Analyzing Leadership and Management Theories in Diverse Organizations

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of leadership and management theories and their application in various organizational contexts, with a focus on Vodafone as a case study. It explores different leadership theories, including behavioral, contingency, and transformational leadership, and management theories such as scientific management, administrative management, and human relations theory. The report examines the impact of these theories on organizational effectiveness, decision-making, and culture. It also assesses different leadership and management styles in various business situations, including the COVID-19 pandemic and business expansion. Furthermore, the report includes a discussion on factors influencing organizational culture and the importance of organizational culture on performance. It concludes by presenting a detailed motivational strategy and applying appropriate leadership and management approaches for managing performance and continuous improvement.

Unit 4 Leadership and
Management

Table of Contents
.....................................................................................................................................................1
.........................................................................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
P1 Discussion on different theories of leadership in relation to management activities within
the different organisations...........................................................................................................3
P2 Explore different theories of management in relation to management and leadership
activities in different organisations.............................................................................................5
M1 Analyse the impact of the application of leadership and management theories on the
effectiveness of a large organisation...........................................................................................6
D1 Critical evaluation of the impact of different approaches to leadership and management.. .6
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................7
P4 Examine the factors that influence the development of the culture in organisations............9
M2 Compare the impact of leadership and management styles on decision making in different
organisations.............................................................................................................................11
M3 Evaluate the importance of organisational culture on the performance of different
organisations.............................................................................................................................11
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................11
P5 Produce a motivational strategy...........................................................................................11
M4 Produce a details motivational strategy .............................................................................12
D2 Produce a comprehensive motivational strategy.................................................................13
P6 Apply to a range of business situations, appropriate leadership and management
approaches for managing performance and continuous improvement.....................................13

INTRODUCTION
Leadership and management play an vital organ of any company. As leadership is a way
of directing, instructing, leading and motivating its team member for achieving the aims and
objectives of the company. Management relates to pursuing the things in effectual and efficient
way for attaining the target of business of an organisation (Bush, et.al 2019). In present report,
Vodafone is famous as an executive search company which illustrate several aspect through this
report. Vodafone is known as one the giant multinational enforcement hunt and leadership
consultative organisation having a 40 offices situated in five continents. Respective report covers
various theory's, model of leadership & management which is used in various company. In this
different kinds of leadership explain which helps organisation in performing its business
transaction in an efficacious manner. And factors which are effecting progress of culture in
workplace are also mention. And importance of organisational culture discuss in this report.
TASK 1
P1 Discussion on different theories of leadership in relation to management activities within the
different organisations
The leadership focus on directing, guiding, instructing and motivating an employees the
organisation or a association of persons for executing the project for attaining the aims and
objective of business. Efficacious leadership at workplace bring forward a broad variety of
personnel and aid them in recognizing a similar aims and work. In reference to vodaphone, the
procedure of leading motivates and authorise the manpower of company knowing company's
maximum potential and supports the potentiality for achieving the targets of an organisation.
many explanation and exemplary are in leadership which explicate why and how specific person
becomes the leader (Ferkins, et.al 2018). These theories focus on activity and attribute which is
used for increasing the leadership abilities. Some leadership theories are explain in context of
managerial work in various businesses such as:
Theory related to behaviour in leadership: This theory states that leaders never born,
they made and an important concentration of particular theory is on peculiar activities and action
of the leader rather its attributes and traits. This theory explains how they act and presumes such
attributes can develop by other leaders. It also recognize as style's theory which entrust leaders
does not have such quality by birth but it formed through acquisition behaviour. Behavioural

theory suggests that the prosperity of the organisation depends on the eligible leaders and their
attributes and behaviour leads their activity morals along with success. As per leadership theory,
prosperous leaders enhance themselves by learning actions not by birth. This type of theory is
highly behaviour-focused which depends mainly on distinguishing the act of leaders which
prognosticate the attainment of leadership.
 Merits: Such types of theory permit flexible-ness and suitability in several situations. It
suggest that person having the capability can become a leader.
 Demerits: The drawback of it is it permit flexible-ness which are not appropriate in
certain situations.
Theory of consistency in Leadership: As per this leadership theory the effectualness of
a leader is conditional on grounds in which situation leadership style apply or not. As per this
theory, it is not a universal rule that a particular appropriate in every situations a person may be
an efficacious leader in a specific situation and an ineffective in another condition. Such theory
focused how the specific condition effect the effectivity of a leader's and how they are capable
in adopting it is consider as most important implement in the workplace (Golensky and Hager,
2020).
 Merits: This theory focus on importance of condition which permits leaders to improve
their leadership skills as per the need of particular situation.
 Demerits: It not consider on the psychology of human resource of an organisation. It
never prioritize on how leaders can enhance their leadership skill which can adopt or
alter as per need of time.
Theory of Transformational in Leadership: This theory states that when a leader
function along with followers or group beside their own interests for identifying the needful
change. It develops a sight for directing the modification by its effect, thought which helps in
implementing the change. such leadership theory help the followers in developing and growing
inside the leaders by reacting on the individual needs through motivation and empowerment
which helps individual in attaining their aims and objectives along with leaders and the
organisation.
 Merits: It strengthen the relation and function as an perfect influence which develop zest
and motivation in the leaders. This theory promote learning which affect the procedure
of creativity.

 Demerits: The major drawback its that it can leads to wrong determination which might
be risky in few condition.
P2 Explore different theories of management in relation to management and leadership activities
in different organisations
Management is a procedure of artful in maintaining an environs where personnel act as
unit which helps in achieving an organisational aims and objectives in an effective and efficient
way. Its important in business to have an effectual management in its decision maker of an
organisation achieving their targets which assist in an organisational resources. Many theories
regarding management consider as a aggregation of thought which propose the ordinary rules
which deals the procedure of managing a work. Some theories related to management are
mention below these are as follow:
Theory related to Scientific management: This theory coined by Sir Fredrick Taylor
who consider as prior individual who analyse the execution of activity in scientific way. This
theory emphasis on the accomplishment of the best workplace efficaciously by recognizing the
effectual approaching to attain the a project in a effective manner. The theory of scientific
management consider observations, experiments, analysis and conclusion which are used for
developing a reason and outcome relationship (Schedlitzki and Edwards 2021). Taylor emphasis
on the point where human resource are forced on hard labour is not an sufficient way to get a
desire outcomes. The personnel office recommended to modify the project in a petite divisions it
helps in enhancing quality of work at workplace. So, by proper implementation of theory of
management effected in cooperation among personnel and their heads by modifying into unit
work which make employees comfortable in acting their part in an impressive way.
Implementation of it maintain standardisation, extensive training, specialisation and supervising
the workplace.
Theory related to Office Management: This theory was coined by Henry Fayol as per
this theory the management personnels identify their skills which are required to manage their
business operation in effective manner. As per Fayol such managerial skill called as
administrative function which focus how workforce can manage. Henry Fayol laid down 14
principles in management which include separation of work, authorization and obligation,
discipline, integrity of command, integrity of direction, semantic relation of individual to general
interest, wages, centralization, equity, scalar chain, stability of tenure, order, esprit the crop and

initiative. Such sort of theories in managements assist in recognizing a lucid approach for
designing business as a entire.
Theory related to human relation in management: Elton Mayo was the father of this
theory who explain that human relation plays an important role for increasing the efficiency and
productivity of individual. As per such particular theory managers of an organization needed a
vast variety of various skills to carry out culture of workplace which focus on individuals
relations. Such theory is essential for maintaining and developing the working environment
which motivate the retention of human resource and productivity. The implementation of this
theory supports the necessitate and anticipation of manpower for resolving ambivalency among
associates and management supports in building, satisfying and motivating human resource.
M1 Analyse the impact of the application of leadership and management theories on the
effectiveness of a large organisation.
From above mention several theories of management and leadership it can derive that
leaders as and managers of any organization plays an important part at workplace. It is essential
for them along with their subordinates to define their clear vision. And also lay down plan of
action and objectives which determine effectiveness of an organization. It is essential for
manpower of an enterprise to know and understand what they needed as concern to company
which resulted to boast the level of efficiency, fruitfulness and profitability inside the business.
D1 Critical evaluation of the impact of different approaches to leadership and management.
There are many management and leadership theories like eventuality, scientific,
behaviour and human relations and many more. In reference to company, it is ascertains that no
particular management and leadership skills are there which are fit in any condition. So, the
manager and leader should have flexibility in their managerial and leadership style which assist
in improving and modifying the leadership style as per the need of situations.
TASK 2
P3 Assess different leadership and management styles and their application in a range of
business situations in different organisations.
There are many kind of management and leadership styles which are apply by the
company for carrying out the function of business in an effective way. It can be analyse that

many company uses different leaders styles and formulation by which goal can be accomplish.
such styles are different from company to company:
Business situation Vodafone Tata communications
Covid-19 Pandemic Vodafone company presently
applying style of democratic
management. such style ease
them so that they can
efficaciously coordinate to an
employees in the office by
which they capable in carrying
out the task in an effectual
mode. During pandemic,
managers and leaders of an
organisation indulged each
employees in the decision
making procedure. It ease an
organisation because an
employees dedicated more
toward the work which helps
in generating more
productivity while carry out
their work from home. Leaders
of an organisation becomes
capable to encourage the
employees by conducting an
online meeting which helps in
taking an effectual decisions
regarding the dynamical
market trends.
During COVID-19, Tata
communications facilitates
work from home facility to the
employees of company by
adopting management of
Laissez-faire. By this
management become capable
in getting an idea and view of
all employees of an
organisation. By which the
company faced problem while
taking decision in effective
manner. It is essential for
department of management of
company so, work can be
effectively manage. As in
every organisation its
employees are consider as an
valuable assets so, they should
coordinate to them
efficaciously.

Enlargement of the business In it the Vodafone company's
leaders exercise delegation of
authority. Such kind of
leadership assist organisation
in distributing the work in
efficacious way as considering
the calibre of an employee.
During the enlargement of
activities related to business.
They required employee
should perform their best and
for that delegation of authority
is an best mode for an
organisation. As the
authorization of work make an
employee responsible for their
work. And with more
dedication they carry out their
duties for achieving the goal of
business.
In Tata communications
company apply style of
directive leadership at a time
if an organisation enlarging
their operation in market. For
enlarging their business
activity, the company's
management should develop
an effective plan by which
managerial body efficaciously
In order to expand the
activities, the management of
the company have to make
effective plans through which
it impart effectively to the
company. Its essential for
leader to impart definite
guidance and very important
for the leaders to give exact
guidance and assistance to an
employees for enlarging their
business activity in the market.
It will assist in carrying out
their work in an effective way.
P4 Examine the factors that influence the development of the culture in organisations.
Culture refers to values, norms and each and every guidelines which are laid down and
followed by the company. In context of Vodafone company's department of management insure
that the management maintain a affirmative and healthy environment in work place. As it

supports in carrying out their operational functions in an efficient and effectual mode. It consider
as a most important responsibilities of an organisational leader for influencing the employee of
an organisation so, they functions as per working environment of the company. For achieving the
organisational goal employees must regularly perform their work. There are certain factors
which are majorly effect the working culture of an organisation such are follow:
Principle of leadership: such principle effect at great extent the working culture of an
organisation. Its essential for leader of company to uplift the morale of an employee by utilizing
their effectual leadership skill. It is very fruitful for an organisation by they develop an
efficacious working culture of the organisation by which an employee become more capablein
generating more productiveness of the work place. Several theories of leadership applied on an
organisation by which an employee of company come to know regarding their roles and works
which they suppose to perform at the work place.
Companies policies, values and work experience: The companies policy and value
directly effect the environs of business. As value and ethics of the company play an crucial part
at work place of an organisation which make the positive and healthy environment of an
organisation. It is essential for an employee to follow the policy any value of an organisation
because it have direct connection with the working of Vodafone. Ethics which are laid down buy
the leader of an organisation must be consider by employee of an organisation which helps in
reducing the unethical practice of the work place. As at great extent it effect culture of company.
Client and customer: they are consider as an essential aspect of an organisation because
it shape the culture of the company. In respect to Vodafone leaders and manager assure that they
value their client who are availing their services. Because consumer satisfaction generate the
positivity in relation to companies image in the market. Its ease the company for maintaining the
harmony among the employee and customer of the market.
Active staff: It is one of the essential for the company's staff to show dedication and
motivate for achieving the specific task which have to achieve. For Vodafone company their
staff is considered to be an valuable assets and they are an important factor which shape the work
place culture. As it is necessitate for an employee to work full dedication, coordination and
integrity by which the aims and objectives of an organisation to achieved in mention time.

M2 Compare the impact of leadership and management styles on decision making in different
organisations.
There are several kind of effect which impacted the decision-making process by the
different management and leadership styles. It can be examined by the department of
management of the company which take effectual decision in a accelerated way by which they
perform their activities at the workplace which could be managed. Leadership skills directly
effect the motivation of an employee. As Vodafone company, delegation of the activity assist the
leaders in making an employees much accountable towards the finishing the tasks which is given
to them. On the other side democratic management method assist the company in making the
decision in a accelerated way by which the productiveness of an employees will be enhanced at
workplace.
Impact of leadership style on decision-making Impact of management style on decision-
making
 At the time of decision-making process
leaders adopted democratic style, which
provides the chance to subordinates
participate in decision making process.
It enhance the morale of the employees
by considering their view point.
 The function of decision making
process is performed by the top level
management of the company. The
success of the organisation depends on
the appropriate selection of
management style. Such style ensure
the clarity in decision, work and in
time.
 Leaders by adopting laissez-faire style,
delegate their responsibilities to their
subordinates. It helps the employees in
taking quick decisions so, they can
function well due to considerable
experience of the team.
 The impact of such style that it binds
the operation and function of the
management. It impact the engagement
of the employees which increase the
efficiency of the personnels which is
beneficial for the organisation.

M3 Evaluate the importance of organisational culture on the performance of different
organisations.
Culture plays a vital role in doing the activities in the company. In context of the
Vodafone leaders become capable in maintaining a optimistic culture in the system by which the
office personnels are consecrated in achieving the goal of the company. Company's leaders
mea-surely encouraging the employees for accomplishing the target of the company's business.
They manage each task in an impressive manner. Tata communications sometimes fails in
maintaining the affirmative culture of the workplace. State of conflicts sometime arise betwixt
the employees which profane the procedure of manufacture and also fold the productiveness of
the personnel. There are various importance of culture organisation which are mention below:
Increase employees engagement: The working surrounding of the organisation motivate
personnels to work with dedication. As culture organisation leads the high level of wokforce
dedication which increase the performance level of the organisation. Strong connection of people
within the organisation creates positivity in the enviroment.
Build strong reputation: Culture organisation helps in improving the goodwill of the company.
It develop the good image amonp the people about the bisiness on the basis of intraction within
and outside the organisation.
TASK 3
P5 Produce a motivational strategy
Motivation consider as cardinal factor for engaging the employees for achieving the end
of company's business. Strategies of motivation must be implement efficaciously by which
employees can create more productiveness. Organisational leaders of an organisation need to be
motivates on regular basis to the employees. Following strategies of motivation use by
Vodafone such:
Clear goals should be made: The chief role of the leaders is to convey ideas and aim of
company clearly to all employees. Leaders of Vodafone company leaders must be convey in
effectual way about the aim and the idea so that they focus on motivating their employees by
which the purpose will be achieve in a desirable time.
Regular feedback should be offer: The another task of the leaders is to function at the
workplace. With the help of it the trouble of an employees will be well analysed. In reference to

Vodafone company leaders should provide regular training along with development to the
employees by which effectual ability will be formed in them. Feedbacks from higher level of
management regarding the work impact the work of an employees. But on the other hand
affirmative feedbacks ease employees in increasing their motivation which help in working
with full potential.
Flexibility in work should be provided: As flexibility make the employee more
motivated in attaining the aims of company. Its assist the company's managers in accomplishing
the goals of an organisation. With this the actual action of an employees can simply measured.
Its aid in developing the flexibility at the work which effectively achieved the aims and
objectives.
Providing affirmative working environment: One of the major factor which impact the
motivation of an employees to the workplace. Company's leaders need to create the affirmative
environs by which the personnels will be efficaciously motivated. In context to Vodafone,
leaders of the company guarantee that they must instruct the personnels in a appropriate direction
by which an employees will not faced any difficulty at the time of doing their task.
Fair compensation should be provided: It is an effective method which is utilized by an
organisation for motivating their employees for the attaining their aims. Encouragement in the
terms of monetary is the best mode of motivation to their employees. As Vodafone company
have to examine their performance of personnels and by which company should make
compensations according to it.
M4 Produce a details motivational strategy
It is essential for an organisation to examine the motivation strategy effectually. It is
analyse by two ways. In Vodafone the leaders of company should correct the internal motivation
which means to determine the presentation of an employees. And external motivation to the
employees must be measure by which the extrinsic cause can be resolute. Vodafone Leaders
should secure that external motivation must be provided to an employees. So, the employee can
show more dedication toward attaining the company's aims and objectives. Following intrinsic
and extrinsic factors are adopted by the organizations:
Intrinsic factors

 Curiosity: It considered as one of the important intrinsic factor of motivational strategies.
It push the employees of the organisation in exploring and learning new things with their
experiences and self analysation.
 Recorgnistion: This factor plays an important role in motivational strategy by
encouraging and recognizing their work and view point in decision making process. It
motivate the employees to work with dedication which increase the productivity and
efficiency of the organisation.
Extrinsic factors
 Rewards: It consider as the extrinsic factor of motivational strategies. It motivate the
employees toward their work by receiving rewards for their performance in terms of
money, promotion. It aids in enhancing the efficiency of the employees by making
competition among them.
 Punishment: It is the another extrinsic factor of the motivational strategy. If the
employees of the organisation involved in the wrongful activities which is against the
interest of the company. Then, they are liable for the punishment. The fear of punishment
motivates the personnels to work in right direction.
D2 Produce a comprehensive motivational strategy
There are several causes which effect motivation of an employees at the work. In context
of Vodafone, leaders should analyses every factors and variables before formulating the
motivational strategies effectively in the company for motivating the personnels in the
workplace. Foreign motivation refers to the motivation which is given to an employees by
financial way. It is essential for the managers and leaders for imparting training to them regularly
which develop in the employees by which effective skill develop in the employees for
completing the fresh task at work. And organisational leaders should appreciate the work of an
employee as per their performance by the company.
P6 Apply to a range of business situations, appropriate leadership and management approaches
for managing performance and continuous improvement
It is essential for company to insure the effectualness of the operations of management
as it affect to the customers. Several leadership skills laid down in reference to Vodafone:

Participatory leadership: It states that leaders who are indulge with their employees in
making the decision. In Vodafone leaders of company use such skills in order to enhance the
confidence of their employees.
Dominating leadership: Where the leader does not take the consultation or the guidance
from the other members of the organization, the power of decision-making is presented by the
leader itself and not by any member of the association , Vodafone company uses this
authoritative method in cases of the urgency of matter at the time of delivery.
Mechanism of Continuous feedback: In the nutshell the Vodafone company utilizes the
tool as it brings out the improvements in the organization , the ceaseless continuous feedback,
this entire protocol respectively provide the employee and the employer the dignity to accept
their mistakes if any , improvise their work , make them satisfy in regard to their performance.
Program related to Stress management: It considered to be very crucial phenomena for
the organization which helps in the reduction of strain and the also helps in the distress of the
employees, the operation management department of the Vodafone institution , held different
events where in the firms , the managers who are offering this programme , will the employees
more efficient towards work as well as more beneficent.
M5 Assess how leadership and management approaches for managing performance supports
continuous improvement ?
The authoritative guidance, takes the perspective which is used by the cooperation and
even by the leaders of the companies, through which leaders can get the access of the evaluation
of the employees. The manager of the Vodafone organization, has made a constructive approach
which helps in making the strategies more fruitful for the development of the company and the
betterment of the employees, the benefits which are attained by the company by the
straightforward adoption of the formulation plan of action which are prescribed as the accession
by the organization. The execution of the communication between the the members of the
company proves to be of more good leadership quality method, which here again leads the
organization on the pathway of success. Another well versed trick which the bosses must adopt is
filling the motivation juice in the employees or the workers to boost up their confidence,their
working nature and the loyalty towards the firm.
D3 Make recommendations to improve performance management that will ensure continuous
improvement

It is pivotal for an organization to fuel up the performance attributes of the workers and the
working environment of the office, in order to attain and secure the maintaining the profits
assurance, there are some enjoinder suggestions, for improving the condition of the workplace,
 Vodafone company, could take their time to review the entire environment of office, and
according to the analysation must make the by laws of the company Accordingly, and
later on can set their goals or aims of the organization for their putting advancements in
their performances.
 Corporations must put in use latest technologies, which will produce more productivity
and greater benefits for the company, Vodafone will ensure the use of developed software
of the reperformance engagement to increase gradually.
There are certain recommendation are required to improve the performance of the management
such are mention below:
 Procedure should be simple: it is recommended that organisation should follow simple
procedure while managing their employees. It should be simple and easy to understand
organisation can take the assistance of feedback. It enables the interaction among co-
workers.
 Use performance management to developed the skills: it is recommended that
organisation emphasis on the flexible conversation regarding the performance. As
practical steps assist in improving the performance level of the employee. Such
performance helps in identifying long term development and opportunities to the
organisation.
 Plan regular meetings: it is recommended that managers of the organisation make
proper schedule for regularly conducting meetings of the individuals and team members.
Leaders also consider the feedback and recommendation of the personnels it assist the
managers in making effective plans and policies for the organisation.
CONCLUSION
This report concluded that management and leadership plays an crucial role in directing
the employees so they can attain the goals of company. In above mention report, several theories
related to leadership are analysed. And such management theories and its effects on an
organisation are also analysed. Various sort of management and leadership skills are evaluated .

And many causes are discuss which impact the working culture of an organisation. And in this
strategy related to motivation are laid down in reference to an organisation. Along with it in
present report the application of different management and leadership skills in context of regular
improvisation of an organisation.
REFERENCES
Books and Journals

Bush, T., Bell, L. and Middlewood, D. eds., 2019. Principles of educational leadership &
management. Sage.
Ferkins, L., Shilbury, D. and O’Boyle, I., 2018. Leadership in governance: Exploring collective
board leadership in sport governance systems. Sport Management Review, 21(3),
pp.221-231.
Golensky, M. and Hager, M., 2020. Strategic leadership and management in nonprofit
organizations: Theory and practice. Oxford University Press.
Schedlitzki, D. and Edwards, G., 2021. Studying leadership: Traditional and critical approaches.
Sage.