, Application, and Evaluation

This report delves into the distinctions between leadership and management, emphasizing that while leadership doesn't necessarily require a managerial position, effective managers must exhibit leadership qualities. The report examines the roles and characteristics of leaders and managers, differentiating between their functions and personalities within organizations. It explores the application of leadership and management in various situations, analyzing theories such as situational, systems, and contingency leadership. The report assesses strengths and weaknesses of different approaches, evaluating how factors within the business environment impact operational management and decision-making. It also analyzes the impact of leadership on the wider business environment and community, providing a comprehensive overview of leadership and management principles.

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Management and Operations

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................................................2
TASK 1...........................................................................................................................................................................3
a) Defining and comparing the different roles and characteristics of leader & a manager.......................................3
b) Explaining with examples the role of a leader and the function of a manager is applied in different situations
within an organization...............................................................................................................................................3
C) Applying theories and models of leadership approach including situational leadership, systems leadership and
contingency ..............................................................................................................................................................4
d) Analysing and differentiating between the role of a leader and function of a manager by effectively applying a
range of theories and concepts..................................................................................................................................5
e) Assessing the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches to situations within the work environment.....5
f) Analysing and evaluating the different theories and approaches to leadership ....................................................6
TASK 2...........................................................................................................................................................................8
a) Explaining the key approaches to operations management and the role that leaders and managers play............8
b) Explaining the importance and value of operations management in achieving business objectives..................10
c) Assessing the factors within the business environment that impact upon operational management and decision-
making by leaders and managers.............................................................................................................................10
d) Evaluating leaders and managers efficiencies of operational management to successfully meet the business
objectives.................................................................................................................................................................11
e) Analysing different factors in (c) that affect the business environment and wider community.........................11
f) Evaluating application of operations management and factors that impact on the wider business environment
for organization.......................................................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................................................13

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INTRODUCTION
Leadership and managers hip are not related terms as many believed, for one to lead, he
does not require the managerial position of leadership, but for a manager to be considered
competence enough, he must possess traits of leadership in him. A manager has to provide
leadership to the organization, or to junior staff and his group at large. A successful manager
must perform the following functions if he is to achieve the set goals, for himself or the
organization that is Planning, Organizing, staffing, directing and controlling. As we can see,
leadership is part of the functions hence leadership term is not related to Manageraliship at all
(Northhouse, 2007)
TASK 1
a) Defining and comparing the different roles and characteristics of leader & a manager
A leader is a leader by qualities, an example of the class prefect, youth group leader,
women group leader. They are not necessarily managers but leaders out of their positive
character that attracts those who are in dire needs of leadership. A manager can be a leader, but
a leader cannot necessarily be a manager. Manager pushes people to do things to achieve some
goals but a leader will inspire people into acting, and together they work toward achieving goals.
Manager vs. Leader Personality/characteristics
Every society gives an answer as to who is a leader with each society having different
answers to that question that expresses concerns on purpose, distributing and use of the power
that comes with leadership. The business world has produced and evolved new kind of
leadership in the name of managers and at the same time establishing new power custom that
emphasizes on collective leadership over individual leadership. Ensuring the capability, courage,
sharing of power between an individual with the potential of managerial leadership but does not
necessarily promotes creativity, innovation and ethical behaviors in giving corporate directions
to its destiny of successful enterprises. Leadership emphasizes on power to influence how
individual acts (Northhouse G,, 2007).

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Leaders and their role in organization :A leader in an organization may be either formally or
informally assigned whereby for a leader to be assigned his ability to perform the job must
convincing, like organization skill, directing skill while informally, it is based on his character,
experience or his relationship with colleagues.
Boosting morale :A leader involves him pulling everyone together and inspire them in
working toward a common goal, He lets the employees know how much he is appreciating his
work with few surprises like a birthday party of an employee and company party.
Setting the Vision :A leader will influence employee to adopt the vision of the
organization and accept the future sate of the organization. He makes the employee own the
vision of the organization hence work towards achieving it.
Motivator: Apart from giving morale to the employee, he goes further to inquire on the
needs of the employee and meeting their needs and praise for good job they have done. This
communicate with the employees that the organization cares.
Guidance: A leader defines the role in the work process and provide them with what is
required to perform their tasks after explaining the tasks itself and being available to assist where
need be.
b) Explaining with examples the role of a leader and the function of a manager is applied in
different situations within an organization
There are several risks when power is in hand of one person, whereby he might equate
power with ability to get immediate results and risk of forgetting theta there other was of people
acquiring power in a legitimate way and a risk of losing self-control in the process of obtaining
power. Through conservatism and inactivity different companies gives a sequence to power by
developing manager instead of one single leader amusingly this ethic develops an irresponsible
trend in the organization, of which it us support to be the source of protection against
encroachments and controls of bureaucracy in government and education.
A manager concentrated on control, the manager is a problem solver and looks for the
best way of achieving results that will ensure people keeps on contributing to the organization's
growth hence leadership is like a calling to direct affairs through particular efforts. Several

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people from different levels come together for a common goal of ensuring the manager fulfills
his task. For one to be a manager, he/she should be persistence, hardworking, able to analyses,
intelligence, sharp-minded, flexible of goodwill, tolerance and not necessarily a hero or genius.
There is a notion that only great people can be in power, authority or any leadership
positions, but leadership is psychodrama where a weak person should gain confidence in
themselves to play the role of manager and be able to control others. But into leadership, you
only need to be accepted, respected and not necessarily tough.
Leadership is inbuilt, you cannot learn on how to be a leader’s nut you can learn on how
to efficiently use leadership skills. Limitation in visualizing purposes and generating value for
work to a level where a manager is stagnant irrespective of his competency. Leadership and
managerial role should not be run by narrow purpose or with no imaginative capacity, and should
also have the ability to communicate well (Northhouse G,, 2007). Leadership ability is when
conflict is not perpetuated but reform into broader desire and goals.
There are no known ways of training leaders, but it is known that a relationship between
competent managers and longing for greatness is a recipe of good leaders and managers.
Presence of good leaders may suppress opportunity of development of managers who become
anxious in the relative disorder that leaders seem to generate. Managers and leaders are two
different kinds of people, both in personal history and in motivation and even their thought and
action.
C) Applying theories and models of leadership approach including situational leadership,
systems leadership and contingency
For effective leadership exist the situational, system and contingency of theories.
Theories of effectual leadership lie in the trait, contingency, behavioral and full range theories.
Modern trait theories affectation that single surface as leaders across a variety of conditions and
actions, important single leadership traits exist intelligence, modification, extroversion,
carefulness , openness to experience and general self-efficacy.
Behavioral theory propose that leadership requires a strong personality with a well
formed positive ego,self-confidence is require. In contingency theory assumes that different
conditions call for various typical and no single optimum mental side view of a leader live.

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Contingency is likely to fall out in link with or as a effect of something else. In full range theory
of leadership four attributes are required individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation,
inspirational motivation and idealized influence.
Situational leadership : In the situational leadership manager of an organization tries to adjust its
employee within an organization with the use of different style. Further it also influences
employees as well team leader to adopt such style. As per this model leader need to adopt
different leadership style in different type of situation. For instance firm leader need to aspect
and change its style of working with employees so that productivity can be enhanced. There are
different type of situation take place within the organization for instance, when employees
unable to complete their work, then leader need to motivate its employees so that they can work
effectively.
Contingency leadership: Contingency leadership is related to the situational approach. It is
mainly focused on the importance of both the leader personality and situational in which the firm
operates. This leadership style highlight different leadership that is task motivated and
relationship motivated. For instance, in the firm leader try to win a trust of its employees so that
they remain loyal to them. For this purpose it also provides reward to employees for motivating
them and punish them if they make any mistake.
System leadership style: System leadership style directly impact the performance of employees
at workplace. As per this style leader can easily see reality of employees. Leader in this style
encourage employees to be more open so that they can share their problem more easily. For
instance, in firm. Leader makes a relationship with employees which is based on trust and
honesty.
d) Analysing and differentiating between the role of a leader and function of a manager by
effectively applying a range of theories and concepts
Managers adopt impersonal attitudes and are not passive; they are driven by necessity,
but not a desire hence rotates around the organization history and culture.
Mangers accept works as a process that enables, that involves several people working

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together and also includes idea form different quarters that establish strategies and make
decisions for the sake of the organization. Managers should be able to make good plans for
overcoming the controversial situation, reducing tension in the organization, it brings out a
character of a manager who is flexible, can negotiate and bargain and at the same time use
rewards, punishment and other from of coercion.
e) Assessing the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches to situations within the work
environment
Through experience earned from different religion, William James paint a picture of 2
types of characteristics of people who end up in leadership, “once-born” and “twice-born.”
Those who are in the former category of personality are flexible to life changes, they live a
straightforward and real holistic life they enjoy a stress free life, a peaceful life throughout their
lives. While those on the later categories have had a rough life, they have never enjoyed a
smooth life with their lives having unending strive to survive. They are serious in whatever they,
anything in their life means something and cannot be take for granted unlike those of the
category One born. The two personalities differ on their perspective to life and the world at large.
Once born category, have a character whereby they are driven by that feeling of satisfaction, they
are live in a comfortable zone unlike the twice born whose driving force is that feeling of hard
work pays, nothing like soft zone in life.
That feeling of belonging, sense of responsibility has an effective impact on the kind of
decision manager and leaders makes in their careers, including the investment they choose to
make. Managers visualizes themselves as the sole controller of the affairs surrounding them, in
which they try to prove and in the long run they receive their rewards in form of success in their
endeavor. Successful establishing and strengthening of existing institution brings a sense of self
worth the manager who implements the initiative. The manager carries on a duty of balancing
ideals of duty and those of responsibility, hence the sense of self as easy going and well
describing the character of a once born category.
Most leaders have the character of twice-born category, people who do not associate
themselves with their surroundings. Irrespective of working for a particular organization, they

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still do not feel part and parcel of the organization, they are not defined by where they belong or
where there membership is. The reason why some people seek opportunities for change is
because of the perception of identity, their task and other social indicators. Methods bringing
change may be physical, political, or ideological, but the end result is the same to affect the
human, economic status and lifestyle.
f) Analysing and evaluating the different theories and approaches to leadership
Two different course of life history is used to define well the development of a leader.
Development through
1. Socialization, whereby it prepares an individual to take control of an institution and
maintain current balance of social relations
2. Personal Mastery, this encourages and individual to strive for change needed, both
psychological and social. The society produce its managerial talent through first line of
development while leaders comes up from the second development stage of leadership
Everybody’s development start at the family level, each person experience shock that is
related with separating from his/her parent and aftermath pain like wrench, the same way
everybody face difficulty in adapting self regulation and self control. To others, childhood life
proves then with opportunity to find replacement to rewards which is never forthcoming. Those
individual, in once born category tries to make a moderate with parent’s figures and find a
balcony between their expectation and what life is giving them. in case the trauma of separation
is magnifies by issues of parental demand and personal wants to an extent of isolation, a point
where the individual disregard social life and interferes with the bond that is in between children
and parent or any other authority figure, the individual may deeply be involved in his or her inner
worlds instead of taking interest in the outer worlds. His self esteem becomes solely dependent
on bonding and goodwill of people. A character of self reliance leads to desire of achieving,
succession and making it and do much work than expected, self reliance is driving force that
leads to the height where otherwise one could not have reach.
If individual talents are negligible such self perceptions cannot bear any fruits if the

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individual talents are not negligible. strong talents are not a guarantee that there will be
achievement, even if there is result it will not a good results, talents need character to have a
good blendLeaders are like artist who are gifted in a special being, they often struggle with
neuroses, and the performance ability varies even in little responsibilities bestowed on them.
Some leaders looses the battle and surrender to situation ending up affecting development they
are meant to implement.
After birth and early childhood and individual are growing up, their development is
affected by people they associate with, good moral would trigger good development pattern wile
bad moral would do the opposite. Characteristics that are meant to mould and bring out the
managerial personalities are widely distributed, on the other hand leaders tries to break off from
one to one relationship as they establish themselves It has been proved that those individual who
posses great gift are always indifferent student, most achievement are made by people we least
expects. Talent is hidden treasure; it only need to be discovered, triggered, nurture and practiced
so is the leadership. Some leaders are not discovered not because they are wrong, but because the
circumstance and life at hand do not allow them to blossom to their potential.
TASK 2
a) Explaining the key approaches to operations management and the role that leaders and
managers play
Operation management is referred to the administration of business practices so that highest level
of efficiency can be created within the organization.
Importance of operation management
It is important for an organization because it covers overseeing, controlling designing of the
procedure of production. Further, it is also knows as the service setting which ensure that
workers are trained or not and they are providing high quality services to customer or not.
Six sigma
Six sigma companies can easily make necessary improvement in its existing procedures. Six

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sigma is known as the set of tools and strategies to find out limit and defect in the products. One
of the main objective of six sigma is the implementation of a measurement based strategy which
focus on continuous improvement in quality of products. Like total quality management it is also
one of the efficient tool which perform a quantitative technique for measuring the performance.
There are different statistical tools can be applied that median, mode , media etc. All the result
which is obtained through these techniques can be compared with the performance of employees.
Total quality management
The total quality management can be used widely within the organization so that quality standard
can be fixed and all the employees' performance can be checked and compared by the
management. Through this help of TQM firm can easily identify the capability of employees the
way they are working and delivering product to customers. Further TQM also make sure the
within an organization every team member is working for making improvement of work culture
process, and quality services which lead to make sure long term success.
Roles of a manager to an organization
Planning- a manager maps out clearly what and how to achieve particular goal he
decides on the step to take in order to achieve that goal, like more sales staff, increase in
advertising and so on. Those steps are developed in planning and are crucial for organization
success.
Organizing – The manager organizes his team to achieve the plans the he come up with,
he assigned task to different people who will help him in achieving the plan.
Staffing – H e ensure that he has enough and right staff for the task ahead. He also plans
for their recruitment, training and development in terms of service delivery.
Leading – Apart from Managerial role, the manager also plays a leadership role hence
motivating
Controlling – He literally controls employee to do what he want and knows is good to be
done. He is result oriented and expects nothing less that result.

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Leadership - Strive to influence actions and beliefs and feelings of others
For a leadership to be effective, the leader’s quality and skills should connect with people he is
leading, and their needs both personal and leadership situation.
Leadership theory was evolved to:
-Meet needs and expectation of people at the workplace
-Derive effective leadership styles in different scenario
- Impact different leadership in the organization
APPROACHES TO LEADERSHIP STYLE
Qualities or traits approach – stated that leaders are born not made, goes further to say
that leadership is made of certain inherited personality traits or qualities.
Functional or Group approach - states that leadership is learned and developed,
leadership emphasizes on accountability, responsibility and functions of the leader and nature of
the employee. The approach focuses on how the leaders character and behavior impact and is
impacted by the employees.
Adair’s action-centre leadership – Focuses on what leaders do and the need to balance
the needs of the individual, the task and the team
Behavioral styles approach: focuses on the behavior of people in leadership positions,
the importance.
b) Explaining the importance and value of operations management in achieving business
objectives
The role of an operations manager make full a key role in a business,government or other
enterprises. The fine act of an operations manager depend in big section upon the quality and
size of the enterprise, but they need a wide range of business and interpersonal skills to succeed.
Operations managers duty include three things 1) Human resource management ,2) Asset
management and 3)Cost management. In human resource management consists that people

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engaged by an enterprise either work directly to make a better service or supply to those who do.
In Asset management, an enterprise buildings,facilities,instruments and stock are directly
engaged the operations utility. In cost management,for enterprises in the not for net profit section
but the ability to manage costs is no little important.
Kaizen is the trial of continuous improvement which is continuous management that is
based on certain regulations are like good activity bring good goods, go see for their self to hold
the current condition,speak with details,manage by facts,take action on certain and correct root
reason of problems ,work as group and many more. Six sigma is a tool and plan of action to limit
fault and variance in body also referred as mura in business process. It consists two project
methodologies 1)DMAIC and 2)DMADV.
Communication – Communication is essential in leadership, you can not be lad without
communicating. Knowing what kind of connection to use to what kind of people is important in
easing the role of leadership. How you communicate with staff or people under you determines a
lot of the respect, you expect from them.
Situations – Different situation requires a different approach. How you solved one
situation is not as the same solving another one. A leader should know what situation he is
dealing with and what is the solution to the situation. The situation has a greatere effect on the
leader's action than his character because traits may have remarkable stability over a period, they
have little consistency across situations.
c) Assessing the factors within the business environment that impact upon operational
management and decision-making by leaders and managers
Factors of leadership
The first forum elements of leadership that a leader must have is honestly knowing
himself, his strength, what he can and cannot achieve. Those who are led must have confidence
in their leader; otherwise, the leader will not inspire them much. In order a leader to be
successful, he/she must convince him or herself that he is worthy.
Followers – different people requires a different type of leadership, the those who need
close supervision while other require minimum or no supervision at all, while other need to be